芝加哥濱河步道擴(kuò)建

Sasaki 事務(wù)所Ross Barney 建筑事務(wù)所

Sasaki, Ross Barney Architects

作品

芝加哥濱河步道擴(kuò)建

Chicago Riverwalk Expansion

Sasaki 事務(wù)所Ross Barney 建筑事務(wù)所

Sasaki, Ross Barney Architects

1 總平面圖Site plan

2 六個街區(qū)與六個愿景Six blocks with six visions

芝加哥河主干河道有著悠久且豐富的歷史，它在很多方面映射了芝加哥城市的發(fā)展。芝加哥河以前是一條蜿蜒的沼澤溪流，后來被硬化改造為工程河道以支持城市向工業(yè)型的轉(zhuǎn)換。1900年，為了改善公共衛(wèi)生狀況，城市將河流主干與南側(cè)分支水流方向倒轉(zhuǎn)。在此之后，此條河道聲名鵲起。建筑師、城市設(shè)計(jì)師丹尼爾·伯納姆提出了濱河散步道和瓦克道高架橋的新愿景。近30年來，河道扮演的角色隨著芝加哥濱河項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行了又一次的轉(zhuǎn)換——重拾芝加哥河的城市生態(tài)與休閑效益。

3 穿越城市的芝加哥河The Chicago River

4 濱水空間使得城市生活更加豐富多彩New connections enrich and diversify life along the river

十年前，由于河流的重度污染，進(jìn)行垂釣、游泳等休閑活動幾乎是遙不可及的愿望，但是這個愿景卻在今天成為了現(xiàn)實(shí)。在水質(zhì)方面的最新進(jìn)展以及沿河公共空間使用的提升都體現(xiàn)了濱河生活的發(fā)展，與水岸建立了新的連接。

為了響應(yīng)這些號召，芝加哥交通部開始實(shí)施濱河步道項(xiàng)目，用新空間充實(shí)系統(tǒng)各個部分，例如退伍軍人紀(jì)念廣場與沃巴什廣場。隨著戶外活動的興起以及水質(zhì)的提升，濱水生活開始迅速繁榮起來。

2012年，Sasaki事務(wù)所與羅斯巴尼建筑事務(wù)所、阿爾弗雷德本納什工程公司以及一個較大的技術(shù)顧問團(tuán)隊(duì)合作，任務(wù)是為芝加哥州街與湖街之間的六個街區(qū)創(chuàng)造新的景象。在先前河流研究的基礎(chǔ)上，團(tuán)隊(duì)提出的芝加哥濱河概念規(guī)劃為湖泊與城市步行系統(tǒng)，以及河流在城市中的支流之間提供了最關(guān)鍵的連接。但此任務(wù)在技術(shù)上面臨極大挑戰(zhàn)，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)需要在7.6m寬的建成區(qū)內(nèi)擴(kuò)展步行空間，同時與街區(qū)間一系列穿過橋下的區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)。除此之外，設(shè)計(jì)還需要適應(yīng)河流每年的洪水漲落，豎向高度差近2m。

5 干凈的水質(zhì)提升了濱河空間活力Improved water quality revitalized the riverfront

一個由設(shè)計(jì)師、工程師、建造人員與城市行政人員組成的團(tuán)隊(duì)在面臨著的征求許可和施工建設(shè)的巨大挑戰(zhàn)下，共同努力，將濱水步行體驗(yàn)帶入人們的生活。Sasaki與芝加哥交通部、美國陸軍工程兵團(tuán)和美國河岸管理處合作，在7.6m寬現(xiàn)存的河岸創(chuàng)造綿延數(shù)里的連續(xù)的景觀。

設(shè)計(jì)著重要求沿岸的步行結(jié)構(gòu)足以承載大型的駁船所帶來的壓力，這為設(shè)計(jì)師帶來巨大挑戰(zhàn)。為了滿足要求，團(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)制作了混凝土沉箱，放入河床，為可能的沖擊提供了充分的加固。獨(dú)特的場地同樣也為施工團(tuán)隊(duì)帶來了許多挑戰(zhàn)。實(shí)際上，施工已經(jīng)在芝加哥河的駁船上持續(xù)開展了。

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)為此線性公園提供了新的思路，將這些挑戰(zhàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)遇。一改以建筑為導(dǎo)向的充滿直角拐彎的步道，將步道視為一個相對獨(dú)立的系統(tǒng)，通過自身形態(tài)的變化，促進(jìn)一系列與河道相連的新功能之間的聯(lián)系。

