齊元靜,唐 沖
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農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)中國(guó)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響
齊元靜1,2,3,唐 沖4
(1. 北京林業(yè)大學(xué)水土保持學(xué)院,北京 100083;2. 北京林業(yè)大學(xué)水土保持國(guó)家林業(yè)局重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100083;3. 北京林業(yè)大學(xué)林業(yè)生態(tài)工程教育部工程研究中心,北京 100083;4. 農(nóng)業(yè)部規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展與投資研究所,北京100125)
探討農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)中國(guó)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,對(duì)快速城鎮(zhèn)化背景下耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整有重要意義。該文基于2014-2015年對(duì)中國(guó)13個(gè)省1 580個(gè)農(nóng)戶的大樣本調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)影響耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的各種因素進(jìn)行多元回歸模型估計(jì),以檢驗(yàn)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)中國(guó)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。結(jié)果表明:1)在被調(diào)查農(nóng)戶中,80.4%的農(nóng)戶種植了糧食作物,戶均種植面積達(dá)0.84 hm2;37.2%的農(nóng)戶種植了至少1種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,戶均種植面積為0.29 hm2。經(jīng)濟(jì)作物占總種植面積的比例達(dá)到13.77%,在各類經(jīng)濟(jì)作物中,種植戶數(shù)和面積最多的是蔬菜和水果。2)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移降低了農(nóng)地投資強(qiáng)度和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的種植比例,耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)隨著外出務(wù)工地與家庭間的距離而不同。在縣內(nèi)或省外務(wù)工的家庭種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的比例和戶均種植面積都較小。3)農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)業(yè)種植和投資行為同時(shí)受到土地資源因素、家庭成員特征、社會(huì)資本因素以及市場(chǎng)和政策因素的影響。人地矛盾突出地區(qū)的農(nóng)戶傾向于種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,村莊集中灌溉設(shè)施的建設(shè)對(duì)蔬菜種植有正向影響,而對(duì)水果種植呈負(fù)向影響,地權(quán)穩(wěn)定性對(duì)農(nóng)戶在耕地上的地均投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植有顯著的正向影響;家庭成員特征對(duì)農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)業(yè)種植和投資行為影響較大;社會(huì)資本對(duì)蔬菜種植具有正向影響,而對(duì)水果種植和農(nóng)地投資強(qiáng)度影響并不顯著;由到城市/縣城的距離所表征的市場(chǎng)因素對(duì)蔬菜和水果種植比例均呈負(fù)向影響;土地流轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)蔬菜的種植有正向影響,而對(duì)水果種植有負(fù)向影響,專業(yè)合作社對(duì)水果種植呈正向影響,但對(duì)蔬菜種植影響不顯著。該研究可為中國(guó)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化與調(diào)整提供參考。
農(nóng)業(yè);土地利用;作物;勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移;耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)
改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),中國(guó)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了深刻變化,快速發(fā)展的城鎮(zhèn)化帶來(lái)的食物總消費(fèi)的增加和食物消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化是造成這種變化的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力[1]。與過(guò)去政府主導(dǎo)下的農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整不同,現(xiàn)階段耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的主體已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭袌?chǎng)意識(shí)日益增強(qiáng)的農(nóng)戶[2],而快速城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程所伴隨的大量農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移也勢(shì)必對(duì)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生持續(xù)而深遠(yuǎn)的影響[3-4]。