環(huán)境高溫對(duì)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的影響及營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控措施

刁華杰 馮京海 刁新平

(1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所，北京100193；2.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院，哈爾濱150030)

環(huán)境高溫對(duì)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的影響及營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控措施

刁華杰1,2馮京海1*刁新平2

(1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所，北京100193；2.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院，哈爾濱150030)

夏季高溫是影響蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的一個(gè)重要因素。近年來(lái)隨著風(fēng)機(jī)+濕簾等降溫設(shè)施的普及，夏季規(guī)模化蛋雞舍內(nèi)的溫度一般可以控制在30 ℃以下，因此在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中往往忽略夏季高溫的不利影響。本文針對(duì)環(huán)境高溫尤其是循環(huán)高溫對(duì)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的影響進(jìn)行總結(jié)歸納，以期引起生產(chǎn)以及研究人員對(duì)于夏季高溫的重視，并從飼糧能量和粗蛋白質(zhì)水平方面總結(jié)緩解高溫應(yīng)激影響的營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控技術(shù)，旨在為高溫季節(jié)蛋雞合理配制飼糧及飼養(yǎng)管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

高溫；蛋雞；生產(chǎn)性能；營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控

環(huán)境高溫是影響蛋禽生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)重要因素[1-2]。高溫可引起蛋禽產(chǎn)蛋性能和蛋殼品質(zhì)的下降，造成巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[3-4]，據(jù)估算美國(guó)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)每年因高溫造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失高達(dá)16.9億～23.6億美元[5]。我國(guó)禽蛋產(chǎn)量巨大[6-7]，據(jù)《中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒(2015)》統(tǒng)計(jì)，2014年我國(guó)禽蛋產(chǎn)量達(dá)到2 893.9萬(wàn)t，但其中禽蛋產(chǎn)量較高的地區(qū)主要集中于華中、華東等地區(qū)，而這些地區(qū)夏季日平均氣溫普遍高于25 ℃。目前我國(guó)規(guī)模化蛋雞場(chǎng)濕簾+風(fēng)機(jī)等降溫設(shè)施基本普及，通過(guò)濕簾的蒸發(fā)作用，夏季家禽舍內(nèi)溫度最高可以降低10～12 ℃，一般可以控制在30 ℃以下[8]，因此實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中往往忽略夏季高溫的影響。然而濕簾通風(fēng)的降溫效果受環(huán)境濕度的影響[9]，并且舍內(nèi)縱向距離以及垂直高度溫差較大[8]。夏季部分時(shí)間內(nèi)，蛋雞舍內(nèi)部分區(qū)域的溫度仍可超過(guò)32 ℃[10-12]。本文針對(duì)環(huán)境高溫尤其是循環(huán)高溫影響蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的研究進(jìn)行總結(jié)歸納，以期引起生產(chǎn)以及研究人員對(duì)于夏季高溫的重視。并從飼糧能量和粗蛋白質(zhì)水平方面總結(jié)緩解高溫應(yīng)激影響的營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控技術(shù)，旨在為高溫季節(jié)蛋雞合理配制飼糧及飼養(yǎng)管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 環(huán)境高溫對(duì)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的影響

1.1 采食量

當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度過(guò)高時(shí)，家禽通過(guò)降低采食量，減少產(chǎn)熱量以維持體溫恒定[13]。環(huán)境高溫一方面可能直接抑制家禽下丘腦的嗜食中樞，引起食欲減退[14]；另一方面可能由于腸道蠕動(dòng)減慢[15]，飲水量增加[16-17]，導(dǎo)致消化道充盈，負(fù)反饋的抑制嗜食中樞[18]，導(dǎo)致采食量下降。

大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道環(huán)境高溫降低蛋雞的采食量，其中主要為持續(xù)高溫的研究結(jié)果。與適溫21～22 ℃相比，25～28 ℃的持續(xù)高溫對(duì)蛋雞采食量影響較小[19-21]；30～32 ℃的持續(xù)高溫導(dǎo)致蛋雞采食量降低19.7%～26.3%[14,20-25]；33～35 ℃的持續(xù)高溫導(dǎo)致蛋雞采食量降低22%～52%[21,26-29]。實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中并不存在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的持續(xù)高溫，而符合夏季生產(chǎn)實(shí)際的循環(huán)高溫的研究較少。Emery等[30]報(bào)道，在21.1～37.7 ℃循環(huán)高溫下，蛋雞采食量平均下降15.6%。Miller等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)27～38 ℃循環(huán)高溫使得蛋雞采食量顯著降低34.8%。Mashaly等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)23.9～35.0 ℃循環(huán)高溫第1周蛋雞采食量降低33.3%，而第5周僅降低14.9%，表明隨著熱應(yīng)激時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)，蛋雞對(duì)于循環(huán)高溫逐漸適應(yīng)。

