沈斐斐 徐銘益 曲 穎 董志霞 蔡曉波 宛新建 陸倫根
上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院消化科(200080)
瞬時(shí)彈性成像技術(shù)對(duì)慢性肝病肝纖維化分期診斷價(jià)值的meta分析
沈斐斐 徐銘益 曲 穎 董志霞 蔡曉波 宛新建 陸倫根*
上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院消化科(200080)
背景:早期診斷肝纖維化并對(duì)其進(jìn)行正確的分期,對(duì)評(píng)估患者的預(yù)后和生存具有極為重要的意義。目的:系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)瞬時(shí)彈性成像技術(shù)(TE)對(duì)慢性肝病肝纖維化分期的診斷價(jià)值。方法:系統(tǒng)檢索2001年1月—2015年12月PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方、維普數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),納入TE診斷慢性肝病患者肝纖維化分期的文獻(xiàn),對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取,采用診斷準(zhǔn)確性研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)工具2(QUADAS2)行文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),并應(yīng)用Stata 12.0軟件行meta分析。結(jié)果:納入20篇文獻(xiàn)共5 748例患者。Meta分析顯示,TE診斷顯著肝纖維化(≥F2)的合并敏感性、特異性和AUC分別為0.78(95% CI: 0.73~0.82)、0.85(95% CI: 0.80~0.88)和0.88(95% CI: 0.85~0.91),診斷進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)的合并敏感性、特異性和AUC分別為0.89(95% CI: 0.86~0.91)、0.88(95% CI: 0.85~0.91)和0.94(95% CI: 0.92~0.96),診斷肝硬化(F4)的合并敏感性、特異性和AUC分別為0.91(95% CI: 0.86~0.95)、0.89(95% CI: 0.87~0.92)和0.95(95% CI: 0.93~0.97)。結(jié)論:TE對(duì)于評(píng)估慢性肝病顯著肝纖維化、進(jìn)展期肝纖維化以及肝硬化具有較好的診斷價(jià)值,尤其適用于進(jìn)展期肝纖維化以及肝硬化的診斷。
瞬時(shí)彈性成像技術(shù); 纖維化; Meta分析; 診斷
慢性肝病是目前威脅人類(lèi)健康并引起死亡的常見(jiàn)疾病之一。肝纖維化是指由多重致病因子引起的肝內(nèi)彌漫性細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM)異常沉積導(dǎo)致的慢性肝臟損傷[1],是機(jī)體對(duì)肝臟的修復(fù)反應(yīng)[2]。肝纖維化是個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程,如接受合理治療(如病毒性肝炎引起的肝纖維化給予相應(yīng)的抗病毒治療、自身免疫性肝病引起的肝纖維化給予免疫抑制治療等),肝纖維化甚至早期肝硬化的病程是可逆轉(zhuǎn)的。因此,早期診斷肝纖維化并對(duì)其進(jìn)行正確的分期,對(duì)判斷患者病情的可逆性、優(yōu)化治療方案、評(píng)估預(yù)后和生存具有極為重要的意義。瞬時(shí)彈性成像技術(shù)(transient elastography, TE)自2001年問(wèn)世以來(lái),廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。與肝臟穿刺活檢相比,TE無(wú)創(chuàng)、安全且更易于操作,并能快速獲得較為精確的肝纖維化診斷結(jié)果;相較于其他無(wú)創(chuàng)診斷手段如血清學(xué)指標(biāo)、血清學(xué)模型來(lái)說(shuō),TE在肝纖維化診斷和分期、預(yù)測(cè)疾病進(jìn)程以及預(yù)后等方面具有更好的效果。本研究通過(guò)比較TE與臨床金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肝穿刺活檢對(duì)慢性肝病患者肝纖維化分期診斷的準(zhǔn)確性,旨在分析TE對(duì)慢性肝病肝纖維化的診斷價(jià)值。
一、文獻(xiàn)檢索策略
英文檢索詞:liver, hepatic, fibrosis, cirrhosis, noninvasive assessment, FibroScan, transient elasto-graphy, elastography imaging techniques;中文檢索詞:肝纖維化,肝硬化,肝硬度,慢性肝病,彈性超聲,F(xiàn)ibroScan,TE,無(wú)創(chuàng)診斷。采用主題詞+自由詞的檢索策略系統(tǒng)檢索2001年1月—2015年12月PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方、維普數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。并對(duì)已納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行手工檢索。