新的連接使得濱河生活更加豐富多彩，基于不同河道的類型，每個街區(qū)呈現(xiàn)了不同的形態(tài)，形成了不同的景觀項(xiàng)目。他們通過擴(kuò)大沿河岸的步行空間和為每個街區(qū)構(gòu)建了明顯的特征，創(chuàng)造了一種動態(tài)的活動體驗(yàn)，使濱河步道被稱之為連續(xù)的“城市客廳”。Sasaki董事、項(xiàng)目首席設(shè)計(jì)師、美國風(fēng)景園林師協(xié)會會員(ASLA)吉娜·福特(Gina Ford)談及此項(xiàng)目時這樣說到：“這里的每個空間都被濱河生活賦予了新的能量與活力，這對我們來說非常重要，同時這里有一連串的元素一起沿著這個連續(xù)的線性空間流動。”

6 個濱水步道空間

碼頭廣場：餐廳與露天座椅使人們可以觀賞河流上的動態(tài)場景，包括駁船航行、消防部門巡邏、水上巴士、觀光船等。

小河灣：一個可作為零售的拱廊，拾級而下可以到達(dá)一個寬闊的城市廣場，繼續(xù)往下是一個低層碼頭。拱廊為碼頭創(chuàng)造了一個步行尺度的空間，為使用者提供了休憩場所與便利設(shè)施。小海灣通過創(chuàng)造娛樂活動的方式為水體排放提供了一種途徑。

河濱劇場：雕塑般的階梯連接了上瓦克和河濱，為人們到達(dá)河濱提供了步行的聯(lián)系，周邊的樹木提供綠色與遮蔭。

水廣場：一個互動旱噴裝置被周邊的臺階所圍繞，同時可作為停坐區(qū)域。新的連接空間位于上瓦克步行道之下，水廣場為兒童和家庭提供一個參與濱水活動的良好契機(jī)。

6 碼頭廣場The Marina Plaza

7 獨(dú)立的濱河步道系統(tǒng)An independent path system

8 近兩米的高差The design accommodates annual flood dynamics of seven vertical feet

碼頭：一系列的碼頭和浮島濕地花園為人們了解河流生態(tài)提供了互動學(xué)習(xí)的環(huán)境，包括垂釣和本土植物認(rèn)知。水下設(shè)施為繁殖的魚群提供了重要的飽腹之物與棲身之所，以確保水下的生物多樣性與水上相比并不遜色。

河堤：結(jié)合種植的緩坡坡道，將行人帶到湖街上的上瓦克區(qū)域。

作為一個新的步行連接體系，概念性規(guī)劃框架為公園游客提供了不間斷的步行體驗(yàn)。每個類型的空間具有不同的功能與形態(tài)，可以提供濱河的多樣體驗(yàn)，從餐飲、大規(guī)模公眾活動到全新的劃艇項(xiàng)目。同時，設(shè)計(jì)材料與細(xì)節(jié)在整個項(xiàng)目范圍內(nèi)形成視覺上的統(tǒng)一。例如，鋪裝與現(xiàn)存紋理形成鮮明對比；精致的琢石沿典雅而具藝術(shù)氣息的瓦克高架道路與橋屋建筑鋪展開，而低層空間與鋼筋外露的橋梁下方則由表面粗糙的預(yù)制板環(huán)繞。

濱水步道同時在可達(dá)性上進(jìn)行了創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)，以此確保公共空間對每一個使用者都發(fā)揮最大的效應(yīng)。“在濱水步道上，我們希望創(chuàng)造一個停留與眺望芝加哥美好景色的空間，”福特說，“同時我們追求可達(dá)性與陪伴休憩作為體驗(yàn)的一部分?！?/p>

例如，碼頭廣場用長椅劃分出多種空間，并增加了輪椅與嬰兒車的可通行性。濱河步道上設(shè)計(jì)了許多小空間，展示當(dāng)?shù)匚幕c游覽建議。Sasaki的設(shè)計(jì)師研究了輪椅與長椅使用者的最適空間深度，使他們可以面對面、肩并肩，同時也研究了小空間的寬度確保輪椅使用者可以坐在人群的中間，而非邊緣。

9 小河灣The Cove

10 全新劃艇項(xiàng)目場地New amenities for human-powered craft

11 精致的琢石與鋪裝The refined cut stone and pavement

12 水廣場The Water Plaza

13 全新劃艇項(xiàng)目場地New amenities for human-powered craft

另外，小河灣利用高高低低的地形來連接各種預(yù)制的座椅元素，被設(shè)計(jì)師和施工者稱為“河岸石”、“豆子”或“枕頭”。這種石材不規(guī)則的特性將4個場地(兩上兩下)的陪伴座椅相互統(tǒng)一——但是都位于中央，而非邊緣。