但這種影響的結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)制可能非常復(fù)雜[4]。一方面,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移會(huì)帶來(lái)從事農(nóng)業(yè)的勞動(dòng)力硬約束,進(jìn)而使農(nóng)戶更傾向于參與糧食作物的種植,而減少勞動(dòng)力相對(duì)密集的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物生產(chǎn)。已有文獻(xiàn)對(duì)墨西哥[5-6]、布基納法索[7]、阿爾巴尼亞[8-9]等的實(shí)證研究也證明了這一點(diǎn),即農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移不僅降低了糧食作物的種植,還提高了經(jīng)濟(jì)作物及家禽家畜養(yǎng)殖的比例。然而,對(duì)越南的研究卻顯示農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力外出務(wù)工雖然降低了農(nóng)戶的水稻種植規(guī)模,但是農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)并沒(méi)有向經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植的明顯調(diào)整[10]。當(dāng)然,由于中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)具有超小規(guī)模化和農(nóng)地細(xì)碎化等特征,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響可能會(huì)與其他國(guó)家或地區(qū)有顯著差別[11]。有研究指出,中國(guó)農(nóng)村家庭成員的出省務(wù)工行為導(dǎo)致農(nóng)戶在糧食生產(chǎn)上放棄種2季而改種1季[12-13]。另一方面,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移帶來(lái)的資金流入可以緩解農(nóng)戶所受到的資金約束,從而提高農(nóng)戶應(yīng)對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力,因此他們會(huì)增加農(nóng)業(yè)投資,種植更多投資回報(bào)率相對(duì)較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物[14-18]。已有研究表明,1981年以來(lái),農(nóng)戶在土地利用過(guò)程中投入的勞動(dòng)力與用于主要糧食生產(chǎn)的土地面積明顯下降[19]。根據(jù)對(duì)江蘇和河南2省農(nóng)戶抽樣調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),家庭成員外出務(wù)工對(duì)糧食作物的種植概率和種植比例無(wú)明顯影響,只有當(dāng)家庭多數(shù)成員外出務(wù)工時(shí)才會(huì)影響到農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)積極性;雖然勞動(dòng)力務(wù)工所得收入對(duì)勞動(dòng)力流失有一定補(bǔ)償作用,但這種補(bǔ)償作用仍不能完全替代勞動(dòng)力流失對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響;同時(shí)外出務(wù)工對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響還受到教育程度、技能等因素的影響[4]。
但總體上來(lái)看,因?yàn)橐皇謹(jǐn)?shù)據(jù)難以獲取等因素影響,關(guān)于農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)影響的研究相對(duì)較少,要更好地分析農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,需要基于第一手的大樣本數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)影響耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的各種影響因素在同一研究框架下進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。此外,中國(guó)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力存在大量的兼業(yè)行為,即同時(shí)從事農(nóng)業(yè)和非農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移距離的增加會(huì)使這種兼業(yè)行為越來(lái)越困難。因此,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移的距離也會(huì)影響到農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)。但迄今為止,尚未見(jiàn)這一領(lǐng)域的研究。為此,該文基于2014-2015年中國(guó)農(nóng)戶大樣本的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)影響耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的各種因素進(jìn)行多元回歸模型估計(jì),以檢驗(yàn)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)農(nóng)戶耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。