二、文獻(xiàn)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1. 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對(duì)象為各類(lèi)病因?qū)е碌穆愿尾』颊撸沂褂肨E檢測(cè)肝纖維化分期;②以肝穿刺活組織檢查作為診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),活檢肝臟組織長(zhǎng)度≥10 mm,包含至少6個(gè)以上門(mén)管區(qū);③使用了可比較的肝纖維化分期評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng),如Metavir、Ishak、Batts-Ludwing等。Metavir、Batts-Ludwing和Scheuer評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)纖維化分期一致,均分為F0~F4。F0為無(wú)肝纖維化,F(xiàn)1為門(mén)管區(qū)纖維化但無(wú)纖維間隔,F(xiàn)2為門(mén)管區(qū)纖維化伴少量間隔,F(xiàn)3為間隔纖維化,F(xiàn)4為早期肝硬化。由于Ishak評(píng)分系統(tǒng)將肝纖維化分為F0~F6,為方便統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,將其與Metavir評(píng)分系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,Metavir F≥2相當(dāng)于Ishak F≥3,Metavir F≥3相當(dāng)于Ishak F≥4,Metavir F4相當(dāng)于Ishak F≥5;④評(píng)價(jià)參數(shù)含有各個(gè)分期診斷的敏感性、特異性、ROC曲線(xiàn)下面積(AUC);⑤中英文原始論著或摘要。
2. 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①未使用TE;②未行肝活檢或TE與肝活檢的間隔>6個(gè)月;③未使用可與Metavir匹配的肝纖維化分期評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng);④無(wú)法提取原始數(shù)據(jù)獲得四格表;⑤重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)。
三、資料提取
繪制資料提取表格,包括作者、文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表時(shí)間、國(guó)家、病因、數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源、納入例數(shù)、年齡、BMI、肝活檢的病理評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、標(biāo)本長(zhǎng)度、門(mén)管區(qū)數(shù)目、TE與肝穿刺間隔時(shí)間、纖維化分期各期的臨界值、AUC等;以及診斷纖維化各期的敏感性、特異性、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值等。由2位研究者獨(dú)立按納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選文獻(xiàn)并提取數(shù)據(jù),交叉核對(duì),如遇分歧,則咨詢(xún)第三方協(xié)助判斷。
四、文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
采用診斷準(zhǔn)確性研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)工具2(QUADAS2)對(duì)入選文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),共計(jì)11項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。每一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容包含“是”、“否”和“不清楚”3個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,分別記為1分、0分和0分??偡值陀?分的文獻(xiàn)予以排除。
五、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用Stata 12.0軟件中“midas”命令擬合雙變量混合效應(yīng)模型,對(duì)相關(guān)參數(shù)進(jìn)行估計(jì)。以線(xiàn)性回歸法判斷Deek’s漏斗圖的對(duì)稱(chēng)性以評(píng)估是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。納入研究間的異質(zhì)性分析采用Q檢驗(yàn)。繪制SROC曲線(xiàn),并計(jì)算AUC及其95% CI。
一、文獻(xiàn)篩選結(jié)果
最終納入20篇文獻(xiàn)共5 748例慢性肝病患者,其中中文文獻(xiàn)4篇[3-6],英文文獻(xiàn)16篇[7-22]。慢性肝病患者的病因包括CHB、CHC、慢性丙型肝炎合并HIV感染、自身免疫性肝病(包括AIH、PBC、PSC)、NASH、NAFLD和酒精性肝病等。大多患者在6個(gè)月內(nèi)接受了肝臟穿刺活檢與TE檢查。肝纖維化活檢評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括Metavir、Scheuer、Batts-Ludwing等,對(duì)于NASH和NAFLD患者使用Brunt或Kleiner評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)評(píng)估肝纖維化情況。納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征見(jiàn)表1。
二、TE診斷的敏感性、特異性和AUC
納入的TE診斷顯著肝纖維化(≥F2)和肝硬化(F4)的研究間存在異質(zhì)性。而TE診斷進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)的研究間存在輕度異質(zhì)性(I2=24%,P=0.134),考慮可能由抽樣誤差造成。閾值效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示納入的顯著肝纖維化(≥F2)、進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)以及肝硬化(F4)的研究不存在閾值效應(yīng),可對(duì)敏感性、特異性等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行合并。故采用雙變量混合效應(yīng)模型。
表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征
