陳紀飛 戴盛明
血漿甲基化Septin9基因:一個有潛力的結(jié)直腸癌早期篩查標志物
陳紀飛 戴盛明★
Septin是一類進化上高度保守的細胞骨架蛋白基因家族,具有GTP酶(guanosine triphos?phatase,GTPase)活性。家族內(nèi)的Septin9基因參與細胞分裂、胞吐作用、細胞極性、細胞遷徙、DNA修復等多種生理活動。近年,Septin9基因與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的關系受到廣泛關注,甲基化的Septin9基因(methylated Septin9 gene,mSEPT9)被證實為結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)重要的表觀遺傳學改變。本文綜述了目前常見的幾種Septin9基因甲基化檢測方法及其對不同種類樣本的檢測狀況,探討了其在結(jié)腸癌早期篩查中的潛在應用價值。
Septin9;甲基化;結(jié)腸癌;早期篩查
2013年全世界有100萬新診斷的結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)患者[1],約60萬患者死于CRC,其主要原因是早期臨床癥狀不明顯,大多數(shù)患者確診時已屬中晚期,CRC的篩查率亟待提高[2]。目前最常用的CRC篩查手段為結(jié)腸鏡和糞便潛血實驗/糞便免疫化學檢測[3],這兩種檢測方法相對有效,作為早期的篩查手段,其可以顯著降低CRC的死亡率[4?5];但利用率都不高[6],主要是因為患者對結(jié)腸鏡的花費和腸道準備的不依從,以及糞便潛血實驗的干擾因素多、特異性較低等。為改善相對低的篩查率,腫瘤特異性DNA的基因?qū)W及表觀遺傳學檢測受到關注,其對應的樣本為糞便、血清或血漿,侵襲性較低,依從性較高[2,7?8]。
哺乳動物正常細胞中大約60%編碼基因中的CpG島(CpG islands,CGI)不會甲基化,然而在人類幾乎所有類型的癌癥中,都存在相關基因的異常甲基化,并引起下游基因的異常表達[9?11],其中有些具有明顯的特異性,如CRC中甲基化的Septin9基因(methylated Septin9 gene,mSEPT9)[12?13]等。有研究者通過對比正常結(jié)腸上皮與CRC組織樣本的相關候選生物標志物,發(fā)現(xiàn)超過90%的癌組織存在Septin9基因的異常甲基化[14]。本文以mSEPT9在CRC的高特異性為切入點,通過對比幾種目前應用較廣泛的基因甲基化檢測方法以及不同種類樣本之間mSEPT9的檢出差異,尋找一種依從性好、篩查比率高的CRC早期篩查診斷方法,即血漿甲基化Septin9基因檢測方法。
Septin9基因最早發(fā)現(xiàn)于正混合系白血病基因(mixed lineage leukemia,MLL)的融合產(chǎn)物中[15],隨后發(fā)現(xiàn)在散發(fā)性的卵巢癌中高頻缺失[16],而在乳腺癌中卻高表達[17],從而推測該基因在癌癥中既可作為癌基因,也可作為抑癌基因。Septin9基因由219 kb組成,包含大量的CGI,存在18種不同的轉(zhuǎn)錄形式,編碼15種異構(gòu)體,編碼與細胞微絲結(jié)構(gòu)及細胞骨架相關的三磷酸鳥苷結(jié)合蛋白[18?21]。該基因在人體中廣泛表達且存在明顯的組織表達特異性[22];不過,由于其表達調(diào)控機制極其復雜,至今未能完全了解。
Wasserkort等[23]利用激光捕獲顯微切割獲取了正常的結(jié)直腸組織細胞、結(jié)直腸腺瘤細胞以及CRC組織的上皮和基質(zhì)細胞,隨后用亞硫酸氫直接測序法,對該基因內(nèi)、外的4個CGI共8個擴增子(amplicon,Amp)的甲基化狀況分別進行了檢測及對比分析,其中CGI3又包含Amp 4~7。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤組織與正常組織的甲基化差異高達80%,且這種甲基化主要發(fā)生于CGI3的Amp5內(nèi),這與最近在歐洲應用于臨床的 Epi proColon?test(mSeptin9檢測試劑盒)所選擇的位點一致,且甲基化差異由正常到腺瘤再到CRC階段有逐步增高的趨勢。
DNA甲基化的檢測手段繁多,總的來說,可以根據(jù)樣本預處理不同分為3大類,分別為酶消化法、親和富集法、重亞硫酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化法[24]。目前針對于CRC樣本的mSETP9檢測主要為重亞硫酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化法,其中又以Methllight[25],改良Methllight[26]方法多見。此外,還有甲基化敏感高分辨率溶解曲線[27](methylation?sensitive high resolution melting,MS?HRM),新興的甲基化特異性PCR聯(lián)合高壓液相色譜[28?29](methylation?specific PCR?denaturing high performance liquid chromatography,MSP?DH?PLC)及輔助依賴性鏈式反應[12](help?dependent chain reaction,HDCR)等方法。
Methllight法即在重亞硫酸鹽處理待測DNA片段后,利用特異性實時定量PCR反應進行擴增,以識別完全甲基化的序列,具有敏感度高、模板DNA用量少等特點。改良Methllight法則在原有基礎上改用水解探針并增加了一組封閉寡核苷酸以提高分析敏感性。MS?HRM不需要熒光探針,其直接分析引物側(cè)翼序列的所有甲基化位點,相對簡單,成本較低,有一定優(yōu)勢,但準確性有待提高。MSP?DHPLC是最近在國內(nèi)用于基因突變及甲基化檢測的一種方法,測試程序較易,敏感性和特異性較高。HDCR法不需要重亞硫酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化,但鏈式反應中需要特殊設計的輔助性寡核苷酸參與??傊?,mSEPT9檢測方法較多且還在不斷的探索和發(fā)展中,目前較為成熟的是Methllight法及依據(jù)此法開發(fā)的Epi proColon?test試劑盒,其他的方法在文獻報道中雖也顯示出巨大的潛力,但目前仍然處在研究階段,需要大量的前瞻性研究數(shù)據(jù)的支持。
3.1 組織樣本
關于組織樣本mSETP9檢測的相關文獻較少,但具有很高的敏感性。其分析敏感性高達88.4%,特異性為93.5%[30]。由于該樣本取樣的特殊性,使其在應用時存在依從性差的缺點,且費用相對于病理及潛血試驗更高;目前主要用于其他種類樣本mSETP9檢測的敏感性驗證,在大規(guī)模前瞻性研究及未來可能的CRC早期篩查中可能較難應用。
3.2 血漿樣本
血漿mSETP9檢測作為一種高特異性、低侵襲性的CRC早期檢測方法,因其簡單、快速、靈敏等特性,在CRC早期篩查中成為熱門,但其診斷敏感性在不同檢測方法中存在一定差異(表1)。
表1 不同方法間血漿mSETP9檢測的敏感性特異性比較Table 1 Comparison of clinical sensitivity and specificity among different plasma mSETP9 detection methods
CRC的發(fā)生與環(huán)境因素高度相關[29],中國人群CRC患者mSEPT9的甲基化狀況是否與國外文獻報道一致?國外已應用于臨床的血清mSEPT9檢測試劑盒是否適用于中國人群?Su等用MSP?DHPLC研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SEPT9基因在中國人群CRC患者中也存在高度甲基化[30]。He等用Methllight法對182例中國人群CRC患者血漿mSETP9進行檢測,其分析敏感性為75%[31]。而另有報道指出[13,32?33],應用Methllight的一種檢測方法(the ab?bott realtime mS9 colorectal cancer assay system)對韓國CRC患者進行mSETP9檢測時,發(fā)現(xiàn)分析敏感性僅36.6%;雖具有90.6%的高特異性[34],但仍與我國以及歐美國家應用Methllight法得到的50%~90%分析敏感性相差很大。結(jié)果提示septin9的甲基化模式可能存在一定的種族差異性,需要進一步探索。
3.3 糞便樣本
CRC患者的糞便中含有脫落的正常結(jié)直腸上皮細胞、結(jié)直腸癌組織脫落的癌細胞及游離的DNA,加之腸道的堿性環(huán)境,理論上由糞便樣本提取的DNA與血漿樣本相比,應具有更高的含量和質(zhì)量。因此,糞便樣本mSETP9的檢測可能具有較高的敏感性。趙慧霞等應用多重置換擴增結(jié)合巢式甲基化特異性PCR[35]及nMSP結(jié)合DHPLC[36]的方法分別檢測了126例和87例CRC患者糞便mSEPT9的甲基化水平,其分析敏感性達到82%~85%,特異性92%~100%。而Carmona等[37]應用GoldenGate基因分型芯片的方法對87例CRC患者糞便樣本中的5種標志物(AGTR1,WNT2,SLIT2,VIM和SEPT9)進行了檢測,前三者敏感性達到了78%,相比之下,mSETP9卻只有20%。糞便樣本的mSETP9檢測可能具有很好的特異性及敏感性,但是不同方法間的差異較大,仍然有較多的技術問題需要解決。
Septin9基因5’端調(diào)控區(qū)CpG島的甲基化與結(jié)直腸癌高度相關,高甲基化發(fā)生率在90%以上,相比于正常的癌旁或結(jié)腸組織有明顯統(tǒng)計學差異,具有較高的特異性,已成為結(jié)直腸癌的早期診斷分子標志之一。國內(nèi)外學者通過不同的檢測手段對CRC患者外周血游離DNA進行的mSETP9檢測,在CRC診斷上獲得了較為一致的高敏感性和特異性,并且現(xiàn)今在歐洲也有基于Methllight法的血清mSEPT9檢測試劑盒Epi proColon上市。在超過3 000份的受檢血漿樣本中,CRC檢出率為60%~70%[32,38]。2010年Digestive DiseaseWeek conference發(fā)布了對接近8 000名無癥狀患者血漿mSETP9檢測的前瞻性研究結(jié)果,顯示mSEPT9檢測可以檢出 67%的 CRC患者,假陽性率為11%[39]。在對該項檢測相對于現(xiàn)有篩查項目的性價比(Cost?effectiveness)進行對比時[40],發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管該項檢測的花費要高于現(xiàn)有篩查項目,但卻可以顯著提高早期篩查人口的比例[41],mSEPT9檢測作為早期篩查項目顯示出了巨大的臨床應用價值。
最近Ahlquist[33]等發(fā)現(xiàn),CRC患者糞便中非septin9 DNA分子標志物(Methylated BMP3,NDRG4,vimentin,TFPI2,mutant KRAS)對臨床前患者的檢測敏感性較血漿mSETP9的檢測的敏感性更高,并指出,在進展期腺瘤及早期的CRC篩查檢測中,血漿mSETP9缺乏相對高的敏感性。Church等[42]發(fā)表的文章中同樣也指出此點。這使得與現(xiàn)有的CRC篩查策略相比,血漿mSETP9的檢測在臨床前患者篩查中的應用就明顯處于性價比劣勢[24]。
如何將mSETP9這一高特異性的CRC表觀遺傳改變應用于臨床,又如何優(yōu)化其檢測技術、提高其敏感性,成為學者們思考的主要問題。與此同時,也有相關文獻指出[13,25?26,38],在有遠處轉(zhuǎn)移及預后較差的CRC患者中,血漿mSETP9檢測具有更高的陽性率,且mSETP9陽性的患者無病生存率也明顯低于陰性患者,CRC患者根治術前mSETP9陽性的患者其復發(fā)的幾率也明顯高于陰性者。在未來,血漿mSETP9檢測不僅有可能顯著提高CRC患者早期篩查率,而且可能在該病的預后評價、隨訪、根治術后復發(fā)風險評估中也占有一席之地。
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Methylated plasma Septin9 gene:a potential marker in colorectal cancer screening
CHEN Jifei,DAI Shengming★
(Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Diseases and Prevention,Clinical Laboratory,Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Liuzhou,Guangxi,China,545005)
Septin belongs to a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein gene family,which has guanosi?netriphosphatase(GTPase)activity.As one of the family members,Septin9 is involved in cell division,exocyto?sis,polarity,migration,DNA repair,and other physiological activities.In recent years,the relationship between the Septin9 gene and tumor development has received extensive attention.Methylation of the Septin9 gene (mSEPT9)was confirmed to be an important epigenetic change in colorectal cancer(CRC).In this study,some mSEPT9 detection methods and conditions for detecting mSEPT9 in a variety of sample types are summarized, and the potential application value of mSEPT9 in CRC screening are discussed.
Septin9;Methylation;Colorectal cancer(CRC);Early screening
廣西醫(yī)科大學第四附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學檢驗科,柳州市腫瘤疾病與防治重點實驗室,廣西,柳州545005
★通訊作者:戴盛明,E?mail:daishm@sina.com