閱讀“七選五” 一序一忌看四點

新疆 常玉國（特級教師） 施益軍

閱讀“七選五” 一序一忌看四點

新疆 常玉國（特級教師） 施益軍

閱讀理解“七選五”是閱讀理解的第二部分，所考查的文段一般全文層次分明、條理清晰、邏輯嚴(yán)密，在語篇結(jié)構(gòu)上通常使用明顯的語言和格式標(biāo)記，便于考生理解。

從第一部分的“四選一”到了“七選五”，挑戰(zhàn)難度驟然增加；同時，“七選五”中多出的兩個選項也常常具有很強的干擾性和迷惑性，所以此題得分率往往低于第一部分“四選一”閱讀的得分。

針對這個問題，從事高中教學(xué)的各位同行應(yīng)該各有妙招。筆者整合多年高三備考的教訓(xùn)與經(jīng)驗，盡力用比較簡單且易于操作的方法對這個題型的解題策略進行闡釋。在此，不揣陋見，與大家共商，以尋求適合考生的、比較清楚的解題思路和步驟。本操作程序就是“一序”“一忌”“看四點”。

一序：先看七、再讀文，看文達到三目的

關(guān)于做題順序，是先讀文段，還是先看七個選項，大多數(shù)人傾向于先讀文段。但是，筆者還是建議先看七個選項，再讀短文。理由簡單三條：一是時間有限，先看七個選項會比較省時；二是精煉，七個選項應(yīng)該能夠提供給我們足夠的信息源；三是目的明確，即通過細(xì)讀七個選項，我們可以實現(xiàn)以下三個目的：

目的一，準(zhǔn)確判斷文段體裁，理清結(jié)構(gòu)易深入。

目的二，基本知道文章大意，整體理解更靠譜。

目的三，初步了解信息要點，利于回看找答案。

一忌：“選一個、劃一個”，這個方法不足取

這道題目最大的風(fēng)險是什么？連環(huán)錯！不幸的時候可能會導(dǎo)致多個錯誤。原因就是做題時，我們選一個，劃掉一個，美其名曰：逐步縮小包圍圈。方法雖妙，但倘若前面我們錯選了一個，鵲巢鳩占，結(jié)果就不妙了。

因此我們做題時要特別忌諱“選出一個劃掉一個”，以避免造成一錯再錯，產(chǎn)生連環(huán)錯誤。特別是那些句子結(jié)構(gòu)相同、句意相近的選項更是需要我們?nèi)级ā?/p>

看四點：體裁、指代、連貫詞，重復(fù)信息有價值

一、看文段體裁，用好鮮明特征

從近年高考所選材料來看，其體裁基本是說明文和記敘文（或夾敘夾議文）。說明文的特征是主題鮮明、層次清晰、語篇特征非常明晰。記敘文則以故事發(fā)展脈絡(luò)為主線，為了有趣，常常會出現(xiàn)一些比較特別的記敘手法，因而會增加理解的難度。

二、看代詞指代，尋根還需溯源

英語是一門非常講究簡潔的語言，所以在篇章中代詞的運用很多，用于指代上文已經(jīng)提到過的人、物或者整個事件。追根溯源，找到指代與被替代關(guān)系，會大大加快我們解題的速度。

三、看上下連貫，捕捉文段脈絡(luò)

上下連貫是好的篇章的特點，常常靠“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”來實現(xiàn)?！捌稹本褪情_端，或提出主題或吸引讀者關(guān)注主題；“承”就是承接上文加以申述；“轉(zhuǎn)”就是轉(zhuǎn)折，指出問題或困難；“合”則是給出解決問題的方法或建議。這些特征在說明文和議論文中尤為明顯。

四、看重復(fù)信息，把握內(nèi)在聯(lián)系

篇章終究還是相對完整的一個語義體，自然而然會有很多割裂不開的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系；這些聯(lián)系常?？客x詞、近義詞、反義詞或者借助詞性的變化來重復(fù)體現(xiàn)。而這些重復(fù)信息的存在，又為我們提供了良好的契機。

【高考鏈接1】（2017?新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ）

Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning and put the blame on the alarm clock.In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resetting your body clock. 36 .Here is how to make one.

● 37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important.Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reason,tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.

● Rethink mornings.Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities.If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags. 38 That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.

● Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends.If you’re tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful.But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found.39

● Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try.

A.Get a sleep specialist.

B.Find the right motivation.

C.A better plan for sleep can help.

D.And consider setting a second alarm.

E.If the steps you take are working, keep it up.

F.Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.

G.Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.

【方法例釋】

“一序”：通過閱讀這七個句子，我們可以得知：本段是一篇說明文； 主要提出了關(guān)于睡眠以及睡眠生物鐘調(diào)整的幾個建議。七個選項的排列為從最短句到最長句，呈梯形展示。

“一忌”：本篇的難點在于同一句式（祈使句）比較多，總共有六個，而這類相同句式的出現(xiàn)，極易造成“連環(huán)錯”。

“四看”：答案解析過程。

36.C 前句說要調(diào)節(jié)生物鐘，后句則提出要制定一個計劃——其中的one就是代詞，指代選項中出現(xiàn)的plan。本句為過渡句，承前啟后。也是七個選項中唯一一個不是祈使句的選項。

37.B 本句所處位置在句首，根據(jù)說明文的特征，段首句一般多為主題句。結(jié)合本段中下文的問題，可知此處是說動機。

38.G 選項中的the 15 minutes和下句的a quarterhour正是最好的“重復(fù)信息”。

39.F 本句所處位置在段末，根據(jù)文體特征，一般用于總結(jié)本段。而本段中出現(xiàn)的Friday，Saturday，weekends就是此處no matter the day的重復(fù)信息。

40.E 結(jié)合下句的If not...正好體現(xiàn)了上下連貫，最終歸“合”的典型語篇特征。

【高考鏈接2】（2017?新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）

If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping.I would have laughed heartily.Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insects bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me. 36 .

