柴北緣西段新生代弧形構(gòu)造帶演化歷史及成藏過(guò)程

馬新民，劉池陽(yáng)，羅金海，陳大友，張建魁

(1.大陸動(dòng)力學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(西北大學(xué))，西北大學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)系，陜西西安 710069；2.中國(guó)石油勘探開發(fā)研究院西北分院，甘肅蘭州 730020；3.中國(guó)石油長(zhǎng)慶油田分公司，陜西西安 710069)

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柴北緣西段新生代弧形構(gòu)造帶演化歷史及成藏過(guò)程

馬新民1,2，劉池陽(yáng)1，羅金海1，陳大友1，張建魁3

(1.大陸動(dòng)力學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(西北大學(xué))，西北大學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)系，陜西西安 710069；2.中國(guó)石油勘探開發(fā)研究院西北分院，甘肅蘭州 730020；3.中國(guó)石油長(zhǎng)慶油田分公司，陜西西安 710069)

本文在鉆井和二、三維地震數(shù)據(jù)精細(xì)解釋的基礎(chǔ)上，詳細(xì)研究了柴北緣西段晚新生代弧形構(gòu)造帶演化歷史和油氣成藏過(guò)程。認(rèn)為柴北緣西段是由一系列沿造山帶前緣展布的弧形逆沖斷裂和褶皺組成的弧形構(gòu)造帶。晚新生代以來(lái)的構(gòu)造演化具有自山前向盆內(nèi)擴(kuò)展，東西兩側(cè)向中間傳播的特點(diǎn)，油氣運(yùn)聚與構(gòu)造演化過(guò)程緊密耦合。各弧形構(gòu)造帶兩側(cè)形成時(shí)間早，生儲(chǔ)蓋配置好，且具有古構(gòu)造背景，是油氣運(yùn)聚的長(zhǎng)期指向，應(yīng)是下一步優(yōu)先勘探目標(biāo)。

弧形構(gòu)造帶 構(gòu)造演化 油氣成藏 柴達(dá)木盆地

弧形構(gòu)造是造山帶尤其是板內(nèi)碰撞造山帶的普遍特征，其形成演化與油氣運(yùn)聚有著密切的關(guān)系(Hombergetal., 1999；Affolteretal., 2004; Weiletal., 2004; 王少昌等，2005；李巖峰等，2007)。柴達(dá)木盆地北緣西段位于青藏高原東北緣，阿爾金山和祁連山交接部位(圖1)，是印度板塊與歐亞板塊新生代匯聚碰撞遠(yuǎn)程效應(yīng)作用區(qū)(湯濟(jì)廣，2007；關(guān)平等，2013)?，F(xiàn)今構(gòu)造組合(褶皺+斷裂)呈弧形，關(guān)于形成機(jī)制，大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為其是阿爾金斷裂新生代晚期左行走滑運(yùn)動(dòng)的側(cè)向響應(yīng)(鄭平太等，1983；吳光大等，2007；陳迎賓等，2010)，過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)阿爾金斷裂走滑作用的影響，忽略了盆地晚新生代以來(lái)在印度板塊與歐亞板塊匯聚碰撞作用下SW-NE向強(qiáng)烈擠壓收縮的構(gòu)造背景。

近年來(lái)，一些學(xué)者對(duì)阿爾金斷裂走滑變形的側(cè)向傳遞范圍提出質(zhì)疑，砂箱物理模擬顯示剛性塊體邊界形態(tài)是柴北緣反“S”型構(gòu)造組合形成根本原因(周建勛等，2006；劉重慶等，2013)。地面地質(zhì)和地球物理資料的綜合研究結(jié)果得出柴北緣西段是一系列由南祁連斜向推覆作用形成的右行走滑沖斷構(gòu)造(肖安成等，2006)，斷裂體系的幾何學(xué)研究認(rèn)為柴北緣西段反“S”型構(gòu)造帶的形成與阿爾金斷裂走滑作用的局限性和南北向主應(yīng)力作用的廣泛性是密不可分的(楊超等，2013)。這些認(rèn)識(shí)的提出是柴北緣西段構(gòu)造變形機(jī)制研究的重大突破，擺脫了長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)將柴北緣西段構(gòu)造變形單純歸結(jié)于新生代晚期阿爾金擠壓-走滑作用的傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)識(shí)，但仍然忽略了南北向基底大斷裂對(duì)盆地的分割作用，也沒有注意到弧形構(gòu)造帶兩側(cè)斷裂旋轉(zhuǎn)方向相反以及中間地帶(如冷湖七號(hào)、南八仙)正斷層廣泛發(fā)育的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象。本文以野外露頭、鉆井，二、三維地震精細(xì)解釋為基礎(chǔ)，通過(guò)構(gòu)造演化史分析，提出柴北緣西段為弧形構(gòu)造帶，并對(duì)其構(gòu)造演化歷史和油氣成藏過(guò)程進(jìn)行較為詳盡的分析。

1 地質(zhì)概況

1.1 地層特征

圖1 柴達(dá)木盆地構(gòu)造單元?jiǎng)澐旨把芯繀^(qū)位置Fig.1 Location and tectonic sketch map of study area 1-山脈；2-地名；3-井位；4-一級(jí)構(gòu)造單元；5-二級(jí)構(gòu)造單元；6-走滑斷層；7-逆沖斷層1-mountain; 2-place; 3-well position; 4-first-order tectonic unit; 5-secondary tectonic unit; 6-strike-slip fault; 7-thrust fault

