形容詞、副詞比較等級誤用淺析

李吉榮

對形容詞和副詞比較級的考查在短文改錯和語法填空中都有所體現(xiàn)。正確掌握用法是解題的前提。

1. 比較級構(gòu)成誤用

I am tireder than you. （F）

I am more tired than you. （T）

歸納 熟記下列不規(guī)則形容詞副詞的比較等級的構(gòu)成：

bad/badly/ill—worse—worst

some/much/many—more—most

little—less—least

good/well—better—best

far—farther/further—farthest/furthest

old—older/elder—oldest/eldest

例1 To make matters bad， now I have to share a room with my younger sister， Maggie.

解析 bad→worse。這里用短語to make things/matters worse表示“更糟糕的是”，因此這里用形容詞的比較級worse。

例2 I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.

解析 little→less?？疾樾稳菰~的比較級。根據(jù)語境及上文中的more patient可知這里應(yīng)把little改為比較級less。

例3 Many people have donated that type of blood， however， the blood bank needs _______ （much）.

解析 more。句意：很多人都捐獻(xiàn)了那種血型的血，然而，血庫需要更多。由many people和however可知應(yīng)該用more表示“更多”。

例4 It may not be a great suggestion. But before a _______ （good） one is put forward， we will make do with it.

解析 better。句意：它或許不是一個好建議，但在有更好的建議之前，我們先湊合一下。此處暗含比較。

例5 If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify those of greater and ________ （little） importance.

解析 less?？疾樾稳菰~的比較級。根據(jù)語境及上文的greater and可知此處應(yīng)該用形容詞的比較級來修飾importance，故填less。

2. 比較連詞混用

His story is more interesting as my sisters. （F）

His story is more interesting than my sisters. （T）

His story is as interesting as my sisters. （T）

歸納 more與than搭配，as ... as ...是固定結(jié)構(gòu)。

例6 It is said that the power plant is now twice __________ large as what it was.

解析 as。句意：據(jù)說現(xiàn)在這個發(fā)電廠是以前的兩倍大。倍數(shù)的表示法有多種，此處為“倍數(shù)+as ... as ...”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此本空填as。

例7 There are a small number of people involved， possibly as little as twenty.

解析 1ittle→few。句意：只有少數(shù)人牽涉其中，可能少到只有20人。本句twenty后省略了people（集體名詞），故用few而不是little修飾。

3. 轉(zhuǎn)化錯誤

Tom is not as/so tall as Mike.

Tom is taller than Mike. （F）

Tom is shorter than Mike. （T）

Mike is taller than Tom. （T）

Science is not as/so popular as Chinese.

Science is more popular than Chinese. （F）

Chinese is more popular than Science. （T）

Science is less popular than Chinese. （T）

I prefer swimming to skating.

I like skating better than swimming. （F）

I like swimming better than skating. （T）

Today is not cold than yesterday. （F）

Today is less cold than yesterday. （T）

This book is two time as thick as that one. （F）

This book is two times as thick as that one. （T）

歸納 not so/as ... as ...結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)前者比不上后者；prefer ... to ...句型強(qiáng)調(diào)更喜歡的是前者；less ... than ...以及more ... than ...用于多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級中。降級比較也用“l(fā)ess+原級（單/多音節(jié)）+than”，如Today is less cold than yesterday；在表達(dá)倍數(shù)時，常用句型有“倍數(shù)+as ... as ...”和“倍數(shù)+比較級+than ...”。當(dāng)倍數(shù)是兩倍時常用double或twice表示，當(dāng)倍數(shù)大于1時，time應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例8 I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time， there are ________ （meaningful） things to do.

解析 more meaningful。句意：我認(rèn)為每天晚上看電視是浪費(fèi)時間， 有更有意義的事可以去做。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)用meaningful的比較級形式。

4. 比較級與最高級之間的轉(zhuǎn)化錯誤

Jim is taller than Tom and Mike.

Jim is tallest of the three. （F）

Jim is the tallest of the three. （T）

歸納 形容詞最高級前面不能省略the。

例9 Of the two coats， I would choose the cheapest one to spare some money for a book.