TE診斷顯著肝纖維化(≥F2)、進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)和肝硬化(F4)的合并敏感性和特異性分別為0.78(95% CI: 0.73~0.82)和0.85(95% CI: 0.80~0.88)、0.89(95% CI: 0.86~0.91)和0.88(95% CI: 0.85~0.91)、0.91(95% CI: 0.86~0.95)和0.89(95% CI: 0.87~0.92)(圖1~2)。
TE診斷顯著肝纖維化(≥F2)、進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)以及肝硬化(F4)的合并AUC分別為 0.88(95% CI: 0.85~0.91)、0.94(95% CI: 0.92~0.96)和0.95(95% CI: 0.93~0.97)(圖3~5)。
三、敏感性分析
將納入的20項(xiàng)研究逐一排除后對(duì)剩余的研究行meta分析,其合并效應(yīng)量均在總合并效應(yīng)量的95% CI內(nèi),說(shuō)明納入研究的穩(wěn)定性較好。
圖1 TE診斷進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)的合并敏感性和特異性的森林圖
圖2 TE診斷肝硬化(F4)的合并敏感性和特異性的森林圖
四、發(fā)表偏倚
漏斗圖分析顯示納入的20項(xiàng)研究不存在明顯的發(fā)表偏倚。
圖3 TE診斷顯著肝纖維化(≥F2)的SROC曲線(xiàn)
圖4 TE診斷進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)的SROC曲線(xiàn)
圖5 TE診斷肝硬化(F4)的SROC曲線(xiàn)
傳統(tǒng)診斷準(zhǔn)確性的meta分析使用SROC法,單獨(dú)考慮合并敏感性和特異性等指標(biāo),通過(guò)將每一對(duì)敏感性和特異性轉(zhuǎn)換成診斷比值比(DOR)的方法作為診斷準(zhǔn)確性的惟一度量指標(biāo),但該法忽略了研究組內(nèi)的負(fù)相關(guān)效應(yīng)。為提高診斷試驗(yàn)的準(zhǔn)確性,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者提出了層次SROC曲線(xiàn)與雙變量混合效應(yīng)模型等的新策略。雙變量混合效應(yīng)模型同時(shí)可保留敏感性和特異性等指標(biāo)的性質(zhì),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型估計(jì)各研究組內(nèi)負(fù)相關(guān)的綜合效應(yīng)值,準(zhǔn)確性較傳統(tǒng)SROC法更高。本meta分析納入的研究間存在較高的異質(zhì)性,可能與各研究質(zhì)量高低不等、研究對(duì)象的種族、年齡不同、金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一致、纖維化各期的診斷界值不統(tǒng)一等有關(guān)。因此,采用雙變量混合效應(yīng)模型行meta分析。
納入的20項(xiàng)研究的TE診斷顯著肝纖維化(≥F2)的AUC為0.73~0.94,合并效應(yīng)量后得到的合并AUC為0.88(95% CI: 0.85~0.91),敏感性為0.78(95% CI: 0.73~0.82),特異性為 0.85(95% CI: 0.80~0.88)。TE診斷進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)的AUC為0.82~0.98,合并AUC為0.94(95% CI: 0.92~0.96),敏感性為0.89(95% CI: 0.86~0.91),特異性為0.88(95% CI: 0.85~0.91)。TE診斷肝硬化(F4)的AUC為0.80~0.99,合并AUC為0.95(95% CI: 0.93~0.97),敏感性和特異性分別為0.91(95% CI: 0.86~0.95)和 0.89(95% CI: 0.87~0.92)。由此可見(jiàn),TE診斷慢性肝病肝纖維化具有較好的敏感性和特異性。對(duì)于進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)和肝硬化(F4)的診斷具有高度的準(zhǔn)確性,對(duì)顯著肝纖維化(≥F2)的診斷有中度準(zhǔn)確性,可認(rèn)為T(mén)E對(duì)慢性肝病肝纖維化的診斷具有一定的價(jià)值,尤其適用于進(jìn)展期肝纖維化(≥F3)和肝硬化(F4)的診斷。與多項(xiàng)研究[23-26]結(jié)果相似。
本meta分析存在一些不足之處。首先,TE的準(zhǔn)確性受多種因素影響,如操作者本身的差異和操作者之間的差異。肥胖、腹水、肋間隙狹窄等亦會(huì)對(duì)測(cè)量結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響,TE操作失敗率為2.4%~9.4%。BMI、年齡、性別同樣是影響測(cè)量結(jié)果的因素。Verveer等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),在慢性肝炎急性發(fā)作期,天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)升高可使肝臟硬度值(LSM)增加。肝外膽汁淤積、總膽紅素、γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶、甲胎蛋白和右心衰竭導(dǎo)致的肝臟淤血等因素均會(huì)對(duì)測(cè)量結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響[28]。此外,行TE前是否攝入食物對(duì)LSM可產(chǎn)生影響,進(jìn)食將增加肝臟血流量,從而導(dǎo)致測(cè)量結(jié)果增高[29-30]。因此在臨床實(shí)踐中,需結(jié)合患者個(gè)體因素、臨床癥狀和其他血清學(xué)指標(biāo)、腹部超聲影像等資料來(lái)對(duì)TE結(jié)果進(jìn)行綜合判斷,從而更為準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估患者肝纖維化情況。
其次,本meta分析盡管?chē)?yán)格按照QUADAS2質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)估,但多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)回答“不清楚”的條目占20%,可能存在一定偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,本meta分析通過(guò)納入文獻(xiàn)提供的敏感性、特異性、樣本量等統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)推算獲得原始四格表,這可能在一定程度上對(duì)研究結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響。
