楊 揚(yáng),任建功*
(蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝科,甘肅 蘭州 730030)
SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)2型糖尿病患者的心血管保護(hù)作用
楊 揚(yáng),任建功*
(蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝科,甘肅 蘭州 730030)
心血管事件是2型糖尿病患者主要的并發(fā)癥,也是其死亡的首要原因。在2型糖尿病的治療中,應(yīng)優(yōu)先選擇具有心血管獲益的藥物。鈉-葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白2抑制劑(SGLT2抑制劑)目前已應(yīng)用于2型糖尿病患者的治療,大量的臨床及基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),SGLT2抑制劑不僅具有降糖作用,還能夠減重、降低血壓、尿酸及尿蛋白水平,改善血脂異常等,使心血管事件的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低,且不增加低血糖的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文主要針對(duì)SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)于心血管的保護(hù)作用作一綜述。
2型糖尿?。籗GLT2抑制劑;心血管疾病
2型糖尿病是以進(jìn)行性胰島素分泌缺陷或相對(duì)不足伴胰島素抵抗從而引起血糖升高為特征的慢性非傳染性疾病。隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、人們生活方式的改變及人口老齡化,2型糖尿病與心血管疾病已成為全球重要的公共衛(wèi)生問題,二者互相影響,互為因果。2型糖尿病是心血管事件發(fā)生發(fā)展的主要危險(xiǎn)因素[1],心血管并發(fā)癥則更是2型糖尿病患者死亡的首要原因。糖尿病患者與非糖尿病人群相比,發(fā)生心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及死亡率增加數(shù)倍[2]。2 型糖尿病的心血管并發(fā)癥包括冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病、心力衰竭、心肌病變等,與其相應(yīng)的危險(xiǎn)因素包括高血糖、血脂異常、肥胖、高尿酸血癥、高血壓、血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂等。目前國內(nèi)外2型糖尿病防治指南均推薦,對(duì)于2型糖尿病患者,在兼顧降糖有效性的同時(shí)必須加強(qiáng)心血管危險(xiǎn)因素的綜合管理,優(yōu)先選擇具有心血管獲益證據(jù)的藥物,從而最大限度地降低心血管事件及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。
SGLT2抑制劑是近幾年倍受關(guān)注的一類新的口服降糖藥,這類藥物通過選擇性地抑制腎臟近端小管SGLT2對(duì)葡萄糖的重吸收,促進(jìn)尿糖的排泄,從而達(dá)到降低血糖及HbA1c的目的[4]。該藥除了降血糖,還具有減重、降低血壓、尿酸及尿蛋白水平,改善血脂異常等作用,對(duì)2型糖尿病患者的心血管系統(tǒng)具有一定保護(hù)作用,由于其作用機(jī)制與傳統(tǒng)降糖藥物不同,該類藥物發(fā)揮作用不依賴于胰島素水平,且不良反應(yīng)小、安全可靠,在2型糖尿病的任何階段均可能被應(yīng)用。恩格列凈則是第一個(gè)通過CVOT證實(shí)明確具有心血管獲益的SGLT2抑制劑,EMPA-REG OUTCOME(Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients)研究結(jié)果顯示,與安慰劑相比,恩格列凈可使心血管事件死亡相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低38%,猝死事件減少31%,心力衰竭住院率降低35%[5]。本文主要針對(duì)SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)于心血管的保護(hù)作用作一綜述。從以下幾點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)要分析其益處。
研究表明,高血糖損害血管內(nèi)皮,導(dǎo)致血管長(zhǎng)期處于炎癥與高凝狀態(tài),最終引起動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[6],高血糖及胰島素抵抗使得晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物形成并沉積于血管壁,且與氨基酸殘基相互作用導(dǎo)致膠原交聯(lián),最終加速動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[7],另外,內(nèi)皮血管持續(xù)性釋放的一氧化氮可穩(wěn)定血壓,預(yù)防粥樣硬化,胰島素抵抗參與破壞一氧化氮的形成并降低其生物學(xué)利用度,引起內(nèi)皮功能紊亂和炎性因子釋放,這也加速了動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展。故對(duì)于初發(fā)的2型糖尿病患者,嚴(yán)格控制血糖對(duì)降低心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)非常重要。但是,對(duì)于合并有心血管疾病的2型糖尿病患者,一旦發(fā)生低血糖則會(huì)有誘發(fā)心梗、心律失常、猝死等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的可能,故降糖的安全性也至關(guān)重要。
