李愛國(guó),于 滿,王澤民,宋殿賓,馬 光
·臨床診療提示·
精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌兩例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
李愛國(guó)1,于 滿2*,王澤民2,宋殿賓2,馬 光2
目的 提高對(duì)精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的認(rèn)識(shí)。方法 回顧性分析承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院2008-07-22和2013-03-05收治的兩例精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者的臨床資料,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果 兩例患者年齡分別為53歲和67歲;其中1例以精索腫瘤為首發(fā)表現(xiàn),而后進(jìn)一步檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌,另1例為胃癌術(shù)后18個(gè)月發(fā)生精索腫瘤。兩例均行手術(shù)治療,病理診斷為精索轉(zhuǎn)移性腺癌。分別于術(shù)后13、10個(gè)月死亡。結(jié)論 對(duì)既往有腫瘤病史的精索腫瘤,特別是消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤應(yīng)該考慮精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌。
生殖器腫瘤,男(雄)性;精索;腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移;病例報(bào)告;歷史文獻(xiàn)
精索的占位性病變多為良性,以中胚層的脂肪瘤、纖維瘤、平滑肌瘤、腺瘤樣瘤和淋巴管瘤等常見,精索惡性腫瘤比較少見,約占精索腫瘤的25%[1]。精索腫瘤可分為原發(fā)性腫瘤和繼發(fā)性腫瘤,繼發(fā)性腫瘤罕見,常為來(lái)自胃腸道和泌尿系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤[2]。承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院收治兩例原發(fā)胃的精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌,現(xiàn)分析其臨床資料并結(jié)合文獻(xiàn),對(duì)其發(fā)病率、轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制、治療和預(yù)后進(jìn)行分析。
患者1,53歲,因右側(cè)陰囊內(nèi)腫物7 d于2008-07-22入院。入院后檢查右側(cè)陰囊壁內(nèi)可觸及2.0 cm×1.5 cm腫物,表面光滑,質(zhì)硬韌,腫物與睪丸、附睪無(wú)明顯關(guān)系。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:肝腎功能、血及尿生化及紅細(xì)胞沉降率等均在參考范圍。癌胚抗原(CEA)5.75 μg/L (參考范圍 0~5.00 μg/L),甲胎蛋白(AFP)、人絨毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)均在參考范圍。B超檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)肝、膽、胰、脾、腎及膀胱、前列腺、睪丸等異常,右側(cè)近腹股溝外環(huán)處陰囊壁內(nèi)側(cè)可探及9.5 mm×8.5 mm×6.5 mm中低回聲結(jié)節(jié)(見圖1,本文彩圖見本刊官網(wǎng)www.chinagp.net電子期刊相應(yīng)文章附件)?;颊哂?個(gè)月前曾因上腹部不適在外院行胃腸鋇餐檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常。入院后第3天行右側(cè)陰囊內(nèi)腫物切除,術(shù)中見腫瘤位于陰囊內(nèi)精索鞘膜上,周圍無(wú)明顯粘連,與精索粘連,易分離,故行腫物切除,術(shù)后病理報(bào)告為精索轉(zhuǎn)移性腺癌(見圖2)。患者拒絕行睪丸根治性切除,2個(gè)月后行胃鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)胃竇部潰瘍,活檢報(bào)告為腺癌。后在外院行胃癌根治術(shù),術(shù)中見腸系膜淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,病理報(bào)告為胃竇小彎側(cè)潰瘍型腺癌,浸潤(rùn)達(dá)漿膜外組織,腸系膜淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。雖經(jīng)常規(guī)輔助化療,但術(shù)后13個(gè)月死亡。
患者2,67歲,因左側(cè)精索腫物1個(gè)月于2013-03-05入院?;颊哂?8個(gè)月前在外院行胃癌手術(shù),術(shù)后行輔助化療。入院后檢查肝腎功能、血及尿生化及紅細(xì)胞沉降率等均在參考范圍,CEA 0.60 μg/L;AFP、糖類抗原(CA)125均在參考范圍。前列腺特異抗原(PSA)0.58 μg/L(參考范圍≤4.00 μg/L)。左側(cè)腹股溝外環(huán)處精索可觸及3.0 cm×2.0 cm腫物,其表面不甚光滑,腫物可隨牽拉精索而上下活動(dòng)。胸部X線片未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常。B超檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)肝、膽、胰、脾、腎及膀胱、前列腺、睪丸等異常,左側(cè)腹股溝可見一28.9 mm×19.6 mm×10.2 mm中低回聲腫物,邊界清、形態(tài)欠規(guī)整,彩色多普勒(CDFI)檢查見:腫物周邊可見散在血流信號(hào)(見圖3)。入院后第3天行左側(cè)精索探查術(shù),術(shù)中見腫瘤與周圍組織無(wú)明顯粘連,與精索有粘連。行腫瘤切除,術(shù)后病理報(bào)告為精索轉(zhuǎn)移性黏液腺癌(見圖4)。患者拒絕進(jìn)一步治療,術(shù)后10個(gè)月時(shí)死亡。
