姚陽
. 述評 Editorial .
軟組織腫瘤患者的臨床診治要以患者獲益為首要目標
姚陽
軟組織腫瘤;腫瘤輔助療法;腫瘤;外科手術(shù);診斷
雖然,起源于多種細胞成分構(gòu)成的惡性軟組織腫瘤發(fā)病率較低,僅占成人惡性腫瘤的 0.73%~0.81%,15 歲以下兒童的 6.5%[1]。但是,在人體惡性腫瘤分類中最為復雜,國際通用的病理分類有 19 個組織類型和50 余種不同的亞型。與常見惡性腫瘤相比,國內(nèi)外專門從事研究和臨床軟組織腫瘤治療的科研人員和臨床醫(yī)師較少,學術(shù)活動、相關(guān)論文和書籍等也不夠普及,臨床醫(yī)師可獲得的繼續(xù)教育資源相對匱乏。因此,臨床上誤診、誤治現(xiàn)象較為普遍,使得初診可能治愈的部分病例,最終發(fā)生嚴重的不良后果;部分復發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,失去了再次治愈的機會;隨意性手術(shù)、非計劃性手術(shù),過度化、放療的現(xiàn)象也較為普遍,甚至任意開展分子靶向治療、細胞免疫治療等。
毫不夸張地說,每一種類型的軟組織腫瘤或者同種類型不同分化的惡性軟組織腫瘤,都有其獨特的生物學行為和轉(zhuǎn)歸,可以認為是一個獨立的疾病[2]。如惡性脂肪細胞腫瘤就有 5 種不同的病理類型。由于各種類型軟組織腫瘤分化不同,對化療、放療等敏感性差異也較大,其治療原則和方式迥異[3]。不同年齡、不同部位、不同物理性狀的軟組織腫瘤,病理類型和預后也有一定的臨床規(guī)律可循,如胚胎性橫紋肌肉瘤好發(fā)于青少年頭面部[4],惡性神經(jīng)鞘瘤易發(fā)生于中老年患者的四肢大神經(jīng)分布處[5],滑膜肉瘤多見于中青年的大關(guān)節(jié)附近[6]。
隨著 PET-CT 技術(shù)和多維成像功能 MRI 的發(fā)展,軟組織腫瘤的定位診斷以及其與周圍血管神經(jīng)的關(guān)系可獲得充分顯現(xiàn),各種免疫組織化學技術(shù)及其基因和分子診斷使得軟組織腫瘤的定性診斷和分類有了明顯的進步,為選擇合理的、個體化的綜合治療方法奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)。值得一提的是,影像技術(shù)和分子病理并不能夠代替詢問病史和物理檢查。物理檢查、影像學分析和病理檢驗三結(jié)合的臨床診斷方法,對軟組織腫瘤的診斷,缺一不可。
惡性軟組織腫瘤是高度個體化腫瘤,不同類型、不同生物學行為的軟組織腫瘤診斷和治療方式存在很大的差異。每一個病例又各具臨床特色,既沒有明確細致的診治規(guī)范,也缺乏大樣本的循證醫(yī)學的臨床資料可以借鑒。目前,對于惡性軟組織腫瘤需要多學科綜合治療的理念已被學界廣泛接受[7]。不得不承認,手術(shù)是治愈絕大多數(shù)軟組織腫瘤最主要的治愈性手段,拋開手術(shù)技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗,手術(shù)時機的把握顯得尤為重要。手術(shù)時機決定了安全的外科邊界[8],循證醫(yī)學資料表明,惡性軟組織腫瘤安全的外科邊界又是決定預后的第一要素[9]。過去在普遍認為軟組織腫瘤對于化、放療不敏感,“只有手術(shù)才是治愈軟組織腫瘤的惟一手段”的錯誤概念誤導下,反復手術(shù)、反復復發(fā)的現(xiàn)象較為普遍,殊不知對于化、放療較為敏感的腫瘤,適當時機和劑量的新輔助化、放療,讓原本難以根治的體表軟組織腫瘤達到 R0 ( 切緣無癌細胞,完整切除 ) 切除[10]。
近年來,隨著 5-HT 受體和 NK-1 受體止吐藥物、粒細胞集落刺激因子 ( granulocyte colony stimulating factor,GCSF )、血小板生成素 ( thrombopoietin,TPO ) 等細胞因子的問世,化療藥物毒副作用得到有效控制,術(shù)前大劑量、高密度新輔助化療使得不少既往不能一期切除的軟組織腫瘤成為可能,并且獲得了安全的外科邊界,顯著提高了 5 年生存率[11]。精確放射治療技術(shù) ( SBRT ) 如:伽馬刀、TOM 刀、質(zhì)子重粒子刀相繼進入臨床,使得一部分失去手術(shù)機會的軟組織腫瘤患者,其病情也獲得了有效的控制,其中不少患者療效達到了二次治愈[12]。ED743 治療晚期脂肪肉瘤和平滑肌肉瘤已經(jīng)獲得歐盟和 FDA[13]批準入市?;驒z測技術(shù)和靶向藥物的快速發(fā)展,使一些骨與軟組織腫瘤的療效獲得突破性進展[14]。培唑帕尼波美國 FDA 批準,用于治療化療失敗的晚期軟組織肉瘤 ( 除脂肪肉瘤和胃腸間質(zhì)瘤 ),迪諾單抗治療骨巨細胞瘤、克唑替尼治療炎性肌纖維母細胞瘤等已獲得不少成功案例[15]。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的一類新藥安羅替尼治療軟組織肉瘤已經(jīng)完成了 II 期臨床研究,對腺泡狀軟組織肉瘤和平滑肌肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤等顯示了獲得較好的療效,為復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的軟組織腫瘤的治療增添了一絲曙光。
軟組織腫瘤診治工作越來越受到國內(nèi)外學者廣泛的重視,美國國立綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡 ( national comprehensive cancer network,NCCN ) 指南每年都出版一期軟組織腫瘤的專家共識。由中國抗癌協(xié)會肉瘤專業(yè)委員會牽頭編寫的第一本《軟組織肉瘤診治中國專家共識》出版一年來,其臨床實用性受到國內(nèi)專家的一致好評。筆者呼吁開展軟組織腫瘤臨床診治時,一切以患者能夠獲益為首要目的,務必作到“善戰(zhàn)者先勝而后戰(zhàn)”。
[1] Stiller CA, Trama A, Serraino D, et al. Descritive epidemiology of sarcomas in Europe: report from the RARECARE project[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(3):684-695.