本研究數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于2014-2015年的一項(xiàng)大樣本調(diào)查。該調(diào)查采用分層隨機(jī)抽樣的方法,選取了中國(guó)13個(gè)省的25個(gè)縣,每個(gè)縣選2個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),每個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)2個(gè)村,共100個(gè)村莊樣本(圖1)。村莊問(wèn)卷涉及人口、產(chǎn)業(yè)、土地資源、土地流轉(zhuǎn)、種植結(jié)構(gòu)、村莊建設(shè)等問(wèn)題。利用系統(tǒng)抽樣的方法,在每個(gè)村抽取20個(gè)左右的農(nóng)戶,入戶進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)式訪談。調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括家庭成員的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)特征、就業(yè)特征、遷移特征等問(wèn)題,也包括整個(gè)家庭的土地資源、農(nóng)業(yè)種植、社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等信息??偟霓r(nóng)戶樣本數(shù)量為2 097個(gè),其中種植農(nóng)作物并回答相應(yīng)問(wèn)題的農(nóng)戶為1 580個(gè),占樣本總量的75.3%,作為該文分析的樣本集。在多元回歸模型中,有72個(gè)農(nóng)戶問(wèn)卷缺失一個(gè)或多個(gè)自變量數(shù)據(jù),因此多元回歸模型的樣本量為1 508個(gè)。
2.1 因變量
該文從2個(gè)層面定義耕地的種植結(jié)構(gòu)。一是經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植面積占所有農(nóng)作物種植面積的比例,經(jīng)濟(jì)作物包括蔬菜、水果、棉花、藥材、花生等類別;二是針對(duì)種植最普遍的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物蔬菜和水果,分別考察各自占農(nóng)戶農(nóng)作物種植總面積的比例。在問(wèn)卷中,受訪者被問(wèn)及家庭種植每種作物的面積、投入的勞動(dòng)力和資金,以及產(chǎn)量和收入,能夠滿足本研究的需求。
2.2 自變量
農(nóng)戶對(duì)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的決策行為,既受到土地資源、可投入的勞動(dòng)力和資本規(guī)模的限制,也受到市場(chǎng)的影響。近年推行的土地流轉(zhuǎn)、農(nóng)村合作社等政策,是否影響到農(nóng)戶的種植決策,同樣值得考察。因此,該文模型的解釋變量包括如下幾組(表1)。
2.2.1 農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移
外出務(wù)工是當(dāng)前中國(guó)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力的首要選擇,也是農(nóng)村家庭勞動(dòng)力優(yōu)化配置的主要手段[20],這種農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力配置模式正在并將持續(xù)影響中國(guó)的農(nóng)作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)作物比糧食作物需要更多的勞動(dòng)力和資本投入,外出務(wù)工對(duì)農(nóng)村家庭種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的決策可能產(chǎn)生積極或消極的影響[21-22]。一方面,勞動(dòng)力外出務(wù)工會(huì)減少家庭可投入農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量,進(jìn)而降低經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植的概率和規(guī)模;另一方面,外出務(wù)工的收入會(huì)大幅提高家庭的當(dāng)期收入和資產(chǎn)規(guī)模,因此會(huì)提高農(nóng)村家庭種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的能力。與現(xiàn)有研究不同,該文對(duì)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力外出務(wù)工行為進(jìn)行了更精細(xì)的考察,以探索農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)農(nóng)村種植結(jié)構(gòu)影響的群體差異性和深層機(jī)制。具體而言,將農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力的外出務(wù)工按照距離分為鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)內(nèi)部(跨村)、跨鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、跨縣、跨市和省際等5種類型,分別考察到不同距離地區(qū)的務(wù)工行為對(duì)家庭農(nóng)作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。同時(shí),由于戶主一般是家庭的關(guān)鍵決策者和主要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力[20,23],在模型中納入“戶主是否外出務(wù)工”這個(gè)變量,將該變量設(shè)定為“去年戶主是否半年以上在外務(wù)工,即不在自家居住”,并假設(shè)他會(huì)促使家庭減少經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的種植。此外,外出務(wù)工者的工作類型會(huì)在很大程度上決定家庭對(duì)未來(lái)長(zhǎng)期在城市居留的計(jì)劃并影響家庭的農(nóng)業(yè)投資行為和農(nóng)作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)[24]。因此,在模型中設(shè)置“是否有自雇型就業(yè)”變量,并提出假說(shuō):有自雇型就業(yè)的家庭,會(huì)比全部給別人打工的家庭種植更少的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物。
2.2.2 控制變量
土地資源對(duì)農(nóng)戶種植決策的影響從三方面進(jìn)行考察。一是以人均耕地面積表征的土地資源的豐富程度;二是耕地質(zhì)量,分別以2個(gè)村級(jí)變量表征,即虛擬變量“該村是否平原村莊”和集中灌溉的耕地占該村耕地總面積的比例;三是土地產(chǎn)權(quán)的穩(wěn)定性,以該農(nóng)戶“是否獲頒耕地承包權(quán)證書(shū)”這個(gè)虛擬變量衡量[25-26]。