注:右側(cè)陰囊壁內(nèi)側(cè)可見9.5 mm×8.5 mm×6.5 mm中低回聲結(jié)節(jié)
圖1 患者1 B超檢查結(jié)果
Figure 1 The B-ultrasonic examination result of patient 1
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái),檢索時(shí)間從建庫(kù)至2015-12-31;中國(guó)知網(wǎng),檢索時(shí)間從建庫(kù)至2015-12-31。文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):含精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的文獻(xiàn);排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):不含精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的文獻(xiàn)、重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);以“精索”“癌”“轉(zhuǎn)移”“精索轉(zhuǎn)移性腺癌”“精索癌轉(zhuǎn)移”為檢索詞,追蹤相關(guān)參考文獻(xiàn)。其中萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái)檢索106篇,中國(guó)知網(wǎng)檢索181篇,兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)共25篇[3-27],共26例精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者,加入本組2例共28例,其中原發(fā)癌在胃及胃腸道16例(57.1%),結(jié)腸5例(17.9%),胰腺4例(14.2%),腎、輸尿管和肝內(nèi)膽管各1例(3.6%)。25例記載原發(fā)癌與精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌發(fā)現(xiàn)間隔時(shí)間,其中非同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)19例(76.0%),同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)6例(24.0%)。以精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌為首發(fā)癥狀,后通過(guò)影像學(xué)或內(nèi)腔鏡檢查和活檢以及手術(shù)確診原發(fā)癌部位6例(21.4%)。癌轉(zhuǎn)移至右側(cè)精索15例(53.6%),左側(cè)精索10例(35.7%),雙側(cè)精索3例(10.7%)(見表1)。
注:鏡檢可見硬化的纖維間質(zhì)內(nèi)癌細(xì)胞形成大小不等、形狀不一、排列不規(guī)則的腺樣結(jié)構(gòu)
圖2 患者1病理圖片結(jié)果(蘇木素-伊紅染色,×200)
Figure 2 The pathological image results of patient 1
注:a顯示左側(cè)腹股溝區(qū)28.9 mm×19.6 mm×10.2 mm中低回聲腫物;b彩色多普勒檢查顯示腫物周邊可見散在血流信號(hào)
圖3 患者2腹股溝區(qū)超聲檢查結(jié)果
Figure 3 The ultrasound examination results in the groin area of patient 2
圖4 患者2病理圖片結(jié)果(蘇木素-伊紅染色,×200)
表1 國(guó)內(nèi)報(bào)道28例精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者的臨床資料
注:-表示無(wú)記錄
3.1 精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的發(fā)病率 精索原發(fā)性腫瘤罕見,大多數(shù)是良性腫瘤。然而,大約25%為惡性腫瘤,最常見的惡性腫瘤包括肉瘤如脂肪肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、惡性纖維組織細(xì)胞瘤[1]。精索的轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤極為罕見,確切的發(fā)病率不清楚。DUTT等[28]在13 500例尸檢和641例因睪丸腫瘤的活檢或睪丸切除的標(biāo)本中,共檢出精索轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤僅2例(0.01%),該2例原發(fā)灶均在胃。精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的主要來(lái)源是胃腸道,其次是胰腺、前列腺和腎臟[29-30]。HIRANO等[31]收集2000年1月—2015年4月共25例精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者,其中原發(fā)灶為胃8例(32%)、結(jié)腸8例(32%),其次肝2例(8%)、腎2例(8%),小腸、消化道、胰腺、肺和前列腺各1例(4%)。原發(fā)癌和精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌非同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)15例(60%),其間隔時(shí)間2~108個(gè)月,平均42個(gè)月。而7例(28%)原發(fā)癌與精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),3例(12%)是以精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌為首發(fā)臨床表現(xiàn),后進(jìn)一步檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)癌。