曾祥宇 張鵬 高金波 劉煒圳 帥曉明 陶凱雄
·綜 述·
胃腸道炎性肌纖維母細(xì)胞瘤研究進(jìn)展
曾祥宇 張鵬 高金波 劉煒圳 帥曉明 陶凱雄
胃腸道炎性肌纖維母細(xì)胞瘤 (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,IMT)是一種特殊而少見的間葉性腫瘤,發(fā)病部位主要位于胃和回盲部,常見于學(xué)齡前兒童及青少年,女性多發(fā),臨床表現(xiàn)無特異,術(shù)前診斷困難,確診需依據(jù)術(shù)后病理及免疫組織化學(xué),一般預(yù)后良好,偶有復(fù)發(fā)。本文就胃腸道IMT的臨床表現(xiàn)、病理檢查及免疫組織化學(xué)特點、診斷及鑒別診斷、治療及預(yù)后等作一綜述。
炎性肌纖維母細(xì)胞瘤; 診斷; 治療; 預(yù)后
炎性肌纖維母細(xì)胞瘤 (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,IMT)是一種由分化的梭形纖維母細(xì)胞或肌纖維母細(xì)胞組成的間葉性腫瘤。IMT主要發(fā)生在肺部,腹腔內(nèi)罕見,胃腸道的發(fā)病率更低[1]。胃腸道IMT大多為個案報道,缺少大宗病例報道。本文就胃腸道IMT的臨床病理特點、診治及預(yù)后等作一綜述。
胃腸道IMT是一種少見而獨特的間葉性腫瘤,表現(xiàn)為低度惡性或交界性腫瘤,常見于學(xué)齡前兒童及青少年,女性多發(fā)[2]。其具體病因不明,多發(fā)生于手術(shù)、創(chuàng)傷或炎癥以后,是人體對損傷的一種異?;蛘哌^度的反應(yīng)[3]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其可能與EB病毒感染有關(guān)[4]。既往文獻(xiàn)報道關(guān)于IMT的命名很多,包括組織細(xì)胞瘤、黃色瘤、纖維黃色瘤、黃色肉芽腫、漿細(xì)胞瘤等[5]。2002年WHO軟組織腫瘤國際組織學(xué)分類專家正式命名為炎性肌纖維母細(xì)胞瘤,定義為“由分化的肌纖維母細(xì)胞性梭形細(xì)胞組成,常伴大量漿細(xì)胞和(或)淋巴細(xì)胞的一種腫瘤”[6]。許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為IMT即為以往的炎性假瘤(inflammatory pseudotumor,IPT),其實不然,H?hne等[7]通過涉及938例IMT病人的443篇文章分析指出,IMT與IPT是不同的,首先,IMT是以纖維母細(xì)胞瘤增生為主的實質(zhì)腫瘤,而IPT則是以炎性細(xì)胞浸潤為主的炎癥反應(yīng);其次,IMT好發(fā)于學(xué)齡前兒童及青少年,而IPT好發(fā)于中老年;另外,IMT大多須外科手術(shù)切除,而IPT可通過保守治療治愈。
胃腸道IMT以胃及回盲部多見,其臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性,但與發(fā)病部位密切相關(guān)[8]。胃IMT以上腹部不適及消化道出血多見,Bjelovic等[9]報道了1例以上腹部痛及惡心、嘔吐就診的胃IMT病人;十二指腸IMT則以上腹部不適多見;空回腸IMT以腹痛、腹脹及腹部包塊多見,Oeconomopoulou等[10]報道了1例以右下腹痛、發(fā)熱等類似急性闌尾炎癥狀就診的回腸末端IMT病人,Unver等[11]則報道了1例回腸IMT合并急性闌尾炎的病例;結(jié)腸IMT以右下腹疼痛及右下腹包塊多見,陳益民等[12]報道了1例以右下腹疼痛及右下腹包塊就診的回盲部及升結(jié)腸IMT病人;直腸IMT以大便帶血多見。此外,胃腸道IMT多伴有發(fā)熱、乏力、消瘦、貧血等全身癥狀,Qiu等[13]報道了1例以高熱為首發(fā)癥狀就診的胃IMT病人。