作為勞動(dòng)力和資本的供給者和種植結(jié)構(gòu)的決策者,家庭成員的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)特征無(wú)疑將深刻影響農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)決策。相應(yīng)地,家庭的人口規(guī)模、老年人和未成年人的比例、家庭資產(chǎn)存量及作為家庭主要決策者的戶主的年齡和受教育程度均被納入模型。本研究采用“戶主是否擔(dān)任村干部”、被訪者每天打招呼的人數(shù)、被訪者每天通電話的人數(shù)等3個(gè)指標(biāo)表征該家庭在村中的政治地位和社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)模[27-28]。
經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的種植對(duì)市場(chǎng)可達(dá)性和信息獲取便利性的要求更高,因此將村莊到最近城市的距離作為代理變量納入模型。近年在中央政策引導(dǎo)下,各級(jí)、各地政府正大力推進(jìn)土地流轉(zhuǎn)和農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社建設(shè)[29-30]。這些政策對(duì)農(nóng)村發(fā)展、農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和農(nóng)民生計(jì)的影響至今尚無(wú)系統(tǒng)的評(píng)估,本研究在農(nóng)戶和村莊問(wèn)卷中分別設(shè)定了“你家是否參與了某種農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社”和“是否有外來(lái)企業(yè)或個(gè)人到你們村里租賃耕地,用作農(nóng)業(yè)用途”2個(gè)問(wèn)題,考察國(guó)家政策的實(shí)施情況對(duì)農(nóng)戶種植決策的影響。
表1 變量基本統(tǒng)計(jì)信息
注:*表示對(duì)變量取對(duì)數(shù)
Note: * indicates napierian logarithm of variables
3.1 耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)分析
在被調(diào)查的農(nóng)戶中,80.4%的農(nóng)戶種植糧食作物,且戶均種植面積達(dá)0.84 hm2;37.2%的農(nóng)戶種植至少一種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,戶均種植面積為0.29 hm2(表2),據(jù)此估算被調(diào)查農(nóng)戶經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的種植面積占總種植面積的13.77%。同時(shí)種植糧食作物和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的農(nóng)戶有278戶,占種植戶總數(shù)的17.6%。在各類經(jīng)濟(jì)作物中,種植戶數(shù)和面積最多的是蔬菜和水果。種植蔬菜的農(nóng)戶數(shù)量最多,但戶均種植面積只有0.25 hm2;種植水果的農(nóng)戶只有前者的一半,但由于戶均種植面積高達(dá)0.45 hm2,2種作物的種植總面積大致相當(dāng)。被調(diào)查農(nóng)戶中,種植棉花及藥材的戶數(shù)和戶均種植面積都遠(yuǎn)小于上述二者。
從投入看,經(jīng)濟(jì)作物每公頃勞動(dòng)力和資本投入分別是糧食作物的5.6倍和3.8倍,凈收益也是后者的4.2倍。在各種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物中,藥材每公頃投資額最高,達(dá)到 94 600元/hm2,其純收益也高達(dá)220 930元/hm2,投資和收益水平均遠(yuǎn)高于其他類型經(jīng)濟(jì)作物。相較而言,蔬菜和藥材都是勞動(dòng)密集型的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,每公頃分別需要1.51千人·天和1.46千人·天的勞動(dòng)力投入。此外,在各種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物中,水果種植需要的勞動(dòng)力投入最少;谷物需要的資本投入最少,其收益水平也最低,僅14 480元/hm2。
表2 主要作物類型的種植情況
3.2 農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移與耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系分析
在被調(diào)查農(nóng)戶中,超過(guò)2/3的家庭有在村莊以外的務(wù)工者,且平均有1.83個(gè)家庭成員在調(diào)查前一年有外出務(wù)工的經(jīng)歷,其中608個(gè)家庭有2人或以上外出務(wù)工。按勞動(dòng)力遷移的距離劃分,跨省轉(zhuǎn)移最為普遍,有502個(gè)家庭至少有1人在省外務(wù)工,占家庭總數(shù)的1/3左右(圖2)。而到其他地區(qū)務(wù)工的家庭數(shù)量分布相對(duì)均勻。總體而言,縣內(nèi)和省際的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)比省內(nèi)縣際的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力具有更強(qiáng)吸引力。
從勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移距離對(duì)農(nóng)戶種植結(jié)構(gòu)影響看(表3), 與家庭成員在省內(nèi)縣際務(wù)工的家庭相比,家庭成員在鄉(xiāng)內(nèi)、縣內(nèi)從事非農(nóng)業(yè)工作以及到省外務(wù)工的家庭種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的比例更低,分別為36.4%、37.1%和33.3%;戶均種植面積也更小,分別為0.22、0.24和0.24 hm2。蔬菜與水果種植決策受轉(zhuǎn)移距離影響存在較大差異,這種差異主要體現(xiàn)在縣內(nèi)務(wù)工群體的種植決策。相比于其他家庭,有家庭成員在鄉(xiāng)內(nèi)、縣內(nèi)務(wù)工的農(nóng)戶更傾向于種植蔬菜,種植戶占總戶數(shù)的比例分別為18.2%和19.3%,但是種植規(guī)模普遍不大;但卻很少種植水果,種植戶占總戶數(shù)的比例分別為4.5%和7.6%,這可能因?yàn)樵诳h內(nèi)務(wù)工收入較低但時(shí)間較為寬松和靈活決定的。因此,有家庭成員在縣內(nèi)從事非農(nóng)就業(yè)的農(nóng)村家庭更傾向于種植勞動(dòng)力投入較多、資本需求較少的蔬菜,而非投資結(jié)構(gòu)完全相反的果樹(shù)。
