李媛媛何俊瑛郭小肅趙躍韓瑋欣卜暉
·綜 述·
腦膜癌病分子靶向治療研究進展
李媛媛*何俊瑛*郭小肅*趙躍*韓瑋欣*卜暉*
腦膜癌病 肺癌 乳腺癌 靶向治療
腦膜癌?。╨eptomeningeal carcinomatosis,LC)是指惡性腫瘤細胞轉移,彌漫或局灶浸潤軟腦膜及蛛網膜下腔,是中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移癌的一種特殊類型,原發(fā)病灶常來源于肺癌、乳腺癌等,實體腫瘤患者中的發(fā)病率約4%~15%[1-2]。臨床主要表現(xiàn)為多灶性神經功能障礙,如腦、顱神經和/或脊神經受損癥狀。腦脊液細胞學檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細胞是診斷本病的金標準。目前以綜合治療為主,包括鞘內化療、全身化療、放射治療等。近年來,多項臨床回顧性研究初步探討了靶向藥物在原發(fā)腫瘤不同基因分型LC中的療效及安全性,靶向藥物有望成為LC有效的輔助治療手段。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)肺癌常見驅動基因包括表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突變,間變淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)基因重排等[3]。而20%~ 30%乳腺癌患者存在表皮生長因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)基因擴增[4],研究顯示HER2過表達或擴增的乳腺癌患者發(fā)生中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移的風險增加[5]。本文將對肺癌、乳腺癌腦膜轉移分子靶向治療進展予以綜述。
非小細胞肺癌 (non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)約占肺癌的80%~85%,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)30%~40%亞裔NSCLC患者存在EGFR突變[6]。徐燕等[7]進行的流行病學研究顯示,NSCLC腦膜轉移的病理類型主要為肺腺癌 (84%~97%),其中43.0%~70.5%患者EGFR基因發(fā)生突變。NSCLC患者發(fā)生腦膜轉移后中位生存期為3.0~4.3個月[8-9],嚴重影響患者生存質量。
乳腺癌腦膜轉移患者較其他實體腫瘤LC患者預后相對好,生存期為3~5個月。臨床回顧性分析中,乳腺癌LC患者生存期為15.3周,長于肺癌來源的8.7周[10]。病理類型以浸潤性導管癌多見。其中HER2+乳腺癌腦膜癌病雖較少見,但其發(fā)病率在增加,預后相對較差[11]。因此,研究作用于相應分子靶點、且對中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移安全、有效的治療藥物具有重要臨床價值。
2.1 EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制劑 EGFR是人表皮生長因子受體家族成員之一。表皮生長因子(EGF)等配體與EGFR結合后能夠活化其酪氨酸激酶域,進而激活下游RAS/ RAF/MAPK、PI3K-Akt等信號通路,調控細胞增殖、抗凋亡及遷移作用[12]。EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)可選擇性抑制酪氨酸激酶活化,從而抑制相關信號通路,促使腫瘤細胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤侵襲及轉移等。
臨床常用的 EGFR TKI主要有第一代的吉非替尼(gefitinib)、厄洛替尼(erlotinib),第二代的阿法替尼(afatinib)等。研究表明,若存在EGFR突變,一些NSCLC腦膜癌病患者能夠從標準或較高劑量的gefitinib、erlotinib中獲益,患者可獲得長期緩解(11~12個月)[13-15]。MORRIS等[9]研究9例EGFR突變的腦膜癌病患者(均在某時刻接受了TKI治療)中位生存期為14個月。同樣,PARK等[13]研究14例腦膜癌病患者接受了EGFR TKI治療,其中位生存期為19.2個月。最近,LIAO等[16]研究也顯示EGFR突變的腦膜癌病患者接受EGFR TKI治療后總生存期為10.9個月,明顯長于未接受EGFR TKI治療的2.3個月(P﹤0.001)。此外,研究者探討了EGFR不同突變狀態(tài)的腦膜癌病患者接受EGFR TKI治療后的預后情況,結果發(fā)現(xiàn),EGFR突變患者較未突變者體力狀態(tài)明顯改善,其中19號外顯子突變較21號外顯子突變患者預后好,中位生存時間分別為11.0個月和7.1個月[17]。