胃腸道IMT鏡檢主要為梭形細(xì)胞、數(shù)量不等的膠原以及淋巴細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞組成的炎性成分,其間質(zhì)中的淋巴細(xì)胞及漿細(xì)胞等慢性炎癥細(xì)胞為其病理學(xué)特征[14]。Gleason等[15]將其光鏡下病理組織學(xué)類型可分為三型:①黏液血管型,瘤組織中血管較豐富,間質(zhì)廣泛黏液變性,其間穿插梭形細(xì)胞,可見各種炎癥細(xì)胞,形態(tài)似結(jié)節(jié)性筋膜炎。②梭形細(xì)胞密集型,腫瘤細(xì)胞密集排列成束及縱橫交錯,排列成“人”字形或漩渦狀,背景細(xì)胞為大量淋巴細(xì)胞和漿細(xì)胞。③纖維瘢痕型,腫瘤細(xì)胞較少,瘤細(xì)胞間分布致密成片的膠原纖維類似瘢痕組織。腫瘤的病理分型中可以一種為主,也可兩種或三種并存。免疫組織化學(xué)指標(biāo)中S-100、CD34和CD117常表達(dá)陰性。梭形細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)標(biāo)志物Vimentin以及肌源性標(biāo)志物SMA為胃腸道IMT的特異標(biāo)記,有研究顯示[16],約50%的IMT具有間變型淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)基因的克隆性重排,導(dǎo)致ALK蛋白的激活表達(dá),ALK陽性說明腫瘤呈中度惡性[17]。李明信[18]通過對4例行免疫組織化學(xué)的腹腔IMT分析顯示,CD117、CD34(-)100%(4/4),Vimentin、SMA(+)100%(4/4)。孫璐等[19]對5例胃IMT分析,免疫組織化學(xué)顯示CD117、CD34(-)100%(5/5),Vimentin、SMA(+)100%(5/5),ALK100%(5/5)。李煥萍等[20]對30例肺外IMT行免疫組織化學(xué)顯示,CD117、CD34、S-100(-)100%(30/30),Vimentin(+)100%(30/30),SMA(+)70%(21/30),ALK(+)27%(8/30)。
血常規(guī)、肝腎功能、腫瘤標(biāo)志物等實驗室檢查及B超、CT、MRI等影像學(xué)檢查對胃腸道IMT均無特異性,穿刺活檢由于取材較少且存在局限性,確診仍需靠術(shù)后病理及免疫組化檢查。胃腸道IMT術(shù)前診斷困難,術(shù)前易誤診為惡性腫瘤,李明信[18]對10例腹腔IMT報道顯示,其中7例(70%)術(shù)前誤診為惡性腫瘤,因此對于學(xué)齡前及青少年病人,胃腸道腫塊,同時伴有發(fā)熱、貧血、消瘦等全身癥狀時應(yīng)考慮到胃腸道IMT可能。
胃腸道IMT需與間質(zhì)瘤、平滑肌瘤、息肉、神經(jīng)鞘瘤及平滑肌肉瘤等鑒別。胃腸間質(zhì)瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)為胃腸道最常見的間質(zhì)源性腫瘤,多呈外生性或“啞鈴”狀生長,免疫組織化學(xué)中,CD117和CD34強(qiáng)陽性表達(dá),基因檢測示KIT或PDGFRA突變?yōu)樽钪匾奶卣鱗21];平滑肌瘤少見,通常較小且界限清楚,腫瘤常來源于固有肌層,可向腔內(nèi)或腔外生長,免疫組織化學(xué)中CD117和CD34陰性,有助于鑒別診斷;息肉較小,直徑小于1 cm,表現(xiàn)為無蒂或有蒂的腫塊,病變主要位于黏膜下層,病理檢查特點為增生的纖維組織常呈漩渦狀圍繞血管排列(蔥皮樣改變);神經(jīng)鞘瘤通常較大,形態(tài)欠規(guī)則,鈣化多見,易見腫塊內(nèi)多發(fā)囊變區(qū),鏡下主要變現(xiàn)為瘤組織的周圍可見淋巴細(xì)胞套;平滑肌肉瘤,瘤細(xì)胞豐富,異型性明顯,核常呈雪茄樣,核分裂象多見,并可見病理性核分裂象。
胃腸道IMT以手術(shù)治療為主,少數(shù)病例報道其可通過抗生素[22]、激素[23]或非甾體類抗炎藥物[24]治愈,甚至極少數(shù)病例無需采用任何治療而自然轉(zhuǎn)歸[25],但是不排除其作者將IMT與IPT相混淆所致。胃腸道IMT雖大多為良性腫瘤,但由于其具有侵襲生長特性,因此在病人身體狀況允許的情況下,可以適當(dāng)擴(kuò)大手術(shù)切除范圍。對于胃腸道IMT復(fù)發(fā)病人,再次手術(shù)仍是首選。Wang等[26]報道了1例74歲病人在原發(fā)IMT切除30個月后同一部位再發(fā)IMT而再次采用外科手術(shù)切除的病例。胃腸道IMT對放化療大多不敏感,但Chen等[27]報道,1例腹膜后IMT病人在原發(fā)腫瘤切除后出現(xiàn)原位復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,采用表柔比星(表阿霉素)、達(dá)卡巴嗪、多烯紫杉醇等化療藥物治療3個周期后腫瘤大小明顯減小。Tao等[28]則報道了1例不可切除的腹膜后IMT病人,經(jīng)甲氨蝶呤、順鉑等化療藥物治愈長達(dá)3年之久。胃腸道IMT大多預(yù)后良好,但也可發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移,Gleason等[15]報道,84例肺外IMT中,21例(25%)出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)。Meis等[29]報道38例腹腔及腹膜后IMT,長期隨訪27例,其中10例(37%)復(fù)發(fā),3例(11%)出現(xiàn)肺、腦轉(zhuǎn)移,5例(19%)最終死于IMT。