最后,納入的文獻(xiàn)間存在較高的異質(zhì)性,盡管采用了雙變量混合效應(yīng)模型對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,但仍有可能對(duì)研究結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定影響。
綜上所述,TE對(duì)于評(píng)估慢性肝病顯著肝纖維化、進(jìn)展期肝纖維化以及肝硬化具有較好的診斷價(jià)值。尤其是對(duì)于進(jìn)展期肝纖維化以及肝硬化,其AUC分別可達(dá)0.94和0.95。盡管存在不足之處,TE具有無(wú)創(chuàng)性、可重復(fù)性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可在臨床上作為連續(xù)性觀察指標(biāo)。未來(lái)應(yīng)繼續(xù)開(kāi)展高質(zhì)量、大樣本的研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)TE對(duì)肝纖維化的診斷價(jià)值。
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(2016-08-01收稿;2017-03-03修回)
Diagnostic Value of Transient Elastography for Staging of Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Meta-analysis
SHENFeifei,XUMingyi,QUYing,DONGZhixia,CAIXiaobo,WANXinjian,LULungen.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,ShanghaiFirstPeople’sHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai(200080)
LU Lungen, Email: lungenlu1965@163.com
Transient Elastography; Fibrosis; Meta-Analysis; Diagnosis
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.04.006
*本文通信作者,Email: lungenlu1965@163.com
Background: Early diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis are important for the prognosis and evaluating the survival of patients. Aims: To systematically assess the diagnostic value of transient elastography (TE) for staging of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP from Jan. 2001 to Dec. 2015 were retrieved to collect the articles with staging of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease by TE. Data extraction was conducted. Article quality was evaluated by quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies 2 (QUADAS2). Meta-analysis was conducted by Stata 12.0 software. Results: Twenty articles involving 5 748 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that the combined sensitivity, specificity and AUC of TE for diagnosing significant fibrosis (≥F2) were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.73-0.82), 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80-0.88) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.91), respectively. The combined sensitivity, specificity and AUC for advanced fibrosis (≥F3) were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86-0.91), 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.91) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92-0.96), respectively. The combined sensitivity, specificity and AUC for cirrhosis (F4) were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86-0.95), 0.89 (95% CI: 0.87-0.92) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.97), respectively. Conclusions: TE technique has a good diagnostic value in assessing significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease, especially for advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis.