七選五閱讀的五種類型

籍萬(wàn)杰

七選五閱讀不同于常規(guī)閱讀理解題，它主要考查同學(xué)們對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，以及上下文邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)的理解和掌握。近五年全國(guó)卷的七選五閱讀考查的體裁都是說(shuō)明文，題目設(shè)置的考點(diǎn)可分為篇章主題句、段落主題句、承上啟下句、段落總結(jié)句和篇章總結(jié)句這五種。下面結(jié)合高考真題，對(duì)這五種類型的題目進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

[段落主題句]

根據(jù)說(shuō)明文體裁的特點(diǎn)，如果空格位于段首，通?？疾槎温渲黝}句。解題的方法是首先閱讀其他段落主題句，確定可能使用的選項(xiàng)。然后再通讀把握該段內(nèi)容，注意備選項(xiàng)和段落中的原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，鎖定正確答案。

例1 （2016·全國(guó)卷II）

37

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants， flowers， patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）. 38 However， there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.

解析 第37題空格位于段首，應(yīng)為段落主題句。觀察另一段的段落主題句是祈使句Recall（回憶） your childhood memories。七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中使用祈使句的有兩個(gè)，分別是A. Know why you garden.和B. Find a good place for your own garden.。再通讀該段，特別是however之后的部分there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. 可知，該段主要說(shuō)明人們從事園藝的原因，故選A項(xiàng)。

第38題是承上啟下句。由前面的Some people may think ... Others are concerned about ...可知此處表達(dá)的是人們對(duì)園藝的不同態(tài)度，而E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants與上文銜接自然，故選E項(xiàng)。

[篇章主題句]

說(shuō)明文首段的末句一般是是全文的主題所在，說(shuō)明本文將主題探討哪些內(nèi)容或?qū)δ骋粏?wèn)題或現(xiàn)象給出建議，然后會(huì)在下文中以要點(diǎn)的形式進(jìn)行呈現(xiàn)。如果首段的末句設(shè)空，則優(yōu)先考慮是篇章主題句。

例2 （2014·北京卷）

Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information， how to separate fact from opinion， how to recognize poor reasoning， and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 71

解析 這是文章的第一段，大意是：作出好的健康選擇需要合理評(píng)估。而合理評(píng)估的第一步是甄別信息來(lái)源。合理評(píng)估包括知曉如何找到相關(guān)信息，如何將事實(shí)從觀點(diǎn)中剝離出來(lái)，如何識(shí)別拙劣的推論，還有如何分析信息并判斷資源的可靠性。下文四個(gè)段落分別展開(kāi)了這四個(gè)要點(diǎn)。因此可以判斷該空格處有可能是篇章主題句。而七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources. 恰好是篇章主題句，故選G項(xiàng)。

[承上啟下句]

這是考查較多的一類。該類型在文章或段落的中間挖空，所挖掉的句子通常在語(yǔ)境和邏輯方面和上下文有密切的關(guān)系。解題時(shí)應(yīng)瞻前顧后，注意查找是否有一些關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)，或是否有轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、因果、讓步、順承等邏輯關(guān)系，以及下一句中是否有代詞的指代和替代等。

例3 （2016·全國(guó)卷I） A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book. 39 For example， “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me”. The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

解析 第39和40題都位于段中，應(yīng)為承上啟下句。第39題根據(jù)上一句中的a code book和下一句舉的例子可知，此處表示“有了密碼本，你就可以知道單詞所代表的真正意義了”，選項(xiàng)F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.符合上下文的邏輯，故選F項(xiàng)。第40題根據(jù)上句提到的密碼本的作用以及下句的轉(zhuǎn)折可知，空格處指沒(méi)有密碼本很難破解密碼。故選A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.。

[段落總結(jié)句]

如果空格位于段末，設(shè)題可分為兩種情況：一種是承接邏輯類，考查設(shè)空處與前文的邏輯關(guān)系；另一類可能是段落總結(jié)句。該類通常是結(jié)論、概括性語(yǔ)句。要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信號(hào)詞，以及前文的同義句。

例4 （2015·北京卷） Finally， you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 75

