趙凌云 齊魯楠 綜述 游雪梅 審校
·綜述·
熱休克蛋白70在肝細(xì)胞癌中的研究進(jìn)展
趙凌云1,2齊魯楠1,3綜述 游雪梅1,3審校
熱休克蛋白70(Heat shock protein 70,HSP70)是高度保守的多肽蛋白,作為分子伴侶,在蛋白穩(wěn)態(tài)、細(xì)胞凋亡、侵襲、細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)中發(fā)揮重要的作用。研究表明HSP70的表達(dá)水平與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)歸有密切聯(lián)系,其在正常情況下呈低水平表達(dá),而在腫瘤組織中呈高表達(dá)。肝細(xì)胞癌起病隱匿,相關(guān)研究報(bào)道HSP70表達(dá)水平的高低可以作為早期肝細(xì)胞癌診斷和鑒別診斷的敏感性生物學(xué)指標(biāo),同時(shí)影響著肝細(xì)胞癌患者的治療和預(yù)后,本文就此做一綜述。
熱休克蛋白70;肝細(xì)胞癌;診斷;預(yù)后
肝細(xì)胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)為全球最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一[1],全球癌癥相關(guān)致死率排名第二,每年平均新增70萬(wàn)病例,其中50%發(fā)生在中國(guó)[2-3]。提高HCC早期診斷率,可以使患者得到更有效的治療[4]。血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)及其異質(zhì)體是目前診斷HCC的重要生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,但歐洲相關(guān)學(xué)者認(rèn)為單以AFP 作為診斷指標(biāo)特異性和敏感性不高,2010年的美國(guó)肝病研究學(xué)會(huì)(AASLD)指南已經(jīng)不推薦AFP作為篩查指標(biāo)[5-7]。
熱休克蛋白70(Heat shock protein 70,HSP70)是生物進(jìn)化中高度保守的多肽蛋白,作為分子伴侶參與細(xì)胞蛋白質(zhì)的合成、折疊等,同時(shí)在細(xì)胞保護(hù)、抗細(xì)胞凋亡、參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)及病毒感染中也發(fā)揮著重要作用[8]。相關(guān)研究表明HCC組織中存在不同程度的HSP70表達(dá),其表達(dá)與組織學(xué)分化程度有關(guān),HSP70在HCC的鑒別診斷方面有著重要意義,同時(shí)HSP70表達(dá)水平的高低與其預(yù)后和治療有著密切關(guān)系[9]。提高HCC早期診斷的準(zhǔn)確率,延長(zhǎng)HCC患者的生存期已成為醫(yī)學(xué)界迫切需要解決的問(wèn)題。
1962年,Ritossa從果蠅幼蟲(chóng)的唾液腺染色體等部位發(fā)現(xiàn)“熱休克反應(yīng)”[10],1974年,Tusseres在Ritossa的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)了果蠅在熱環(huán)境中的確合成了一組新的蛋白質(zhì),并將其命名為“熱休克蛋白”(Heat shock protein,HSP)[11]。研究證明幾乎所有的活細(xì)胞都可被誘導(dǎo)出熱休克蛋白,除了非致死性熱休克外,缺氧、感染、心理應(yīng)激、饑餓、創(chuàng)傷、某些藥物(如腺苷受體激動(dòng)劑)、放射線等應(yīng)激原均可誘導(dǎo)出熱休克蛋白。
按照分子質(zhì)量大小,HSPs分為HSP110、HSP90、HSP70、HSP60、小分子HSP、泛素等6個(gè)家系。其中,HSP70研究得最為深入,HSP70具有多種生物學(xué)功能,在細(xì)胞保護(hù)、抗細(xì)胞凋亡、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗氧化功能等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用[12]。
HSP70在正常細(xì)胞中受細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控,處于低表達(dá)水平,而在腫瘤細(xì)胞中,HSP70受突變或異常蛋白質(zhì)的刺激,呈高表達(dá)水平[13]。相關(guān)研究表明,在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,熱休克蛋白70/熱休克蛋白70-肽復(fù)合物(HSP70/HSP70-PCs)發(fā)揮著復(fù)雜而重要的作用,一方面可以活化免疫細(xì)胞,激活機(jī)體細(xì)胞免疫,促進(jìn)殺傷腫瘤,另一方面又可能通過(guò)復(fù)雜的通路,提高腫瘤細(xì)胞的免疫逃逸能力,從而減少腫瘤殺傷。進(jìn)入細(xì)胞外的HSP70/HSP70-PCs能促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮細(xì)胞間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,影響肝細(xì)胞癌的遷移和侵襲能力,細(xì)胞外HSP70/HSP70-PCs首先通過(guò)激活TLR2和TLR4,繼而激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)的JNK1/2/MAPK信號(hào)通路來(lái)促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖[14-16]。
HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展與乙型、丙型肝炎病毒的相關(guān)性已得到公認(rèn)[17-19]。齊魯楠等[20]通過(guò)iTRAQ定量蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)分析廣西乙肝病毒/黃曲霉毒素相關(guān)性肝細(xì)胞癌中的相關(guān)差異蛋白表達(dá)情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP70在乙肝病毒相關(guān)HCC中呈高表達(dá)。Jin等[21]對(duì)77例乙肝病毒相關(guān)性HCC患者進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP70羧基端相互作用蛋白在腫瘤較大、門(mén)靜脈受侵、血清AFP水平高的乙肝相關(guān)性HCC患者中呈高表達(dá)水平。Schmitt等[22]對(duì)73例丙肝病毒相關(guān)性HCC進(jìn)行研究,分析HSP70和臨床病理分級(jí)的關(guān)系,其中67例患者HSP70呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),并與病理分級(jí)顯著相關(guān),提示HSP70表達(dá)可能與丙肝相關(guān)性HCC的腫瘤分化有關(guān)。Akada等[23]研究表明,HSP70的自身抗體在丙肝病毒感染相關(guān)性HCC患者的血清中呈高表達(dá),提示HSP70在診斷丙肝病毒感染相關(guān)性HCC方面具有一定的臨床意義。
由于HCC早期缺乏典型的臨床表現(xiàn),因此HCC早期診斷十分困難,并且早期分子病理學(xué)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚不統(tǒng)一[24]。近年來(lái),HSP70已經(jīng)逐漸成為HCC早期診斷重要的生物學(xué)指標(biāo)之一。Tremosini等[25]以60例超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)0.5~2.0 cm結(jié)節(jié)的肝硬化患者為研究對(duì)象,觀察HSP70的表達(dá),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)其中40例最終被診斷為早期HCC,以HSP70作為標(biāo)志物進(jìn)行HCC早期診斷的敏感性和特異性分別為57.5%和85%,如果增加Glypican 3或Glutamine synthetase指標(biāo),則敏感性和特異性可高達(dá)60%和100%。Wang等[26]對(duì)80例HCC、30例早期HCC、30例慢性肝炎、30例肝硬化、30例正常組織運(yùn)用免疫組織化學(xué)對(duì)HSP70的表達(dá)水平進(jìn)行檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP70在HCC表達(dá)水平高于其他三組,其敏感性和特異性分別為78.2%、77.8%。Ojima等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在低級(jí)別不典型增生結(jié)節(jié)(LGDN)、高級(jí)別不典型增生結(jié)節(jié)(HGDN)、早期HCC中,HSP70表達(dá)水平呈明顯的遞增趨勢(shì),表明HSP70的高表達(dá)可作為早期HCC診斷的生物學(xué)指標(biāo)之一。Gehrmann等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清HSP70在慢性肝炎、肝硬化、HCC中的表達(dá)水平呈遞增趨勢(shì),對(duì)HCC的早期診斷有一定價(jià)值。
肝細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)改變存在很大的重疊性及相似性,為某些不典型HCC的診斷造成困難[29]。因此,相關(guān)檢測(cè)有利于評(píng)估患者的肝癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并通過(guò)早期干預(yù)治療改善患者的生存期[30]。Shin等[31]對(duì)392例HCC和120例沒(méi)有肝腫瘤的肝組織進(jìn)行免疫組化染色,HCC中282例HSP70出現(xiàn)陽(yáng)性表達(dá),占71.9%,伴有顯微血管侵犯、大肝癌和高Edmonson-Steiner分級(jí)者,HSP70均呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),通過(guò)生存分析還發(fā)現(xiàn),HSP70表達(dá)與患者的生存時(shí)間相關(guān)。此外,有研究表明,HSP70高表達(dá)與肝癌門(mén)靜脈浸潤(rùn)有關(guān)[32]。Lagana等[33]選擇了30例HCC和18例肝臟腺瘤,發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP70在其中的14例HCC中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),而在18例肝臟腺瘤中沒(méi)有表達(dá),敏感性為46%,特異性為100%,提示HSP70有助于HCC和肝臟腺瘤的鑒別診斷。Di等[34]通過(guò)對(duì)增生性結(jié)節(jié)和高分化型HCC的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP70診斷高分化型HCC的敏感性和特異性分別為72.9%和100%。Nguyen等[35]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP70在非典型肝細(xì)胞腫瘤、高分化HCC中陽(yáng)性率分別為10%,67%。以上研究表明,HSP70在與肝細(xì)胞腺瘤、非典型肝細(xì)胞腫瘤、高分化肝細(xì)胞癌的鑒別診斷中有重要意義。
HCC患者5年的復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)70%,如何有效降低HCC的高復(fù)發(fā)率目前仍是臨床上治療HCC的巨大挑戰(zhàn)[36-37]。Ataide等[38]對(duì)90例HCC肝移植后患者的生存期、復(fù)發(fā)率以及運(yùn)用免疫組織化學(xué)對(duì)組織中HSP70、谷氨酰胺合成酶等表達(dá)水平進(jìn)行觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP70表達(dá)陽(yáng)性率高的HCC患者預(yù)后較差,這些生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物可以輔助評(píng)估HCC肝移植后的預(yù)后情況。綜上所述,HSP70在HCC組織中呈高表達(dá),其表達(dá)水平與腫瘤大小、門(mén)靜脈受侵、血清AFP含量呈正相關(guān);同時(shí),HSP70高表達(dá)的患者,其術(shù)后無(wú)瘤生存期短,說(shuō)明HSP70的高表達(dá)可能是影響HCC患者預(yù)后的不利因素[21,32]。