解析 cheapest→cheaper?？疾樾稳菰~的比較級，根據(jù)語境及上文中的of the two coats可知。

5. 最高級后的介詞in of與among誤用

China is one of the biggest countries of/among the world. （F）

China is one of the biggest countries in the world. （T）

歸納 in表示范圍，后面跟表示單位、組織、時間等的名詞，in后的名詞和主語不是同一范疇：而of或among后的名詞與主語是同一范疇，表示屬性。

He is the strongest of/among the boys. （T）

6. 最高級后的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)誤用

Shanghai is one of the biggest city in China. （F）

Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. （T）

7. 漏謂語動詞

China stronger and stronger. （F）

China is becomes/becoming stronger and stronger. （T）

8. 比較級前漏the

He is busier of the two. （F）

He is the busier of the two. （T）

Harder you study，the happier you will be. （F）

The harder you study. the happier you will be. （T）

歸納 the用于比較級前面表示特指，表示“（兩者中）較……的那個”；“the+比較級……，the+比較級……”句型表示“越……，越……”。

例10 The result is not very important to us， but if we do win， then so much _________ （good）.

解析 the better。句意：結(jié)果對我們來說不太重要，但是如果我們確實(shí)贏了，那就更好了。so much the better表示“那就更好了”，是固定搭配。

9. the的省略

The farmers are the busiest in autumn. （F）

歸納 去掉the。作表語的形容詞最高級前面，如果沒有和別的人或事物比較，往往省略the。

Tom is my the best friend. （F）

歸納 去掉the。最高級前面已有物主代詞或指示代詞修飾時，常常省略the。

例11 Andy is content with the toy. It is _________ （good） he has ever got.

解析 the best。句意：安迪很滿意這個玩具。這是他至今得到的最好的玩具。根據(jù)句意可知，空格處用形容詞最高級，形容詞最高級前須加定冠詞the。

例12 Raymonds parents wanted him to have _________ （good） possible education.

解析 the best。考查形容詞最高級。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)用“the+形容詞最高級”。

10. “越來越……”句型誤用

Our school gets more beautiful and more beautiful. （F）

Our school gets more and more beautiful. （T）

例13 Up to a certain point， the more stress you are under， __________ （good） your performance will be.

解析 the better。本句使用“the+比較級+主謂，the+比較級+主謂”的句型。故填the better。

11. 比較等級選用不當(dāng)

Which one is important， English or Maths？（F）

Which one is more important， English or Maths？（T）

Who is more careless， Tom， Jack or Jim？（F）

Who is the most careless， Tom， Jack or Jim？（T）

歸納 在上述句型中，比較的等級必須由比較對象的數(shù)量來決定。如果是A和B兩者用比較級，三者則用最高級。

12. 比較類別混亂

His book is newer than l/me. （F）

His book is newer than mine. （T）

歸納 “他的書”的新舊不能與“我”這個人比，因?yàn)闀腿瞬皇峭活愂挛铩?/p>

In winter， Guangdong is warmer than Beijing. （F）

In winter， the weather in Guangdong is warmer than Beijing. （F）

In winter， the weather of Guangdong is warmer than that of Beijing. （T）

歸納 地方?jīng)]有溫暖的說法；一個地區(qū)的氣候只能與另一個地區(qū)的氣候比；要使比較對象一致，當(dāng)對比雙方的定語不同時，應(yīng)增加代詞that或those。

例14 The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the small ones.

解析 在than后加that。此處指前面提到的The traffic，要使比較對象一致。

13. 比較邏輯錯誤

Tom is more careful than any boy in his class. （F）

Tom is more careful than any other girl in his class. （F）

Tom is more careful than any other boys in his class. （F）

Tom is more careful than anyone/anybody else in his class. （T）

Nobody else is more careful than Tom in Toms class. （T）

Nobody/No one is more careful than Tom in his class. （T）

Tom is more careful than any of the other student in his class. （F）

歸納 any boy中包括Tom本人，Tom怎么會比他本人更細(xì)致呢？因此同一男孩群體作比較應(yīng)在any后面加other，并且后接可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式。但如果是any of the other帶復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如果比較的兩者不屬于同一群體，即boy與girl，則不能用other。上述句型均用比較級形式達(dá)到最高級效果。

14. 比較等級前的修飾詞誤用

He is more kinder than I. （F）

He is much kinder than I. （T）

Our school is much beautiful than before. （F）

Our school is much more beautiful than before. （T）

歸納 very不能與比較級或最高級連用，修飾比較級表示程度的詞有much/far/even/a little。修飾多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級，表示“比……得多”，應(yīng)用“much more+多音節(jié)形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。

例15 Finally， that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is more cleaner than ever.

解析 去掉more。句中已經(jīng)有了比較級形式cleaner， more是多余的。

例16 This is by far __________（inspiring） movie that I have ever seen.

解析 the most inspiring。句意：這是我看過的最鼓舞人心的電影了。根據(jù)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的描述可知，這里應(yīng)該用最高級形式。

例17 After the accident， we are ________ （concerned） with the safety of school buses than we used to be.

解析 more concerned。句意：事故發(fā)生后，我們比以前更關(guān)注校車安全了。由than可知此處要用比較級。