SGLT2抑制劑通過減少腎臟的葡萄糖重吸收而起到降糖作用,既不會(huì)促進(jìn)胰島β細(xì)胞分泌胰島素,也不會(huì)影響患者對(duì)低血糖的反應(yīng),其發(fā)揮降糖作用也不依賴于胰島素,所以它引起低血糖的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低[8]。同時(shí),SGLT2 抑制劑降低血糖后可改善高糖毒性,恢復(fù)正常組織對(duì)胰島素的反應(yīng)能力,并進(jìn)一步恢復(fù)原本潛在的β細(xì)胞損傷,延緩了T2DM的進(jìn)展[9-11],使患者獲益。一項(xiàng)為期26周的多中心,Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)中[24],584例2型糖尿病患者每日口服坎格列凈100 mg、300 mg及安慰劑治療26周后,坎格列凈100 mg和300 mg組的HbA1c水平基線變化值與安慰劑組相比有明顯下降,分別為-0.77%,-1.03%,和0.14%(P<0.001)。研究[12]表明,SGLT2抑制劑單獨(dú)治療使HbA1c下降約0.37%~1.16%,多項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲安慰劑對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[13-18]均證實(shí),SGLT2抑制劑能顯著降低2型糖尿病患者的HbA1C及空腹血糖,無論其是否合并有心血管疾病,都不會(huì)增加低血糖的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并且耐受性良好。與常用的口服降糖藥相比較,SGLT2抑制劑的降糖療效與二甲雙胍相當(dāng),優(yōu)于磺脲類及DPP-4抑制劑[19-22]。而在二甲雙胍單藥治療血糖控制不理想的2型糖尿病患者中,達(dá)格列凈聯(lián)合二甲雙胍治療102周后證實(shí)達(dá)格列凈聯(lián)合二甲雙胍治療可長(zhǎng)期有效控制血糖并減輕體重,未增加低血糖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。
高血壓是常見的2型糖尿病合并癥,二者同時(shí)存在會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加糖尿病心血管病變及微血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。高血壓在2型糖尿病心血管病變發(fā)病過程中也起著重要作用,是2型糖尿病患者心血管病變最常見的高危因素,并且2型糖尿病和高血壓又互為對(duì)方發(fā)展的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[26-27]。
SGLT2抑制劑抑制葡萄糖重吸收的同時(shí)也抑制了鈉離子的重吸收,通過排鈉利尿作用降低患者的收縮壓和舒張壓,同時(shí)抑制腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(RAAS),降低動(dòng)脈硬化程度,達(dá)到降壓效果[29]。研究[30]顯示,SGLT2抑制劑可使收縮壓平均降低4.45 mmHg。日本完成的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)、雙盲、多中心對(duì)照研究中,將271名年齡≥20歲、HbA1c為7%~10%且無藥物治療,僅靠飲食及運(yùn)動(dòng)控制血糖的2型糖尿病患者隨機(jī)編入坎格列凈100 mg(qd)、200 mg(qd)以及安慰劑組,研究結(jié)果顯示,坎格列凈100 mg(qd)、200 mg(qd)及安慰劑組治療24周后的收縮壓變化分別為-7.88 mmHg、-6.24 mmHg和-2.72 mmHg(P<0.05)。另一項(xiàng)研究[32]顯示,坎格列凈能降低患者收縮壓,其100 mg(qd)組與300 mg(qd)組的平均降壓幅度分別為3.3 mmHg和4.5 mmHg,呈劑量相關(guān)性。另有研究[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),達(dá)格列凈治療組與安慰劑組相比,收縮壓和舒張壓分別下降高達(dá)5.7 mmHg和3.3 mmHg。在對(duì)823名2型糖尿病合并高血壓患者的24 h動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)中發(fā)現(xiàn)[34],與安慰劑組相比,依帕列凈10 mg劑量組和25 mg劑量組血壓分別下降2.95 mmHg和3.68 mmHg。
超重和肥胖常與高血壓、糖尿病、脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等同時(shí)出現(xiàn),形成心血管事件的危險(xiǎn)因素聚集,被認(rèn)為是高血壓、糖尿病和冠心病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素[35-37]。BMI每升高1 kg/m2,男性和女性心力衰竭危險(xiǎn)因素則會(huì)提高5%和7%[38]。2型糖尿病患者合并肥胖多伴有脂類代謝異常,表現(xiàn)為低密度脂蛋白(LDL)升高、甘油三酯(TG)增高和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)降低。血脂異常與高血糖共同加速血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損傷,在心血管事件的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起到始動(dòng)作用。因此控制體質(zhì)量、改善血脂異??梢杂行Ы档托难苁录陌l(fā)生率。