近年來(lái),腫瘤免疫治療受到越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注,研究表明熱休克蛋白70-肽復(fù)合物/樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞(HSP70-PC/DCs)瘤苗能夠激活CD4+/CD8+及T淋巴細(xì)胞,有效的激發(fā)抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)[39]。Wang等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成熟的樹(shù)突細(xì)胞(DC)結(jié)合HSP70/乙型表面抗原(HBsAg)能夠刺激自體T細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)HCC特定的細(xì)胞毒T細(xì)胞生成,從而殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞。HSP70在丙肝相關(guān)性HCC中呈高表達(dá),這表明HSP70可能是HCC治療的分子目標(biāo)[41]。AFP作為肝癌的相關(guān)性抗原能促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞增殖,已成為HCC免疫治療的新靶點(diǎn),熱休克蛋白70-甲胎蛋白抗原表位肽疫苗(HSP70-P/AFP-P)可引起特定的抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)[42-43]。相關(guān)免疫療法在HCC預(yù)防和治療方面起到了一定作用。
同時(shí),相關(guān)研究表明射頻消融(RFA)可以誘導(dǎo)HSP70的表達(dá),HSP70的表達(dá)可以增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的免疫原性,從而損傷腫瘤細(xì)胞,對(duì)于HCC的治療有臨床意義,HSP70可以作為HCC患者射頻治療療效的重要生物學(xué)指標(biāo)[44]。
HSP70作為HCC早期診斷、鑒別診斷的重要生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,對(duì)HCC的預(yù)防、治療及預(yù)后起著重要作用。針對(duì)熱休克蛋白及其特異性抑制劑的進(jìn)一步研究有望改善HCC患者的治療效果,但目前對(duì)于熱休克蛋白特異性抑制劑的研究較少。因此,對(duì)于熱休克蛋白的深入研究有可能成為腫瘤學(xué)、藥物學(xué)等學(xué)科的共同研究方向,為進(jìn)一步揭示腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展和預(yù)后的規(guī)律提供新的途徑。
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Researchprogressofheatshockprotein70inhepatocellularcarcinoma
ZHAOLingyun1,2,QILunan1,3,YOUXuemei1,3
1.Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Nanning 530021,China;2.Guangxi Medical University;3.Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center
Heat shock protein 70(HSP70)is a highly conserved polypeptide protein,which plays an important role in protein homeostasis,apoptosis,invasion and cell signaling transduction.Many studies have shown that the expression level of HSP70 is closely related to the development and progression of tumor,which is a low expression in normal tissues and the overexpression in tumor tissue.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is concealed,and the related study reported that the expression of HSP70 can be used as a sensitive biological index for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis for early HCC,and also affects the treatment and prognosis of patients with HCC.This article will summary the relationship between the expression of HSP70 and HCC.
Heat shock protein 70;Hepatocellular carcinoma;Diagnosis;Prognosis
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81160262);國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)課題(2012X10002010001009);廣西衛(wèi)計(jì)委科研基金資助課題(S201417-03,GZLC16-36)
1.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院肝膽外科(南寧 530021);2.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué);3.廣西肝癌診療工程技術(shù)研究中心
趙凌云,女,(1988-),碩士研究生,從事肝膽腫瘤方向的研究。
游雪梅,E-mail:397845319@qq.com
R735.7
A
10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.06.009
(收稿:2017-06-14)