公眾對芝加哥濱河步道的評論與反響十分積極，同時這個城市已經(jīng)開始將芝加哥河當(dāng)作它的“第二個河濱”。在2015年建筑記錄評論對于此項(xiàng)目描述的第二段中，建筑評論家布萊爾·卡明(Blair Kamin)稱贊濱河步道是芝加哥作為“地位日益升高的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師將舊時城市邊緣地區(qū)成功轉(zhuǎn)化為城市活動中心”的“迄今為止最杰出、最成功的案例”。他同時認(rèn)為濱河步道將城市空間定義為“連續(xù)性與多樣性的完美融合和現(xiàn)代與過去的交匯點(diǎn)”。

其中，位于州街與拉薩爾街之間的三個空間于2015年5月建成并開放。另外三個空間的施工于2015年夏季開始，于2016年10月完成。

(編輯/劉昱霏)

14 碼頭The Jetty

15 一系列的碼頭A series of piers

16 可供停坐的觀景空間Visitors can sit and enjoy the amazing views

項(xiàng)目區(qū)位：芝加哥，伊利諾伊州

客戶名稱：芝加哥市交通部

完成日期：二期2015年5月開放；三期2016年10月開放

面積：二期，0.6hm2/3個街區(qū)

三期，0.8hm2/3個街區(qū)

領(lǐng)域：規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)、城市設(shè)計(jì)、建筑、景觀設(shè)計(jì)、土木工程、平面設(shè)計(jì)

團(tuán)隊(duì)：Sasaki 事務(wù)所，Ross Barney 建筑事務(wù)所

圖片提供：圖1、2、6、9、12、14、17?Sasaki ；圖3～5、7、8、 10、11、13、15、16、20、22、24、25、26?Christian Philips；圖18、19、21、23?Kate Joyce

翻譯：李雯

校對：王晞月

17 河濱劇場The River Theater

18 可供停坐的觀景空間The place to sit and enjoy the amazing views

The main branch of the Chicago River has a long and storied history that in many ways mirrors the development of Chicago itself. Once a meandering marshy stream, the river quickly became an engineered channel to support the industrial transformation of the city. Following the famed reversal of the river, in which the city reversed the flow of the Main Branch and South Branch to improve sanitation, architect and urban planner Daniel Burnham introduced a new civic vision of riverside promenades with the addition of the Wacker Drive Viaduct. For the last 30 years, the role of the river has evolved once again with the Chicago Riverwalk project—an initiative to reclaim the Chicago River for the ecological and recreational benefit of the city.

The goal of embracing the river as a fishable and swimmable recreational amenity seemed impossible even a decade ago, given the river's high levels of pollution. But today that vision is becoming a reality. Recent improvements in river water quality and the increased intensity of public recreational use signal growing life along the river, and demand new connections with the water's edge. Heeding this call, the Chicago Department of Transportation began implementing the Riverwalk, completing portions of the system that include very successful new spaces, like the Veteran's Memorial Plaza and Wabash Plaza. With the growth of outdoor activity and the improvement of water quality, life along the waterfront is beginning to flourish.

In 2012, Sasaki, Ross Barney Architects,Alfred Benesch Engineers, and a broader technical consultant team was tasked with creating a vision for the six blocks between State Street and Lake Street. Building off previous studies of the river, the team's Chicago Riverwalk Concept Plan provides the last critical link between the lake, the city's pedestrian circulation, and the river's urban branches. The task at hand was technically challenging. The design team, for instance, needed to work within a tight permitmandated 25-foot-wide build-out area to expand the pedestrian program spaces and negotiate a series of under-bridge connections between blocks. Further, the design had to account for the river's annual flood dynamics of nearly seven vertical feet.

A team of architects, engineers, builders, and city officials worked side by side to bring the Riverwalk to life, facing considerable permitting and construction challenges. Sasaki worked in conjunction with the Chicago Department of Transportation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Coast Guard to secure approval to build out 25 feet from the existing shoreline in order to create the Riverwalk's mile-long continuous walkway. In particular, the requirement that pedestrian structures along the river be able to withstand the impact of the largest barge that travels the Chicago River posed a challenge for designers. In response to this requirement, the team engineered concrete-topped cassions that,driven into the river bed, provide sufficient reinforcement against possible impacts. The unusual site also posed access challenges for construction teams. In fact, construction has continually been carried out from barges on the Chicago River.

20 統(tǒng)一的設(shè)計(jì)材料與細(xì)節(jié)表現(xiàn)出視覺上的連貫性Design materials, details, and repeated forms provide visual cohesion

21 可供輪椅使用的觀景空間Wheelchair accessible space

Turning these challenges into opportunities, the team imagined new ways of thinking about this linear park. Rather than an architecturally-driven path comprosed of 90-degree turns, the team reconceived the path as a more independent system—one that, through changes in its shape and form, would drive a series of new programmatic connections to the river. Withnew connections that enrich and diversify life along the river, each block takes on the form and program of a different river-based typology. Dubbed rooms, they expand the walkable area along the river banks, and create a distinct identity for each block that, taken all together, creates a dynamic experience. Sasaki Principal, Gina Ford, ASLA, the lead designer for the Sasaki team, says of the project, "it was important to us that each space have an energy and excitement inspired by the life of the river, but also that there are elements of continuity as one moves along its edge.”