轉(zhuǎn)移癌同時(shí)累及附睪6例,其中2例侵及睪丸。本文收集1966—2015年國(guó)內(nèi)26例精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者,加上本組2例患者共28例,其中原發(fā)癌在胃及胃腸道16例(57.1%),結(jié)腸5例(17.9%),胰腺4例(14.3%),腎、輸尿管和肝內(nèi)膽管各1例(3.6%)。原發(fā)癌與精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌非同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)19例(76.0%),略高于HIRANO等[31]報(bào)道;間隔時(shí)間2~25個(gè)月,平均13.3個(gè)月,其間隔時(shí)間明顯短于HIRANO等[31]報(bào)道,表明國(guó)內(nèi)患者就診時(shí)更屬晚期。原發(fā)癌與精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)6例(24.0%)。以精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌為首發(fā)癥狀,后通過(guò)影像學(xué)或內(nèi)腔鏡檢查和活檢以及手術(shù)確診原發(fā)癌部位6例(21.4%)。KANNO等[29]報(bào)道,消化系統(tǒng)癌精索轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生在右側(cè)、左側(cè)和雙側(cè)分別為57.4%、27.8%和12.9%。國(guó)內(nèi)28例患者中,轉(zhuǎn)移至右側(cè)精索15例(53.6%),左側(cè)精索10例(35.7%),雙側(cè)精索3例(10.7%),與國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道基本一致[29]。本組2例胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移至左、右側(cè)精索各1例,特別是患者1,以精索腫物為首發(fā)表現(xiàn),而后進(jìn)一步檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌,較為少見。
3.2 精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的轉(zhuǎn)移途徑 精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的轉(zhuǎn)移途徑可能為:(1)靜脈逆行性——靜脈癌栓經(jīng)精索靜脈逆流轉(zhuǎn)移至精索;(2)動(dòng)脈性;(3)淋巴管逆行性;(4)輸精管逆行性;(5)直接浸潤(rùn);(6)腹膜種植性轉(zhuǎn)移,腫瘤細(xì)胞可隨腹腔積液直接種植浸潤(rùn)精索。胃癌及結(jié)腸癌的轉(zhuǎn)移主要經(jīng)淋巴途徑。胃及右半結(jié)腸的癌可隨淋巴液轉(zhuǎn)移至腸系膜上動(dòng)脈的根部,然后再轉(zhuǎn)移至腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié),經(jīng)淋巴管逆行性轉(zhuǎn)移到精索部位[2,29-34]。本組2例由胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移至精索的確切途徑不清楚,可能與淋巴液的逆流有關(guān)。腎癌精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌途徑主要是癌栓在重力作用下通過(guò)腎靜脈逆流入左側(cè)精索靜脈,MOHAMMADI等[32]收集至2011年世界文獻(xiàn)有27例腎細(xì)胞癌精索轉(zhuǎn)移的報(bào)道,除2例轉(zhuǎn)移到對(duì)側(cè)精索外,其余25例均轉(zhuǎn)移左側(cè)同側(cè)的精索。國(guó)內(nèi)報(bào)道1例,也是左側(cè)腎癌轉(zhuǎn)移至左側(cè)精索[19]。輸尿管、膀胱及前列腺癌可通過(guò)前列腺、精囊轉(zhuǎn)移至輸精管,或經(jīng)過(guò)腹膜侵及鞘狀突而直接浸潤(rùn)精索。
3.3 精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的臨床表現(xiàn) 精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌主要是無(wú)意中發(fā)現(xiàn)腹股溝區(qū)腫塊,腫塊1.6~6.5 cm,平均3.6 cm[2]??捎芯植坎贿m或輕微疼痛,常伴有同側(cè)陰囊腫脹或睪丸鞘膜腔積液。腫塊可有觸痛、早期可有活動(dòng)。少數(shù)患者以腹股溝疝癥狀就診,多數(shù)患者可有原發(fā)病灶的手術(shù)史。B超可提示腹股溝區(qū)實(shí)性腫塊,可為均勻性低回聲、等回聲和混合回聲,邊界欠規(guī)整。CT可顯示腹股溝區(qū)腫塊密度不均,同時(shí)可顯示腹膜后腫大的淋巴結(jié)及其他臟器有無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移[35]。
3.4 精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的治療及預(yù)后 對(duì)精索轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤的治療,首先應(yīng)積極治療原發(fā)病灶,同時(shí)早期行根治性睪丸切除術(shù),根據(jù)不同的組織學(xué)類型選擇腹膜后淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),術(shù)后再輔以化療、放療、分子治療及激素治療,可提高存活率。精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的預(yù)后不良,術(shù)后很少存活超過(guò)2年。本組2例患者僅生存13個(gè)月和10個(gè)月。KANNO等[29]于1994年收集日本確診的24例胃腸道癌精索轉(zhuǎn)移患者,其中21例同時(shí)有其他臟器轉(zhuǎn)移,所以如發(fā)現(xiàn)精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌,應(yīng)進(jìn)行全面的檢查,以便發(fā)現(xiàn)其他器官同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移。