SGLT-2抑制劑治療可以使2型糖尿病患者的體重下降,早期的體重下降可能與其滲透性利尿作用所引起液體丟失相關(guān),但體重的持久性下降則是由于SGLT2抑制劑使尿糖增加而減少了患者體內(nèi)的卡路里,SGLT2抑制劑可使肥胖的2 型糖尿病患者每天丟失約300~400 kcal及80~90 g葡萄糖[40],同時(shí)葡萄糖的排泄使體內(nèi)物質(zhì)代謝從糖代謝轉(zhuǎn)換為脂代謝的過程增加,從而導(dǎo)致脂肪的凈利用率增加,使體內(nèi)的脂肪含量減少。下降的體質(zhì)量則主要來源于脂肪組織,且內(nèi)臟脂肪的減少相比皮下脂肪組織的減少更顯著[39]。一項(xiàng)為期104周的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)[41]顯示,在1450名服用二甲雙胍的2型糖尿病患者中,應(yīng)用坎格列凈100 mg、300 mg和格列美脲治療104周后觀察發(fā)現(xiàn):在體質(zhì)量改變方面,與格列美脲組(+0.9%)相比,坎格列凈組(-4.1%~-4.2%)體質(zhì)量明顯下降。在臨床對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)中[42],單獨(dú)使用坎格列凈100 mg/d和300 mg/d可降低體重1.9~3.3 kg,且減少的主要是脂肪組織。在使用二甲雙胍治療但血糖控制不佳的患者中,分別經(jīng)達(dá)格列凈或格列吡嗪治療52周后觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),在體質(zhì)量的變化方面,達(dá)格列凈組體質(zhì)量水平降低了3.2 kg,而格列吡嗪組的體質(zhì)量水平增加了1.4 kg[43]。一項(xiàng)為期24周的臨床試驗(yàn)[44]發(fā)現(xiàn)依帕列凈單藥治療能使患者體質(zhì)量下降1.9 kg~2.1 kg。
SGLT-2抑制劑能夠增加高密度脂蛋白及降低低密度脂蛋白及甘油三脂的水平[45]。研究[46]顯示,托格列凈能增加血清脂聯(lián)素和高密度脂蛋白水平。有研究[44,47-48]證實(shí),依帕列凈也可輕微升高高密度脂蛋白、降低或不影響低密度脂蛋白。
血尿酸水平增高是心血管事件的一個(gè)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,2型糖尿病患者伴隨著肥胖及血液粘稠等會(huì)引起血尿酸水平升高,血中尿酸水平升高使腎臟血管收縮,同時(shí)激活腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致高血壓。長(zhǎng)期高尿酸血癥可引起致密斑一氧化氮水平降低,從而使內(nèi)皮功能紊亂和炎性因子釋放,導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,還可引起血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增生[49],進(jìn)而引發(fā)心血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。高尿酸血癥不僅是2型糖尿病合并心血管并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,也能作為心血管疾病的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)之一[50]。
SGLT-2抑制劑可增加尿酸的排泄使血尿酸的水平降低達(dá)10%~15%,這是由于SGLT2使尿糖水平增加,尿液中的D-葡萄糖對(duì)腎小管尿酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白及GLUT-9有抑制作用,使尿酸重吸收減少[51]。
SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響與其滲透性利尿、改變血液濃度和阻斷RAAS等有關(guān)。2型糖尿病早期處于超濾過狀態(tài)的原因之一是管球反饋的異常,從而導(dǎo)致腎臟對(duì)腎小球?yàn)V過的調(diào)節(jié)失常,SGLT2抑制劑可通過抑制SGLT2影響致密斑重置管球反饋,它抑制腎小管SGLT2對(duì)葡萄糖和Na+的重吸收,導(dǎo)致滲透性利尿,使遠(yuǎn)端小管Na+的量增加而刺激致密斑感受器,使入球小動(dòng)脈收縮,腎小球內(nèi)壓持續(xù)降低,從而達(dá)到降低腎小球高濾過的作用[23],進(jìn)而延緩了2型糖尿病腎病的進(jìn)展,保護(hù)腎功能,降低尿蛋白,維持全身水鈉平衡,減少血容量,降低血壓,從而降低心臟前后負(fù)荷,改善血流動(dòng)力學(xué),最終使心衰風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低。另外,Lin等[28]的試驗(yàn)表明,恩格列凈在降糖作用之外,還可以控制改善肥胖的2型糖尿病小鼠的心血管炎癥和功能障礙。
SGLT2抑制劑在降糖的同時(shí)給2型糖尿病患者帶來全面獲益,較其他降糖藥物具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),為血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者提供了新的選擇。目前相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究都表明SGLT2抑制劑可為2型糖尿病合并心血管疾病患者帶來臨床獲益,且安全性和耐受性良好,表現(xiàn)出良好的前景,其可能出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng)也已經(jīng)得到重視和相關(guān)研究,為治療帶來新的希望。
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ISSN.2095-6681.2017.26.15.04
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