多項小樣本回顧性研究表明EGFR TKI能夠使腦膜癌病患者臨床獲益。EGFR TKI能夠透過血腦屏障,但透過率較低 (1%~3%),因而研究者探討了高劑量EGFR TKI在NSCLC腦膜癌病患者中的治療作用。一期臨床試驗結果顯示,高劑量gefitinib(750~1000 mg/d)可使57%NSCLC患者神經系統(tǒng)癥狀得到改善[18],而高劑量 erlotinib(200 mg或300 mg,隔日一次)也被證實能夠安全、有效地用于標準劑量EGFR TKI治療失敗的腦膜癌病患者[19]。研究[20]分析比較NSCLC患者腦脊液中erlotinib和gefitinib藥物濃度的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)erlotinib較gefitinib具有相對高的腦脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)滲透率,提示 gefitinib治療失敗的NSCLC腦膜轉移患者可應用 erlotinib而取得較好的療效[21-23]。
鞘內化療是目前腦膜癌病重要的治療方法,多項臨床研究顯示鞘內化療聯(lián)合EGFR TKI可顯著改善患者生存質量,延長生存期[8,24-25]。腦膜癌病患者血腦屏障受到一定程度破壞,在患者可耐受情況下,全身化療可以改善患者預后。研究[26]表明,erlotinib聯(lián)合培美曲賽/順鉑可能成為EGFR突變肺腺癌患者腦膜轉移的有效治療方法。聯(lián)合治療的6 例gefitinib耐藥的肺腺癌腦膜癌病患者,臨床癥狀均有所改善,其中1例獲得完全緩解,中位生存期為9個月。
然而,EGFR突變的NSCLC患者在接受不同療程的第一代EGFR TKI治療后最終可發(fā)生耐藥,獲得性耐藥的機制主要為發(fā)生T790M突變[27],而約1/3耐藥患者會發(fā)生中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移[28]。
Afatinib是EGFR和HER2酪氨酸激酶的雙重抑制劑,為EGFR突變NSCLC患者有效的一線治療藥物,對經EGRF-TKI治療后仍出現(xiàn)疾病進展的患者有一定療效,且對中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移也有效。HOFFKNECHT等[29]進行的臨床試驗表明,Afatinib能夠以足夠高的藥物濃度滲透入中樞神經系統(tǒng),從而有效治療中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移,其可能成為具有EGFR突變,且對EGFR-TKI抵抗的非小細胞肺癌患者中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移有效的治療方法。LIN等[30]報道1例經高劑量erlotinib治療無效的肺腺癌腦膜癌病患者,接受 afatinib聯(lián)合西妥昔單抗雙重靶向 EGFR治療 1個月后,頭顱MRI病灶部分緩解,且患者神經系統(tǒng)癥狀好轉。
第三代EGFR-TKI如AZD9291,可有效抑制EGFR T790M突變、19號外顯子缺失以及L858R敏感突變,而不抑制野生型EGFR。對EGFR-TKI治療后耐藥的EGFR突變肺癌患者也有效[31-32]。NANJO等[33]在小鼠模型中證實AZD9291對第一、二代EGFR-TKI耐藥的EGFR突變肺癌腦膜轉移有效,有待進一步臨床試驗研究。
2.2 ALK抑制劑 棘皮動物微管相關類蛋白4(echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4,EML4)與AKL融合基因陽性患者約占NSCLC患者的3%~5%,其中主要為年輕、男性、不吸煙或少量吸煙且EGFR、KRAS為野生型的肺腺癌患者,對EGFR TKI治療不敏感。
克唑替尼(crizotinib)是第一代 ALK抑制劑,為針對ALK和c-MET酪氨酸激酶雙靶點小分子抑制劑,主要通過抑制ALK激酶與ATP的結合及結合后的自身磷酸化,進而降低激酶活性,起到抗腫瘤作用。研究[34]證實,crizotinib對ALK融合基因陽性的NSCLC患者具有較好的臨床療效(有效率65%),患者中位無進展生存期(PFS)為7.7個月。但因crizotinib在中樞神經系統(tǒng)滲透性差,有報道顯示其腦脊液-血漿藥物濃度比僅為0.0026[35]。OU等[36]研究也表明,46%接受crizotinib治療的患者最初治療失敗是由于發(fā)生腦轉移。
第二代ALK抑制劑如alectinib,是一種強效的ALK選擇性抑制劑,初步研究表明,alectinib較crizotinib可能具有更高的中樞神經系統(tǒng)滲透率[37],因而,有望成為AKL陽性肺腺癌患者中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移的有效治療藥物[38]。KODAMA 等[37]進行的動物實驗中應用alectinib治療EML4–ALK融合基因陽性NSCLC小鼠顱內移植瘤模型,結果表明alectinib可能對crizotinib治療后中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移患者有一定療效。HIDEHIKO等[38]報道的1例AKL陽性肺腺癌患者,經crizotinib治療產生耐藥,并發(fā)生腦膜、脊髓轉移后改用alectinib治療3月后腫瘤病灶明顯好轉。此外,有個例報道色瑞替尼(ceritinib)對crizotinib耐藥的ALK陽性腦膜癌病患者治療有效[39]。