綜上所述,精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌少見,其原發(fā)灶最常見的是胃及胃腸道,其次是胰腺、前列腺和腎臟。對(duì)既往有惡性腫瘤病史的精索腫塊,特別是消化系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤應(yīng)該考慮精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌的可能。反之,精索腫物切除術(shù)后病理證實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移癌,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步檢查原發(fā)灶。對(duì)精索轉(zhuǎn)移灶應(yīng)行根治性睪丸切除,再輔助化療、放療或基因治療。精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌預(yù)后不良,應(yīng)早期發(fā)現(xiàn)及早治療。
作者貢獻(xiàn):李愛國(guó)、于滿進(jìn)行資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé);王澤民、宋殿賓、馬光進(jìn)行資料收集;于滿進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制及審校。
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(本文編輯:陳素芳)
Metastatic Carcinoma of the Spermatic Cord:Two Cases Report and Literature Review
LIAi-guo1,YUMan2*,WANGZe-min2,SONGDian-bin2,MAGuang2
1.DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,KuanchengManchuAutonomousCountyHospital,KuanchengManchuAutonomousCounty067600,China
2.DepartmentofUrology,AffiliatedHospitalofChengdeMedicalCollege,Chengde067000,China
Objective To improve understanding on metastatic carcinoma of the spermatic cord.Methods Clinical data on two cases of metastatic carcinoma of the spermatic cord were obtained from the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University on July 22,2008 and March 5,2013.These data were retrospectively analyzed,and considerable relevant literature was reviewed.Results The two patients were aged 53 and 67.One patient was initially diagnosed with spermatic cord tumor,and then diagnosed with stomach cancer upon further examination;the other was diagnosed as having spermatic cord tumor at 18 months after gastric cancer surgery;both of them underwent tumor resection,and were diagnosed pathologically as having spermatic cord metastasis of adenocarcinoma.They survived 13 and 10 months after the surgeries.Conclusion For patients with spermatic cord mass and history of neoplasm,especially in the gastrointestinal system,the possibility of metastasis from the primary cancer must be considered.
Genital neoplasms,male;Spermatic cord;Neoplasm metastasis;Case reports;Historical article
R 737.2
D
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.05.024
2016-08-16;
2016-12-13)
1.067600 河北省寬城滿族自治縣醫(yī)院普外科
2.067000河北省承德市,承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科
*通信作者:于滿,教授;E-mail:yumanok@126.com
李愛國(guó),于滿,王澤民,等.精索轉(zhuǎn)移癌兩例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(5):617-621.[www.chinagp.net]
LI A G,YU M,WANG Z M,et al.Metastatic carcinoma of the spermatic cord:two cases report and literature review[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(5):617-621.
*Correspondingauthor:YUMan,Professor;E-mail:yumanok@126.com