鄧一鳴,繆中榮
舉世矚目的中國共產(chǎn)黨第十九次全國代表大會剛剛落下帷幕。在習近平總書記代表中國共產(chǎn)黨十八屆中央委員會的報告中,多次提及國民健康及醫(yī)療問題,總結(jié)了過去幾年“人民健康和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生水平大幅提高”,闡述了“實施健康中國戰(zhàn)略”的宏偉目標。正像習總書記的發(fā)言一樣,隨著全球卒中的預防得到越來越多的重視以及診療水平不斷提高,一些發(fā)達國家的卒中發(fā)病率已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)拐點。我國的卒中預防、診療、科研工作也正如火如荼地開展。人們已不滿足于維持簡單的生存需要,更希望在智力、心理等方面保持健康的狀態(tài)。這可以從記憶門診、心理門診等專病門診的就診患者越來越多這一事實加以證明。
血管性認知障礙(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)正是在這種背景下得到了越來越多的關注。VCI包括合并有腦血管疾病(cerebrovascular disease,CVD)的阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer’s disease,AD)和伴有AD的血管性癡呆(vascular dementia,VaD),已成為老年人慢性進行性認知障礙的常見原因。在一項加拿大老齡人群研究中,VCI在65歲以上老年人中的患病率達到5%[1]。在VCI的亞型中,低灌注原因引起的VCI,由于其可干預性更強,成為目前研究領域的熱點。許多研究證實,前循環(huán)低灌注,如頸動脈狹窄與VCI關系密切。頸動脈狹窄導致的低灌注性VCI可導致額葉受損,引起注意力、語言流暢性、空間結(jié)構(gòu)性、短時記憶和執(zhí)行功能的下降[2-4]。頸動脈狹窄不但直接導致VCI的發(fā)生,同時還可能加快老年癡呆等退行性病變的進程,從而加快老年癡呆的發(fā)展[5]。后循環(huán)低灌注,如基底動脈狹窄,同樣可以導致注意力、執(zhí)行功能和長時記憶障礙[6]。低灌注原因不僅可以直接導致認知障礙,同樣可以促進其他類型認知障礙或癡呆的進程。最新的一項大樣本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),早期血管功能失調(diào)對于AD患者的病程起著重要作用[7]。另外幾項橫斷面研究顯示,低灌注與白質(zhì)腦病的嚴重程度正相關,可加重患者的認知障礙[8-10]。
到目前為止,尚沒有針對AD或其他退行性癡呆的絕對有效的預防措施與治療方法。但是,對于所有的VCI患者,通過控制CVD的危險因素如高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、心房顫動等,均可減少腦血管病及VCI的發(fā)生[11]。有研究證實控制血壓可以通過減少卒中的復發(fā),從而降低VCI的發(fā)生[12]。對于VCI患者的藥物治療,如膽堿酯酶抑制劑和非競爭性N-甲基-D天冬氨酸受體拮抗劑,也取得一些初步效果[13-15]??祻陀柧毻瑯涌筛纳撇糠諺CI患者的認知功能[16]。
針對低灌注性VCI這類患者的治療,解除低灌注因素,成為有效的改善患者認知功能的方法。部分低灌注性VCI患者在接受外科或介入等治療后,認知障礙可以得到迅速改善。如頸動脈支架成形術(carotid artery stent,CAS)對于一部分低灌注性VCI患者的認知功能起到了改善作用[17-18]。頸動脈內(nèi)膜剝脫手術(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)同樣被證實可以改善頸動脈閉塞引起的低灌注性VCI患者的認知功能[19]。
綜上所述,隨著近些年來神經(jīng)介入材料的不斷發(fā)展,神經(jīng)介入技術水平的不斷提高,使得通過血管內(nèi)治療,解除腦低灌注原因從而改善低灌注性VCI患者的認知功能成為可能。但仍需臨床醫(yī)生與科研工作者通過臨床與基礎研究,達到合理的篩選、評估低灌注性VCI患者的目的。隨著我國人口老齡化的逐漸加重,癡呆的社會負擔越來越重。應充分認識低灌注性VCI這類認知障礙的重要性。通過不斷的臨床研究與實踐調(diào)和“人民日益增長的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的發(fā)展之間的矛盾”,最終實現(xiàn)“健康中國戰(zhàn)略”的宏偉目標。
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