De Andrade等[22]對(duì)比了循環(huán)高溫和持續(xù)高溫的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)26.7～35.6 ℃循環(huán)高溫下蛋雞采食量降低22.1%，而31 ℃持續(xù)高溫使蛋雞采食量降低了26.3%，持續(xù)高溫的影響顯著高于循環(huán)高溫；Mashaly等[29]也有相似發(fā)現(xiàn)。以上研究結(jié)果表明，即使每天雞舍內(nèi)溫度短時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到35.6～37.7 ℃的高溫，蛋雞采食量下降程度低于或與30～32 ℃的持續(xù)高溫下相似。而在夏季實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中不存在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的持續(xù)高溫，因此持續(xù)高溫的研究結(jié)果并不能很好地指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐。另外隨著濕簾+風(fēng)機(jī)降溫設(shè)施的普及，蛋雞舍內(nèi)溫度一般低于30 ℃，因此需要進(jìn)一步研究較低循環(huán)溫度對(duì)蛋雞采食量的影響。

1.2 產(chǎn)蛋性能

當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度過(guò)高時(shí)，蛋雞采食量下降，同時(shí)家禽的消化代謝也受到影響[32-33]，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致?tīng)I(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)攝入不足，引起產(chǎn)蛋性能的下降。另外環(huán)境高溫可能直接影響蛋雞卵泡的發(fā)育[34-35]，也可能是引起產(chǎn)蛋性能降低的原因之一。

有關(guān)環(huán)境高溫影響蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋性能的研究一般采用持續(xù)高溫模型。與常溫21～23 ℃相比，25～28 ℃的持續(xù)高溫對(duì)蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋率、蛋重和體重的影響較小[19-20]；30～32 ℃持續(xù)高溫使得產(chǎn)蛋率降低3.4%～19.6%[22-25]或?qū)Ξa(chǎn)蛋率無(wú)顯著影響[19-21,23]，蛋重下降0.6%～5.9%[19,20,24-25]，體重降低9.2%[19]；33～35 ℃持續(xù)高溫使得產(chǎn)蛋率降低16.60%～28.82%，蛋重下降3.7%～9.9%[21,26-28,36]，同時(shí)體重降低了11.9%[21]。

有關(guān)循環(huán)高溫的研究相對(duì)較少，Emery等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，21.1～37.7 ℃循環(huán)高溫下蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋率變化不顯著，蛋重顯著降低7.4%，同時(shí)蛋雞體重降低。De Andrade等[22]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)，循環(huán)高溫26.7～35.6 ℃下蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋率降低不顯著，蛋重和體重顯著降低；其他研究也有相似發(fā)現(xiàn)[29,31]。上述研究結(jié)果表明，循環(huán)高溫下，即使舍內(nèi)溫度短時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到35.6～37.7 ℃的高溫，對(duì)蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋率的影響并不顯著，僅顯著降低蛋重和蛋雞體重。這可能由于循環(huán)高溫下蛋雞采食量降低較小，而蛋雞首先維持繁殖機(jī)能的需要，在采食量降低，營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入減少的條件下，通過(guò)消耗體內(nèi)能量和蛋白質(zhì)的儲(chǔ)存維持產(chǎn)蛋，因此產(chǎn)蛋率降低不顯著，但蛋重和體重下降。

1.3 蛋殼品質(zhì)

環(huán)境高溫影響蛋殼品質(zhì)，導(dǎo)致雞蛋破損率增加，這可能是夏季高溫影響蛋雞生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的重要因素之一。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，暴露在30～32 ℃持續(xù)高溫下，蛋殼厚度降低2.9%～5.5%[29,37]，蛋殼重降低7.2%[38]，蛋殼破損率顯著提高到5.3%[22]；暴露在33～35 ℃持續(xù)高溫下，蛋殼厚度降低7.8～8.5%[28,39]，蛋殼重降低13.5%～20.0%[28,38]，蛋殼破損率高達(dá)13%[39]。環(huán)境高溫影響鈣、磷的吸收和利用[40-41]，也可能直接影響蛋殼腺的收縮[42]，導(dǎo)致蛋殼品質(zhì)下降。