22 活力十足的濱河夜景Evening view

The following are the six rooms of the Riverwalk.

The Marina Plaza: Restaurants and outdoor seating provide views of vibrant life on the water, including passing barges, fire department patrols, water taxis, and sightseeing boats.

The Cove: A retail arcade steps down to a wide urban plaza and then down again to a low level dock, creating a space for humanpowered craft to dock—and for users to find places for rest and amenity. The Cove provides an outlet for physical connections to the water through recreation.

The River Theater: A sculptural staircase linking Upper Wacker and the Riverwalk offers pedestrian connectivity to the water's edge, while trees provide greenery and shade.

The Water Plaza: This block contains an interactive zero-depth fountain with surrounding stairways designed to double as seating areas and new concession space tucked below the sidewalk of Upper Wacker Drive.The Water Plaza offers an opportunity for children and families to engage with water at the river's edge.

23 嵌在臺階上的燈帶Strip lights mounted with stairs

24 嵌在臺階上的燈帶Strip lights mounted with stairs

The Jetty: A series of piers and floating wetland gardens offer an interactive learning environment about the ecology of the river, including opportunities for fishing and identifying native plants. Underwater amenities for a burgeoning fish population provide critical shelter, food, and cover, ensuring as much life below the water's surface as above.

The Boardwalk: A mildly sloping ramp,interspersed with plantings, brings pedestrians from the water level to the street level of Upper Wacker at Lake Street.

As a new connected path system, the concept plan's framework provides both continuity and variety for a park visitor. The distinct programs and forms of each typological space allow for diverse experiences on the river ranging from dining opportunities to expansive public event programming to new amenities for human-powered craft. At the same time, design materials and details provide visual cohesion along the entire length of the project. Paving, for instance, mirrors the contrasts of the existing context: a refined cut stone follows the elegant Beaux-Arts Wacker Viaduct and Bridgehouse architecture, while a more rugged precast plank flanks the lower elevations and underside of the exposed steel bridges.

The Riverwalk also features innovative designs in accessibility, which ensures public space is public for all of its users. “Along the Riverwalk, we imagined a place to sit and enjoy the amazing views of the amazing life on the Chicago River,” says Ford, “and we wanted accessibility and companion seating to be an integrated part of the experience.”

25 活力十足的濱河夜景Evening view

The Marina, for example, has pockets of space in multiple places along the length of the bench where wheelchairs and strollers can perch. As designed, the Riverwalk has more such spaces than required by local code and best practice suggestions. Designers at Sasaki studied the depth of the space needed to ensure a wheelchair user and bench user would be nicely aligned, eye-to-eye, shoulderto-shoulder, as well as the width of the pockets to ensure that a wheelchair user could sit in the middle of a group of people, rather than an edge.

Additionally, the Cove makes use of the grade change between upper and lower levels to incorporate custom precast seating elements, referred to by the design and construction team as "river stones," "beans," or "pillows". The irregular nature of the stones allowed designers to integrate four locations for companion seats, two at the upper level and two at the lower level—but all in the middle of the action, not off to the sides.

Critical and public reception of the Riverwalk has been very positive, and the city has begun to embrace the Chicago River as its second waterfront.In a 2015 ArchitecturalRecord review of the project's second phase, architecture critic Blair Kamin hailed the Riverwalk as Chicago's "most prominent—and, to date, most successful—example" of the "increasingly prominent role of landscape architects, who are turning once-marginal areas of cities and regions into new centers of life." He also notes that the Riverwalk's themed river rooms "achieve a compelling synthesis of consistency and variety and an equally effective counterpoint of tradition and modernity.”

The first three blocks, from State Street to LaSalle Street, were completed and opened to the public in May 2015. The construction of the next three blocks began in summer 2015 and was completed in October 2016.

26 活力十足的濱河夜景Evening view

Project name:Chicago Riverwalk Expansion

Project location:Chicago, IL

Client name:City of Chicago Department of Transportation

Completion time:Phase 2 opened May 2015,

Phase 3 opened October 2016

Size:Phase 2, 1.5 acres/3 blocks

Phase 3, 2.0 acres/3 blocks

Services:Planning/Urban Design/Architecture Landscape Architecture/Civil/ Engineering/Graphic Design

Project Team:Sasaki, Ross Barney Architects

Photography Credits:Figure1/2/6/9/12/14/17?Sasaki; Figure3-5/7/8/10/11/13/15/16/20/22/24-26?Christian Philips; Figure18/19/21/23?Kate Joyce

Translator:LI Wen

Proofreader:WANG Xi-yue