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      不定代詞考點(diǎn)梳理

      2017-03-23 21:47:39徐圓
      高中生學(xué)習(xí)·高二版 2017年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:指人單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)

      徐圓

      高考試題對(duì)不定代詞的考查,主要在完形填空、語(yǔ)法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中體現(xiàn)。不定代詞指代不特定的名詞或形容詞,可分為復(fù)合不定代詞和兼作形容詞的不定代詞兩類。

      兼作形容詞的不定代詞的代表詞匯有all,each,both,either,every,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no,(a) few,(a) little,both等,多數(shù)都能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。

      復(fù)合不定代詞由some-/any-/every-與-body/-one/-thing構(gòu)成,如someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,no one,none,nobody,nothing,everyone,everybody,everything,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。

      1. both,all,either,neither,none,any

      Its an either-or situation—we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we cant do both.

      2. none,nothing,nobody/no one

      none指人或物,意思相當(dāng)于“no+前述名詞”,可用于回答how many, how much的提問,后面可接of短語(yǔ)。

      nothing指物,表示“什么東西都沒有”,可回答what的提問,后面不能接of短語(yǔ)。

      no one/nobody指人,表示“一個(gè)人也沒有”,可回答who的提問,后面不能接of短語(yǔ)。

      —If you dont mind, may I ask you how much money you have?

      —Well, to be honest, I have none.

      Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.

      It was a prison from which no one escaped.

      3. any與every

      “any+(單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù))名詞”表示“(三個(gè)及以上中)任意一個(gè)”。

      every+名詞表示“(三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中的)每一個(gè)”。

      not any表示全部否定,而“not every+名詞”表示部分否定。沒有any ... not這樣的用法。

      注意:any可單獨(dú)使用,而every不能單獨(dú)使用,只能作定語(yǔ)。

      Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didnt answer any of them.

      Little did he realize that we were watching his every move.

      4. other,another,the other,others,the others

      other是形容詞,不能單獨(dú)使用,必須與冠詞或名詞連用,或用others;

      another=an+other,表示沒有具體限定的、泛指的“另外一個(gè)”時(shí)用“another(+單數(shù)名詞/數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞)”;

      the other表示有具體限定的兩者中的“另外那個(gè)/那些”,用the other(+單/復(fù)數(shù)名詞);

      others相當(dāng)于“other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,表示泛指其他的/別的人或物;

      the others相當(dāng)于“the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,表示有具體范圍限定的“其他的人或物”。

      To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.

      Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.

      Now lets move on to another topic. Do you follow me?

      5. 全部否定與部分否定

      all,both,everybody,everything以及“every+名詞”表示全部肯定;

      none,neither,no one,nobody,nothing,not ... any以及“no+名詞”表示全部否定;

      當(dāng)表示全部肯定的句子中出現(xiàn)了not時(shí),不管not在這些代詞之前(not all/both/everybody,etc),還是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(包括be動(dòng)詞)部分(all/both/everybody ... not),表示的都部分否定。另外,not與總括性的副詞如always,wholly,altogether,everywhere等連用時(shí)也表示部分否定。如:

      The smile does not always means that we are truly happy, however.

      Not all cultures use the handshake for greeting.

      6. many,much,a little,little,a few,few

      這幾個(gè)不定代詞兼作形容詞,其中,many接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,much接不可數(shù)名詞,a little接不可數(shù)名詞表示肯定含義,little接不可數(shù)名詞表示否定含義,a few接復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示肯定含義,few接復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示否定含義。

      例1 (2016·全國(guó)卷II) It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.

      解析 many→much。語(yǔ)境的“這花不了多少錢”表示不可數(shù)含義,應(yīng)該用代詞much表示不可數(shù)的替代。

      例2 (2015·全國(guó)卷I) Much rare animals are dying out.

      解析 Much→Many。語(yǔ)境主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)名詞animals,應(yīng)該用many修飾。

      7. 復(fù)合不定代詞的用法

      復(fù)合不定代詞包括everything/everyone/everybody,something/someone/somebody,anything/anyone/anybody,nothing/no one/nobody。它們?cè)诰渲锌勺髦髡Z(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),不能作定語(yǔ)。使用復(fù)合不定代詞要注意下面幾點(diǎn):

      (1)與some和any的區(qū)別一樣,some構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞一般用于肯定句,any構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞一般用于疑問句、否定句或條件句;在表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)或征求意見的疑問句中通常用some構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,表示希望得到肯定回答;any構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞也可以用于肯定句中表示“任何人”“任何事(物)”。如:

      An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved.

      Did anybody/anyone call this morning?

      例3 (2015·陜西卷) My soccer coach retired in last week. I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.

      解析 anything→something。語(yǔ)境表示“我想為他做點(diǎn)什么事”,表示肯定含義用something。

      (2)由any,some,no,every與one,body構(gòu)成的不定代詞,都是第三人稱指人,沒有性別區(qū)別,作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式,相應(yīng)的人稱代詞和物主代詞可用he/she,him/her,his/her,they/them/their等。如:

      Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.

      (3)由any,some,no,every與thing構(gòu)成的不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)只能用單數(shù)形式,相應(yīng)的人稱代詞只能用it指物。如:

      Everything is ready, isnt it?

      (4)-one和-body構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,后面不能接of短語(yǔ);若要指物或接表示范圍的of短語(yǔ)時(shí)則用any one, every one等(分開寫)。如:

      Every one of the windows was broken.

      He shook hands with every one of the students.

      8. 與復(fù)合不定代詞構(gòu)成的習(xí)慣短語(yǔ)

      nothing but 僅僅;只不過

      anything but 絕對(duì)不

      something of 達(dá)到某種程度;儼然像

      or something 或諸如此類的事物

      for nothing 不要錢;免費(fèi)

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