總之,胃腸道IMT是一類特殊而少見的間葉性腫瘤,發(fā)病部位主要位于胃和回盲部,常見于學(xué)齡前兒童及青少年,臨床癥狀及影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)無特異性,術(shù)前誤診率高,外科手術(shù)完整切除是其主要治療手段,確診需依據(jù)病理及免疫組織化學(xué)檢查,大多數(shù)胃腸道IMT預(yù)后良好,但也有復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移的報道,需引起外科醫(yī)師的注意。
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Advances in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of gastrointestinal tract
ZengXiangyu,ZhangPeng,GaoJinbo,LiuWeizhen,ShuaiXiaoming,TaoKaixiong.
DepartmentofGastrointestinalSurgery,UnionHospital,TongiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430022,China
TaoKaixiong,Email:tao_kaixiong@163.com
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) of gastrointestinal tract is a peculiar and rare kind of tumors from mesenchymal tissue. It mainly occurs in stomach and ileocecum and is more likely associated with preschool children as well as youngsters, showing slight female predominance. The clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal IMT are not specific so that preoperative diagnosis is very difficult. Diagnosis depends on the pathological and histological examinations and usually has favorable prognosis, occasional relapse may happen however. This review discussed the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal IMT.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor; Diagnosis; Treatment; Prognosis
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81572413);武漢市科技局基金(2015060101010044)
430022 武漢,華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院胃腸外科
陶凱雄,Email: tao_kaixiong@163.com
R730.262
A
10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2017.02.019
2016-09-09)