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days offfrom work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.

I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another funfi lled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead, we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

39 We have done a lot of it since.Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set.There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator.The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.

40 It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature.I recommend that you find your way in style.

A.This time there was no tent.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F.After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

【方法例釋】

“一序”：通過閱讀這七個句子，可以得知：本文是一篇記敘文； 以主人公“我”的旅行及野營經(jīng)歷為主線索。七個選項仍然從短到長，呈梯形排列。

“一忌”：記敘文是比較靈活的一種呈現(xiàn)方式。本篇的重點是對事件發(fā)生時間順序的把握。可以說是極易“錯一時，而亂全局”，造成“連環(huán)錯”。特別是選項中的A、C、G和E、F兩組選項更具有較高的相似性。

“四看”：答案解析過程。

36.D 本句所處位置為首段末句，末句常常用于總結(jié)前文，并給后文留下足夠的伏筆。D選項中的however就起到了很好的轉(zhuǎn)折作用，既照應(yīng)了上文對于野營毫無興趣的語境，又為下文態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變做出了安排。選項中的since then和文中的three years ago也是很好的“重復(fù)”信息。

37.C 此處為描寫第一次野營經(jīng)歷的一句話，很容易在A、C、G上產(chǎn)生糾結(jié)。但后文We sleep in a tent,cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom 正是對于C選項中的一個關(guān)鍵詞tough的最好詮釋。

38.A 前句的代詞another和選項A中的this time都有很好的“指示”作用，而下句的Instead又呈現(xiàn)了“轉(zhuǎn)”的意義，與前文構(gòu)成呼應(yīng)關(guān)系。

39.F 選項E和F意義具有較高的相似性，試比較：I have certainly come to enjoy camping.和my family became quite interested in camping.但F項中的After the trip就起到了很好的“承接”作用，而后文的所做之事又正好做了闡釋，前后連貫自然。

40.E 此處位于末段句首，應(yīng)有總結(jié)全文之意。選項中代詞I再次出現(xiàn)，恰好重申了作者的身份，而I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping既是對文章首段作者態(tài)度變化過程的一個總結(jié)，也很好地銜接了后文，形成了一個很好的文段結(jié)尾。

閱讀“七選五”這道題目雖然看似難度不是很大，但因為題目主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握，加之缺乏有針對性的方法指導(dǎo)，以及平時訓(xùn)練中的錯誤累積，就導(dǎo)致了很大一部分考生的畏難情緒和“碰運氣”心態(tài)。但是，若是在努力提升詞匯量和學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)語法知識的同時，采用一些切實可行的方法，就一定能夠有效地突破這個瓶頸。

請您指導(dǎo)您的學(xué)生利用“一序”“一忌”“四看點”，試一試2017年新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ吧！

【牛刀小試】（2017?新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）請依照本文所述“一序”“一忌”“四看點”解題方法完成下面閱讀理解“七選五”練習(xí)。

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 ,there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.

37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.

When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.

When you need to talk to someone, don’t do it in your own office. 39 , it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.

If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示 ) that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.

A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes

D.If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area

E.It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

【方法例釋】

“一序”：通過閱讀這七個句子，我們可以得知：本段是一篇說明文；主要闡述了在忙碌的時候，如何避免被打擾的幾個小建議。七個選項仍基本呈正梯形結(jié)構(gòu)。

“一忌”：仔細(xì)觀察選項就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項中既有分句（B, D）又有完整的句子（A, C, E, F, G），所以在做題的時候一定看清語篇中所設(shè)的空到底是該填完整的句子還是要選分句；另外A和B意思相近，C和G，E和F結(jié)構(gòu)相同，容易造成“連環(huán)錯”。

“四看”：答案解析過程。

36.B 仔細(xì)觀察第一空及后續(xù)句子 36 ,there are several ways to handle things可知，此處應(yīng)該是填一個分句而不是完整的句子；同時句首第一個單詞與選項中interruptions也是明晰的“重復(fù)信息”。

37.A 此空位于句首，根據(jù)說明文的“文體特征”，一般是一個主題句。但是學(xué)生容易根據(jù)后面兩段段首都是以when開頭，因慣性思維誤選B。根據(jù)“意義復(fù)現(xiàn)”的原則，后文you have a million things to do”和選項中的busy一詞恰好形成呼應(yīng)。

38.E 根據(jù)前文“have set hours planned”安排好時間，“l(fā)et them know to come back during that time”讓他們知道在那個時間段回來，“that you’ll find them then”你將會去找他們；前幾句表達的意思跟available意思相近，所以選E。

39.D 前文“don’t do it in your own office”正好與D 選 項“If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area”呈現(xiàn)“近義重復(fù)”。

40.G 選項中Leave it open和close it中的代詞it正是“指代”了前文中的door。

新疆哈密市第二中學(xué)）