圖2 家庭勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)量分布和距離情況
表3 勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移與耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系
3.3 耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響因素分析
多元回歸模型計(jì)算結(jié)果表明,所有變量的方差膨脹因子均小于2.5,因此模型沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重的共線性。Breusch- Pagan檢驗(yàn)和White檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果均顯示模型存在異方差性,因此本研究選用了穩(wěn)健回歸,這被證明是一種漸進(jìn)有效的估計(jì)方式,并被廣泛應(yīng)用[31]。具體的回歸結(jié)果見(jiàn)表4。
3.3.1 農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移的影響
外出務(wù)工者的匯款會(huì)增加家庭的農(nóng)業(yè)投資,促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)種植集約化[21],然而該研究結(jié)果并未發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的規(guī)律。恰恰相反,中國(guó)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移反而降低了家庭在農(nóng)地上的投資強(qiáng)度和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的種植比例。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中國(guó)的外出務(wù)工收入主要用于蓋房、日常消費(fèi)、教育、醫(yī)療等支出,很少投資農(nóng)業(yè)[32]。
值得注意的是,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)農(nóng)戶種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響因轉(zhuǎn)移距離而不同,縣內(nèi)務(wù)工會(huì)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的擠出效應(yīng),而出省務(wù)工雖然工資水平更高,但由于無(wú)法兼業(yè)而對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植更少,相反會(huì)因?yàn)閯趧?dòng)力缺乏和家庭收入水平較高而降低種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的動(dòng)機(jī)。相對(duì)而言,省內(nèi)跨縣務(wù)工行為對(duì)家庭農(nóng)業(yè)投資和種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響則并不顯著。具體分析,勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物比例影響最大的是勞動(dòng)力縣內(nèi)鄉(xiāng)際轉(zhuǎn)移(回歸系數(shù)為-5.67),其次為戶主外出務(wù)工(回歸系數(shù)為-5.04)、鄉(xiāng)內(nèi)村際轉(zhuǎn)移(回歸系數(shù)為-4.69)和省際轉(zhuǎn)移(回歸系數(shù)為-3.444),而勞動(dòng)力省內(nèi)市際轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物比例影響最?。欢鴮?duì)蔬菜和水果比例影響最大的分別是市內(nèi)縣際轉(zhuǎn)移(回歸系數(shù)為-4.337)和鄉(xiāng)內(nèi)村際轉(zhuǎn)移(回歸系數(shù)為-3.066)。整體上,就種植面積最普遍的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物蔬菜和水果而言,農(nóng)戶的蔬菜種植決策主要受到遠(yuǎn)距離務(wù)工的影響,而勞動(dòng)力在本村附近從事非農(nóng)就業(yè)并不會(huì)對(duì)家庭蔬菜種植形成擠壓效應(yīng),這與中國(guó)農(nóng)村普遍存在的兼業(yè)行為提高家庭的農(nóng)業(yè)和非農(nóng)業(yè)收入有關(guān)[33]。然而,兼業(yè)畢竟是一種臨時(shí)的就業(yè)安排,不能普遍適用于投資密度高、投資期限長(zhǎng)、勞動(dòng)力需求較少而投入時(shí)間集中的果樹(shù)的種植,家庭可以在勞動(dòng)力分配方面做出較好的長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃,也需要長(zhǎng)期遠(yuǎn)距離務(wù)工積累一些原始投資。因此,如果一個(gè)家庭有成員外出務(wù)工距離較遠(yuǎn),那么農(nóng)戶對(duì)果樹(shù)的投資促進(jìn)效應(yīng)甚至?xí)^(guò)勞動(dòng)力擠出效應(yīng)。
表4 耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)和耕地的投資密度回歸結(jié)果
注:*< 0.1,**< 0.05,***< 0.01
Note:*< 0.1,**< 0.05,***< 0.01
3.3.2 控制變量的影響