[2] Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2007, 57(1):43-66.
[3] Issels RD, Lindner LH, Verweij J, et al. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy alone or with regional hyperthermia for localized high-risk soft-tissue sarcoma: a randomized phase 3 multicentre study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2010, 11(6):561-570.
[4] Judson I, Verweij J, Gelderblom H, et al. Doxorubicin alone versus intensif ed doxorubicin plus ifosfamide for f rst-line treatment of advanced or metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma:a randomised controlled phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(4):415-423.
[5] Schoffski P, Ray-Coquard IL, Cioffi A, et al. Activity of eribulin mesylate in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma: a phase 2 study in four independent listological subtypes[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2011, 12(11):1045-1052.
[6] Gronchi A, Miceli R, Shurell E, et al. Outcome prediction in primary resected retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma: Histologyspecif c overall survival and disease-free survival nomograms built on major sarcoma center data sets[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31:1649-1655.
[7] The ESMO / European Network Working Group. Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up[J]. Ann Oncol, 2014, 25(3):102-112.
[8] Fletcher CDM, Bridge JA, Hogendoorn PCW, et al. WHO classif cation of tumours of soft tissue and bone[J]. Lon: IARC, 2013.
[9] Gronchi A, Vullo SL, Colombo C, et al. Extremity soft tissue sarcoma in a series of patients treated at a single institution: local control directly impacts survival[J]. Ann Surg, 2010, 251(3):506-511.
[10] Sampath S, Hitchcock YJ, Shrieve DC, et al. Radiotherapy and extent of surgical resection in retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma: Multiinstitutional analysis of 261 patients[J]. JSurg Oncol, 2010, 101(5):345-350.
[11] Matsubara T, Kusuzaki K, Matsumine A, et al. Can a less radical surgery using photodynamic therapy with acridine orange be equal to a wide-margin resection[J]? Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2013, 471(3):792-802.
[12] Jawad UM, Scully SP. Classif cations in brief: Enneking classif cation: benign and malignant tumors of the musculoskeletal system[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2010, 468:2000-2002.
[13] Stucky CCH, Wasif N, Ashman JB, et al. Excellent local control with preoperative radiation therapy, surgical resection, and intra-operative electron radiation therapy for retroperitoneal sarcoma[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2014, 109(8):798-803.
[14] Matull WR, Dhar DK, Ayaru L, et al. R0 but not R1/R2 resection is associated with better survival than palliative photodynamic therapy in biliary tract cancer[J]. Liver International, 2011, 31(1):99-107.
[15] Deroose JP, Burger JW, van Geel AN, et al. Radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas after isolated limb perfusion and surgical resection: essential for local control in all patients[J]? Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(2):321-327.
( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
Patients’ benefit as the primary goal in clinical diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue tumors
YAO Yang.Department of Oncology, Shanghai sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 201103, China
Although the incidence is low, the classification of malignant soft tissue tumors is the most complex in human malignant tumors. Compared with common malignant tumors, there are relatively fewer researchers engaging in the research and clinicians performing the treatment, and academic activities, related papers and books aren’t so popular. Therefore, clinical misdiagnosis and mistreatment are more common. Through the analysis of pathological types of soft tissue tumors, it is considered that localization diagnosis and qualitative diagnosis have laid a good foundation for the selection of reasonable and individualized comprehensive treatment methods. The appropriate time for surgery should be selected. With preoperative high-dose and high-density neoadjuvant chemotherapy and precise radiotherapy, combined with gene detection technology and targeted drug therapy, body surface soft tissue tumors that are hard to deal with before can be effectively cured. We are more conf dent in the treatment of recurrence and metastasis of soft tissue tumors, and furthermore, it’s benef cial for the patients.
Soft tissue neoplasms; Neoadjuvant therapy; Neoplasms; Surgical procedures, operative; Diagnosis
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2017.02.001
R738.6
201103 上海第六人民醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科
2016-11-08 )