2.3 HER2單克隆抗體 HER2即表皮生長因子受體2,具有酪氨酸激酶活性,通過激活下游PI3K/Akt和Ras/Raf/ Mek/Erk信號通路,參與細胞的增殖。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)20%~ 30%的乳腺癌患者存在 HER2基因擴增[4],但 HER2基因狀態(tài)似乎與 LC發(fā)病風險的增加無關[5]。曲妥珠單抗(trastuzumab)是一種靶向HER2蛋白的重組人源化單克隆抗體,選擇性地作用于HER2分子的細胞外部位。由于其分子量較大(185 kDa),較難通過血腦屏障進入腦脊液中。STEMMLER等[40]研究顯示血清與腦脊液中trastuzumab的藥物濃度比為420:1,而經放射治療的患者其血腦屏障破壞后該比值升高至76:1。鞘內注射trastuzumab不僅能夠以較小的藥物劑量獲得腦脊液中較高的藥物濃度,而且降低了全身用藥的毒性作用,因而trastuzumab鞘內給藥用于治療腦膜癌病的相關研究仍在進行。一項系統(tǒng)回顧分析顯示,鞘內注射trastuzumab可能成為HER2+乳腺癌腦膜轉移安全、有效的治療選擇[41]。最近,PAKR等[42]報道2例HER2+乳腺浸潤性導管癌腦膜轉移患者經鞘內注射trastuzumab治療后病情均得到較好控制,生存期分別為20個月及29個月。治療期間患者神經系統(tǒng)癥狀明顯緩解,腦脊液腫瘤細胞轉陰,頭顱MRI腦膜結節(jié)病灶明顯縮小。該研究同時表明,長期 (﹥1年)鞘內注射相對高劑量 (25~50 mg)trastuzumab是安全的,患者未出現(xiàn)嚴重的認知功能損害。GULIA等[43]同樣報道了 2例HER2+乳腺癌 LC患者,她們在接受鞘內注射trastuzumab聯(lián)合全身化療治療一段時間后臨床癥狀明顯改善,腦脊液細胞學檢查腫瘤細胞消失,且未見主要毒副作用。其鞘注trastuzumab的治療方案分別為:①50 mg,2次/周,4周,之后50 mg,1次/周,4周,150 mg 3周1次;②150 mg,3周1次。盡管上述病例報告中患者還同時接受全身治療,不能僅認為是鞘注trastuzumab的療效,但患者神經系統(tǒng)癥狀的緩解以及腦脊液腫瘤細胞的轉陰都表明其可能成為HER2+乳腺癌腦膜轉移有效的治療選擇。目前trastuzumab鞘內給藥尚未有標準劑量和治療方案,尚需進一步研究。
2.4 血管內皮生長因子單克隆抗體 貝伐單抗(bevacizumab)是一種重組人源化單克隆抗體,能夠特異性與血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)結合,抑制血管內皮生物活性,減少腫瘤新生血管形成,從而抑制腫瘤生長。多項研究證實,腦膜癌病患者腦脊液/血清中VEGF水平明顯升高。初步研究表明,應用bevacizumab治療腦膜癌病,能夠明顯降低腦脊液中VEGF的水平,并且能夠使54%~73%的腦膜癌病患者獲得臨床、影像學以及腦脊液緩解[44]?;仡櫺匝芯匡@示其在治療中樞神經系統(tǒng)轉移瘤中是安全的[45]。最近,一項小樣本前瞻性臨床試驗中,應用bevacizumab聯(lián)合依托泊苷、順鉑治療8例原發(fā)腫瘤為乳腺癌的腦膜癌病患者取得了較好療效,但其結果尚需進一步試驗證實[46]。此外,有案例報道,2例乳腺癌腦膜轉移患者接受bevacizumab聯(lián)合依托泊苷、順鉑治療,其腦脊液細胞學轉陰且神經功能明顯改善。因而該聯(lián)合治療方案可能成為乳腺癌來源的腦膜癌病患者新的治療選擇[47]。
腦膜癌病是惡性腫瘤患者嚴重的神經系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,目前主要采用鞘內化療為主的綜合治療。近年來實體腫瘤靶向治療不斷發(fā)展,多項小樣本回顧性研究顯示,腦膜癌病患者應用靶向藥物能夠取得較好的臨床療效,因而靶向藥物在腦膜轉移的治療中具有一定價值,但因缺乏大規(guī)?;仡櫺匝芯炕蚯罢靶詳祿蟮溃蚨写M一步深入研究。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)檢測腦脊液中游離腫瘤 DNA (cell-free DNA)基因組改變有助于腦膜癌病的診斷,同時可作為一種生物標志物來動態(tài)監(jiān)測腫瘤負荷及指導靶向用藥[27,48-49],因而靶向藥物的探索將為腦膜癌病的治療提供新思路。
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R739.45 (
2016-09-13)
A (責任編輯:甘章平)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2017.03.011
* 河北醫(yī)科大學第二醫(yī)院神經內科(石家莊050000)
(E-mail:buhuimy1@163.com)