循環(huán)高溫對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響研究較少。Emery等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，21.1～37.7 ℃循環(huán)高溫使得蛋殼厚度降低15.4%；De Andrade等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)26.7～35.6 ℃循環(huán)變溫使得蛋殼厚度降低8.5%；Mashaly等[29]也有類似報(bào)道，表明較高循環(huán)溫度(21～37 ℃)顯著影響蛋殼品質(zhì)，較低循環(huán)溫度(30 ℃以下)是否影響蛋殼品質(zhì)還需進(jìn)一步研究。

2 緩解高溫負(fù)面影響的營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控措施

高溫環(huán)境下蛋雞采食量下降，營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化率降低，導(dǎo)致?tīng)I(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和能量攝入不足，這可能是高溫降低蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的主要原因。Jackson[43]發(fā)現(xiàn)，和自由采食相比，蛋雞限飼常規(guī)飼糧后產(chǎn)蛋性能顯著降低，但限飼相同數(shù)量的高營(yíng)養(yǎng)飼糧產(chǎn)蛋性能不變。由此推測(cè)，提高蛋雞飼糧的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平可以緩解環(huán)境高溫的不利影響，為此研究人員開(kāi)展了一系列的研究。

2.1 提高飼糧能量水平

高溫環(huán)境下將飼糧代謝能(ME)由13.35 MJ/kg提高到14.78 MJ/kg可顯著提高肉雞的日增重，降低料重比[44]。但飼糧ME提高627.9 kJ/kg對(duì)肉雞增重?zé)o顯著影響[45]，推測(cè)肉雞飼糧ME提高值較小時(shí)，并不能顯著改善肉雞能量的攝入，因此不能緩解高溫對(duì)肉雞生產(chǎn)性能的不利影響。有研究表明高溫下添加脂肪可顯著提高肉雞增重[44]，這可能是由于脂肪的熱增耗低，飼糧中使用脂肪替代部分碳水化合物可以顯著提高肉雞ME的攝入量。

高溫環(huán)境下提高蛋雞飼糧ME的研究較少。Marsden等[20]在不同環(huán)境溫度下(15～30 ℃)給蛋雞飼喂3種能量水平(10.88、11.92和12.97 MJ/kg)的飼糧，發(fā)現(xiàn)提高飼糧能量水平能提高蛋雞的產(chǎn)蛋率和蛋重。Peguri等[19]提高飼糧能量水平可以顯著增加蛋重，但當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度超過(guò)26.7 ℃時(shí)提高能量水平對(duì)蛋重的影響消除，這可能是由于高溫環(huán)境下提高飼糧能量水平，由于采食量的降低，能量的攝入量增加并不顯著。而Usayran等[46]分別在常溫和高溫環(huán)境下研究添加脂肪(保持飼糧能量和粗蛋白質(zhì)水平不變)對(duì)蛋雞的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)添加脂肪能顯著提高產(chǎn)蛋高峰前期蛋雞的增重、蛋重和產(chǎn)蛋量，推測(cè)可能由于添加脂肪增加能量的攝入量所致。

2.2 調(diào)整飼糧粗蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸水平

關(guān)于高溫環(huán)境下家禽飼糧粗蛋白質(zhì)水平有2種不同觀點(diǎn)。一種是飼喂高蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧，以緩解采食量下降導(dǎo)致的粗蛋白質(zhì)攝入量不足，另一種是飼喂低蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧并補(bǔ)充必需氨基酸。在肉雞中研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，高溫環(huán)境下飼喂高蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧可顯著提高增重和飼料效率[47-48]，但另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)提高飼糧粗蛋白質(zhì)水平對(duì)肉雞生長(zhǎng)無(wú)顯著影響[49-50]，甚至有不利影響[51]。蛋白質(zhì)的熱增耗較高[52]，這可能是高溫環(huán)境下飼喂高蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧的弊端。選擇性偏好試驗(yàn)也表明高溫環(huán)境下肉雞不喜歡高蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧[53]。因此可能在極端高溫[54]或并發(fā)疾病[55]條件下飼喂高蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧有益，但一定要選擇高品質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì)原料，低消化率的蛋白質(zhì)可能會(huì)加重家禽的熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[33]。Cheng等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn)，高溫環(huán)境下飼喂16%或18%粗蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧并補(bǔ)充5種必需氨基酸與20%粗蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧相比肉雞增重?zé)o顯著差異。Alleman等[56]發(fā)現(xiàn)32 ℃高溫環(huán)境下，即使補(bǔ)充5種必需氨基酸，16%粗蛋白質(zhì)水平組增重及飼料利用效率仍低于20%粗蛋白質(zhì)水平組，表明高溫環(huán)境下低蛋白質(zhì)補(bǔ)充氨基酸飼糧并不能改善肉雞的生長(zhǎng)狀況。