在人地矛盾突出的地方,農(nóng)戶會(huì)在單位面積上投入更多資本,也會(huì)種植更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物。與山區(qū)農(nóng)戶相比,平原地區(qū)農(nóng)戶更多的傾向于種植蔬菜,而非水果和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)作物。農(nóng)戶位于平原區(qū)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物和水果種植比例呈負(fù)向影響,影響程度分別為-5.742(回歸系數(shù))和-8.718(回歸系數(shù))。其次,村莊集中灌溉設(shè)施的建設(shè)對(duì)蔬菜種植比例呈正向影響(回歸系數(shù)為0.046 6),而對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物(回歸系數(shù)為-0.025 1)和水果種植比例(回歸系數(shù)為-0.022 7)呈負(fù)向影響,這表明村莊集中灌溉設(shè)施的建設(shè)能夠提高農(nóng)戶種植蔬菜的積極性,但卻會(huì)降低果樹(shù)的種植面積,因此對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植比例和耕地每公頃投資并沒(méi)有顯著影響。此外,地權(quán)的穩(wěn)定性對(duì)農(nóng)戶在耕地上地均投資和種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物比例都有顯著的正向影響,其中對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物(回歸系數(shù)為7.18)和蔬菜(回歸系數(shù)為5.963)的影響較大。當(dāng)前正在推進(jìn)的農(nóng)地確權(quán),將給予農(nóng)民更穩(wěn)定的產(chǎn)權(quán)預(yù)期,因此將有效推動(dòng)農(nóng)村耕地的集約高效利用,并增加經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的供給。雖然年輕人和文化程度低的農(nóng)戶更愿意在土地上投入更多資本和種植更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,但相對(duì)而言,前者更偏向于種植資本密集型的果樹(shù),而后者則更愿意種植勞動(dòng)密集型的蔬菜。從家庭結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看,人口多的家庭更愿種植蔬菜,而未成年兒童比例高的家庭在蔬菜和水果種植方面都會(huì)更積極。社會(huì)資本對(duì)農(nóng)戶種植決策的影響主要體現(xiàn)在蔬菜作物種植上,而對(duì)果樹(shù)種植和農(nóng)地投資強(qiáng)度影響并不顯著。
由村莊到最近城市的距離表征的信息和市場(chǎng)可達(dá)性對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村家庭的農(nóng)地使用和種植決策有非常顯著的影響。到城市/縣城的距離對(duì)蔬菜(回歸系數(shù)為-0.224)和水果(回歸系數(shù)為-0.230)種植比例均呈負(fù)向影響,這表明到城市距離更近的農(nóng)戶,種植蔬菜和水果的面積都遠(yuǎn)高于偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的農(nóng)戶,在耕地上的地均投資也遠(yuǎn)高于后者。從農(nóng)戶種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整角度看,各級(jí)政府推進(jìn)的土地流轉(zhuǎn)和農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社政策的實(shí)施效果差異很大。從不同經(jīng)濟(jì)作物類型來(lái)看,專業(yè)合作社成員戶對(duì)水果種植均產(chǎn)生明顯正向影響(回歸系數(shù)為4.566),但對(duì)種植蔬菜影響不顯著;土地流轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)蔬菜的種植有正向影響(回歸系數(shù)為4.220),而對(duì)水果種植有負(fù)向影響(回歸系數(shù)為-2.148)。這表明加入專業(yè)合作社的農(nóng)民,對(duì)種植果樹(shù)的偏好最為顯著,但種植蔬菜的積極性有限,對(duì)耕地投資強(qiáng)度的影響同樣不夠顯著。整體上,土地流轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)耕地集約利用的積極影響不僅體現(xiàn)在被流轉(zhuǎn)的土地上,而且能夠顯著地推動(dòng)本村其他村民種植更多的蔬菜。雖然土地流轉(zhuǎn)活躍的地區(qū),農(nóng)民會(huì)更少地種植果樹(shù),但經(jīng)濟(jì)作物整體的種植面積會(huì)提高。更重要的是,土地流轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)帶動(dòng)耕地投資增加。與之形成對(duì)比的是,加入專業(yè)合作社的農(nóng)戶種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的積極性雖然比其他農(nóng)戶略高,但這種差異并不顯著。
在對(duì)2014—2015年中國(guó)13個(gè)省1 580名農(nóng)戶關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)的大樣本調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),80.4%的農(nóng)戶種植了糧食作物,戶均種植面積達(dá)0.84 hm2;37.2%的農(nóng)戶種植了至少一種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,戶均種植面積為0.29 hm2;且經(jīng)濟(jì)作物占總種植面積達(dá)到13.77%。在各類經(jīng)濟(jì)作物中,種植戶數(shù)和面積最多的是蔬菜和水果。在被調(diào)查的農(nóng)戶中,超過(guò)2/3的家庭有在村莊以外的務(wù)工者,其中跨省務(wù)工最為普遍,占家庭總數(shù)的1/3左右。家庭成員在縣內(nèi)或到省外務(wù)工的家庭種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的比例和戶均種植面積都較小。