解析 空格位于段末，考慮為段落總結(jié)句。前一句說(shuō)精彩的想法隨時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)，所以帶一本筆記本或錄音機(jī)以便隨時(shí)記錄是一個(gè)好主意。前后構(gòu)成因果和總結(jié)的關(guān)系。而G. Therefore， its a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when youre in the daydream zone. 是對(duì)本段的總結(jié)，選項(xiàng)中的therefore是表示因果和總結(jié)關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞。

[篇章總結(jié)句]

如果最后一段不是與前面幾段并列的要點(diǎn)，而是對(duì)整篇文章的總結(jié)，空格又位于段末，則極有可能是篇章總結(jié)句。此時(shí)所填選項(xiàng)要能呼應(yīng)前文主題，并且總結(jié)概括，得出結(jié)論。

例5 （2012·新課標(biāo)卷） These steps arent magic， but they do work. And if you can stay positive as you make your way through a tough time， youll help yourself feel better even faster. 75

解析 空格位于篇尾，并且最后一段是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，考慮為篇章總結(jié)句。文章介紹了克服壓力的四個(gè)步驟：獲取支持、避免自責(zé)、解決問(wèn)題和保持積極情緒。最后一段說(shuō)，這些措施并不是萬(wàn)能的，但是的確會(huì)起作用。如果你在度過(guò)困難的過(guò)程中保持積極樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度，你就會(huì)更快地幫助自己感覺(jué)更好。最后一句是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，因此選擇D. Ah， it feels so good when the stress is gone。

以上五種類型在高考試題中并不一定都出現(xiàn)，目前考查較多的是段落主題句和承上啟下句。在答題時(shí)可以快速瀏覽全文和選項(xiàng)，做到心中有數(shù)，大體確定哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)適合放在文章的什么位置，然后再根據(jù)不同類型分別驗(yàn)證。

[練習(xí)]

How to Make Friends

Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends. Good friendship has many benefits. It offers companionship， improves self-worth and promotes good health. There are times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town， or changed our jobs or schools. Such changes often leave us without a friend. 1 But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends.

1. Associate with others.

The first step to making friends is associating with other people. You can go to public places to meet new people. Besides， you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such places.

2. Start a conversation.

Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends. 2 You can always start the conversation. Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people.

3. 3

Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together. Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience.

4. Let it grow.

It is a good thing to stay in touch. However， try not to press your new friend with calls， messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend. 4 The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally.

5. Enjoy your friendship.

The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves. 5 Try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be. Become the kind of friend you will want your friend to be to you.

A. Be cheerful.

B. Do things together.

C. Do not wait to be spoken to.

D. Try not to find fault with your friends.

E. Making new friends comes easy for some people.

F. For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch.

G. So you will need to give your friend time to react to you.

這是一篇說(shuō)明文，向我們介紹了如何交朋友，并給出了交友的5條建議。

解析 1. E。根據(jù)后面的轉(zhuǎn)折句But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage.可推知，前面說(shuō)的是獲得友誼這個(gè)過(guò)程對(duì)一些人來(lái)說(shuō)很容易。因此正確答案為E。

2. C。由空格后面的You can always start the conversation. 可知，你要先發(fā)起一個(gè)會(huì)話，因此推知空白處應(yīng)該是不要老等著別人先和你說(shuō)話。

3. B。本題要求選擇小標(biāo)題。根據(jù)后面的內(nèi)容Choosing friends with common interests ...可推測(cè)出本段主要談?wù)撘x擇有共同興趣，能一起做事的朋友。所以選擇B項(xiàng)。

4. G?？崭袂懊嬲f(shuō)不要通過(guò)電話，短信或親自拜訪給你的朋友施加壓力，這可能會(huì)使對(duì)方疲憊不堪，最后你會(huì)失去友誼，因此后面應(yīng)該說(shuō)你要給你的朋友時(shí)間對(duì)你作出回應(yīng)。

5. D。由前面一句說(shuō)要允許你的朋友們做他們自己，以及后面的不要試圖改變他們，可以推測(cè)空白處說(shuō)的是不要對(duì)朋友太挑剔。