高溫環(huán)境下蛋雞飼糧適宜粗蛋白質(zhì)水平的研究較少。研究表明高溫環(huán)境下飼喂低蛋白質(zhì)補(bǔ)充氨基酸的飼糧會(huì)導(dǎo)致蛋重下降[57]。Torki等[58]研究了夏季高溫環(huán)境下不同粗蛋白質(zhì)水平(10.5%、12.0%、13.5%、15.0%和16.5%)飼糧對(duì)蛋雞的影響，賴氨酸、蛋氨酸等必需氨基酸水平相同，通過(guò)二次曲線模型分析得出，維持產(chǎn)蛋量不顯著降低的粗蛋白質(zhì)需要量為14.62%，表明高溫環(huán)境下在滿足必需氨基酸需要量時(shí)可適當(dāng)降低飼糧粗蛋白質(zhì)水平。Reid等[59]分別在21和35 ℃下飼喂不同粗蛋白質(zhì)水平的飼糧，使2個(gè)溫度下粗蛋白質(zhì)的攝入量相同(12.7～20.5 g/d)，ME平均攝入量為937.6(高溫)和1 460.9 kJ/d(適溫)。在21 ℃時(shí)增加粗蛋白質(zhì)攝入量顯著提高產(chǎn)蛋率，但在35 ℃下增加粗蛋白質(zhì)攝入量對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋率和蛋重?zé)o影響。多元回歸分析表明，高溫下能量攝入量減少可能是產(chǎn)蛋率和蛋重降低的關(guān)鍵性原因。從上述研究以及肉雞上的研究結(jié)果可以推測(cè)，高溫環(huán)境下飼喂高蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧可能對(duì)蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋性能無(wú)顯著影響，飼喂低蛋白質(zhì)水平飼糧補(bǔ)充氨基酸可能會(huì)降低蛋重，而提高能量攝入量可能有效緩解高溫的不利影響。

3 小 結(jié)

綜上所述，較高循環(huán)溫度(短期至35.6～37.7 ℃)顯著降低蛋雞的采食量、蛋重和體重，影響蛋殼品質(zhì)，其影響低于或與31～32 ℃持續(xù)高溫的影響相似。符合生產(chǎn)實(shí)際的低循環(huán)溫度(27～30 ℃)的影響還需進(jìn)一步研究。高溫環(huán)境下通過(guò)補(bǔ)充脂肪提高能量攝入量可能提高蛋雞的產(chǎn)蛋性能，提高飼糧粗蛋白質(zhì)水平可能對(duì)緩解高溫的影響無(wú)顯著效果。高溫環(huán)境下蛋雞適宜的能量、粗蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸水平還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

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*Corresponding author, associate professor, E-mail: fjh6289@126.com

(責(zé)任編輯 田艷明)

Effects of High Ambient Temperature on Performance of Laying Hens and the Mitigation Results of Nutritional Measures

DIAO Huajie1,2FENG Jinghai1*DIAO Xinping2

(1.InstituteofAnimalSciences,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100193,China; 2.CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology,NortheastAgriculturalUniversity,Harbin150030,China)

Summer heat is an important factor influencing the performance of laying hens. However, with popularity of wet curtain and fans cooling system in recent years, the temperature in hen house can generally be controlled below 30 ℃ during summer, and therefore, the negative effects of the high temperature was often ignored in the actual production. The paper payed the attention on the harmful effects of high temperature especially cyclic high temperature on production of laying hens and summarized the measures to relieve the adverse effects of heat stress by changing the dietary energy and crude protein levels, in order to attach importance to the summer heat by researchers in production, and provide a scientific basis for reasonable diet preparation and breeding management of laying hens at the high temperature season.[ChineseJournalofAnimalNutrition, 2017, 29(6)：1850-1855]

high temperature; laying hens; performance; nutritional regulation

10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.06.004

2016-11-21

國(guó)家“十二五”科技支撐課題(2012BAD39B02)；國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃課題“肉禽舒適環(huán)境的適宜參數(shù)及限值研究”(2016YFD0500509)；中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-IAS07)

刁華杰(1989—)，男，河南商丘人，碩士研究生，動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與飼料科學(xué)專業(yè)。E-mail: huajie0933@163.com

*通信作者:馮京海，副研究員，碩士生導(dǎo)師，E-mail: fjh6289@126.com

S831.4

A

1006-267X(2017)06-1850-06