根據(jù)對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)影響因素的多元回歸模型檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):1)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移降低了家庭在耕地上的投資強(qiáng)度,也減少了經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的種植比例。外出務(wù)工帶來(lái)的農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)家庭種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響隨務(wù)工地與家庭的距離而呈現(xiàn)不同特征,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力縣內(nèi)務(wù)工將會(huì)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的種植產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的擠出效應(yīng),出省務(wù)工會(huì)減少種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,而省內(nèi)跨縣務(wù)工則對(duì)家庭農(nóng)業(yè)投資和種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響較弱。2)中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)和農(nóng)業(yè)投資強(qiáng)度同時(shí)也受到土地資源因素、家庭成員特征、社會(huì)資本因素以及市場(chǎng)和政策因素的影響,其影響方式和影響程度存在較大的差異。具體來(lái)講,位于人地矛盾突出地區(qū)的農(nóng)戶更傾向于種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物;村莊集中灌溉設(shè)施的建設(shè)對(duì)蔬菜種植有正向影響,而對(duì)水果種植呈負(fù)向影響;地權(quán)穩(wěn)定性對(duì)農(nóng)戶在耕地上的地均投資和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植都有顯著的正向影響;家庭成員特征對(duì)農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)業(yè)種植和投資行為影響較大;社會(huì)資本對(duì)蔬菜種植具有正向影響,而對(duì)水果種植和農(nóng)地投資強(qiáng)度影響并不顯著;由到城市/縣城的距離所表征的市場(chǎng)因素對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村家庭的農(nóng)地使用和種植決策有非常顯著的影響并對(duì)蔬菜和水果種植比例均呈負(fù)向影響;土地流轉(zhuǎn)和農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社政策的實(shí)施效果差異較大,土地流轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)蔬菜的種植有正向影響,而對(duì)水果種植有負(fù)向影響,專業(yè)合作社對(duì)水果種植呈正向影響,但對(duì)蔬菜種植影響不顯著。該研究可為中國(guó)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化與調(diào)整提供參考。
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Effect of labor migration on cultivated land planting structure in rural China
Qi Yuanjing1,2,3, Tang Chong4
(1.100083; 2100083; 3.100083; 4.100125)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of rural labor migration on planting structure in China by using multivariate regression models, which had great significance for the adjustment of planting structure under the background of rapid urbanization. The data came from a nationwide questionnaire survey conducted in 2014 and 2015. The total number of valid household questionnaires was 1580 from 13 provinces, which involved 100 villages in 25 counties. These survey sites covered all main geographic and economic regions across China and the representativeness of the sample could thus be fully guaranteed. The results indicated: 1) Approximately 80.4% of the 1580 households planted grain crops and about 37.2% of the households planted at least one kind of cash crop, such as vegetable, fruit, cotton, and medicinal herb. The cultivation area of cash crops accounted for 13.77% of the total planting area. 2) In general, rural labor migration had significant negative effects on the investment intensity of farmland and the proportion of cash crops in total planting area. However, the significance varied with the migration distance, namely, the households with members working outside their home provinces or near their home villages were more likely to plant fewer cash crops than others. 3) Separate regression for households located around and far away from cities and for those in plains and mountainous areas indicated different impacts of labor migration on agricultural planting and investments in various regions. This regional heterogeneity fully demonstrated the moderating effects of geography and market factors in determining the planting behaviors of rural households. 4) The abundance, quality, and tenure of land resources were important factors influencing the planting behavior of Chinese rural households. Households in regions with denser population, less per capitafarmland area and larger proportion of mountainous area tended to plant more cash crops and invest more capital on the farmland. The improvement of irrigation facilities could significantly improve the planting proportion of vegetables. The land tenure security also had positive influence on the investment intensity of farmland and the proportion of cash crops. 5) The planting structure was also influenced significantly by demographic characteristics of rural households, such as the family size, the number of children in the family and the age and education level of the household head. The social capital of rural households was proven to have significant positive effect on the planting of vegetables, but not on the planting of fruits or the investment intensity of farmland. 6) Households in villages near to a city often had larger proportions of cash crops in total planting area and higher levels of investment intensity on farmland than those in remote areas, representing the importance of market proximity and information accessibility in determining the planting structure in rural China. The 2 rural policies introduced by the central government and vigorously promoted by local governments had different influences on the planting behavior of rural households. Specifically, the effective implementation of farmland transfer could significantly encourage farmers to plant more cash crops by learning from the behavior of agricultural investors from outside of the village, while the development of rural specialized cooperatives did not have similar positive effects on the improvement of rural planting structure or farmland investment. Therefore, this study can provide a reference for the optimization and adjustment ofcultivated landplanting structure in China.
agriculture; land use; crops; labor migration; cultivated land planting structure
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.03.032
K902
A
1002-6819(2017)-03-0233-08
2016-11-04
2016-12-13
中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金資助項(xiàng)目(BLX2013028);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41401121)。
齊元靜,男,山東淄博人,博士,講師。研究方向?yàn)槌擎?zhèn)化與區(qū)域發(fā)展。北京,北京林業(yè)大學(xué)水土保持學(xué)院;100083。 Email:qiyuanjing0506@163.com
齊元靜,唐 沖. 農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)中國(guó)耕地種植結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(3):233-240. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.03.032 http://www.tcsae.org
Qi Yuanjing, Tang Chong. Effect of labor migration on cultivated land planting structure in rural China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(3): 233-240. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.03.032 http://www.tcsae.org