1.2 構(gòu)造特征

平面上，柴北緣西段弧形構(gòu)造群落由三排構(gòu)造帶組成，自北向南依次為平臺(tái)-三臺(tái)-九龍山構(gòu)造帶(I)、冷湖-南八仙-馬海構(gòu)造帶(Ⅱ)和鄂博梁-鴨湖-伊克雅烏汝構(gòu)造帶(Ⅲ)，各構(gòu)造帶之間以寬緩的凹陷相隔，表現(xiàn)為隆坳相間的侏羅山式結(jié)構(gòu)特征?？v向來(lái)看，組成弧形構(gòu)造群落的各構(gòu)造帶由一系列自祁連山前向盆地腹部凸出的弧形壓扭斷裂和擠壓斷塊(主要在第I排構(gòu)造帶)或斷背斜(第Ⅱ、第Ⅲ排構(gòu)造帶)組成，從北向南，各弧形構(gòu)造帶中褶皺長(zhǎng)寬比依次增加，形成等軸-短軸背斜(第I排)— 短軸背斜(第II排)—線狀背斜(第III排)序列(圖2a)。橫向來(lái)看，以冷湖七號(hào)、南八仙軸線為界，各構(gòu)造帶東西兩側(cè)表現(xiàn)為反“S”型斜向扭動(dòng)特征，中間部位深部表現(xiàn)為正向擠壓逆沖，淺部廣泛發(fā)育張性斷裂，尤以冷湖七號(hào)、南八仙一帶最為發(fā)育。

剖面上，自北向南，第I排構(gòu)造帶以祁連山前向盆地內(nèi)部的基底卷入式疊瓦狀逆沖為特色，形成斷階構(gòu)造帶。地震剖面上生長(zhǎng)地層和斷裂活動(dòng)史揭示其形成時(shí)間為古始新世，是歐亞-印度兩大板塊碰撞作用下青藏高原北部地殼增厚的初始響應(yīng) (Yin anetal., 2002)。第Ⅱ排構(gòu)造帶出現(xiàn)深層擠壓反轉(zhuǎn)、淺層褶皺滑脫的構(gòu)造樣式，深淺褶皺不協(xié)調(diào)、高點(diǎn)不一致，主控?cái)嗔褍A向相反，在喜馬拉雅運(yùn)動(dòng)影響下，青藏高原整體北移，昆侖山向北持續(xù)擠壓，中生界形成的深部張性斷層發(fā)生反轉(zhuǎn)，淺層在下干柴溝組下段的軟弱巖層中發(fā)生滑脫。第Ⅲ排構(gòu)造帶深層表現(xiàn)為“兩斷夾一隆”的構(gòu)造樣式，淺層下干柴溝組上段及以上塑性地層在喜馬拉雅晚期強(qiáng)烈的擠壓作用下，向褶皺核部發(fā)生了流動(dòng)，致使加褶皺核部加厚且與第II排構(gòu)造帶一樣在下干柴溝組上段發(fā)生層間滑脫，盆地向北的推進(jìn)受到了祁連山的強(qiáng)烈阻擋，兩者共同作用促成了第Ⅲ排構(gòu)造帶的形成(圖2b)。

表1 柴北緣西段新生代沉積地層表Table 1 Cenozoic stratigraphic chart in west part of the Qaidam Basin

2 構(gòu)造演化與油氣成藏

2.1 構(gòu)造演化

生長(zhǎng)地層是指在前陸或山間盆地生長(zhǎng)構(gòu)造(如生長(zhǎng)逆斷裂-褶皺帶)翼部或頂部與褶皺構(gòu)造同時(shí)沉積的地層，是構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)與沉積作用同時(shí)進(jìn)行的產(chǎn)物(Suppeetal., 1992; 張廣良，2006；郭衛(wèi)星，2008)。生長(zhǎng)地層的發(fā)育及程度是對(duì)褶皺形成時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度的敏感響應(yīng)生長(zhǎng)地層序列在褶皺翼部具有楔狀狀態(tài)，即從背斜脊部至向斜軸部，厚度逐漸增大，而地層傾角逐漸變緩， 生長(zhǎng)地層中記錄了逆沖相關(guān)的褶皺作用過(guò)程。此外，斷裂發(fā)育期次也與構(gòu)造活動(dòng)緊密相關(guān)，斷裂上下盤地層厚度的差異以及斷裂斷穿層位等是斷裂活動(dòng)的直接記錄，可以很好地反映斷裂相關(guān)構(gòu)造如斷塊、斷背斜、斷鼻等構(gòu)造的發(fā)育的過(guò)程。綜上，通過(guò)精細(xì)標(biāo)定和解釋的地震剖面上生長(zhǎng)地層和斷裂的活動(dòng)情況可以很好地確定構(gòu)造發(fā)育的初始和定型時(shí)間。

但是，要通過(guò)地震剖面確定構(gòu)造發(fā)育的初始和定型時(shí)間，還要明確各套地層的底界年齡。關(guān)于柴北緣各套沉積地層底界的劃分和年齡，前人已經(jīng)做了大量工作，其中底界劃分依靠露頭、鉆井和地震所反映的不整合面、巖性、電性、古生物(主要為介形和孢粉組合)等(楊藩等，2006；王兆明等，2009；路晶芳等，2010；姜營(yíng)海等，2013)，年齡則依據(jù)古地磁、裂變徑跡、同位素等來(lái)確定(Rieseretal., 2006; 張躍中，2006；萬(wàn)景林等，2011；柯學(xué)等，2013)。本文地層底界年齡上干柴溝組采用孫知明2005年基于柴北緣大紅溝剖面古地磁和國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)年表進(jìn)行比對(duì)得出的年齡28.5 Ma～23.8Ma(Sun Z.M.etal.，2005)，其余地層采用Rieser等人2006年根據(jù)40Ar/39Ar得出的結(jié)果(Rieseretal., 2006a; 2006b)(表1)。

精細(xì)標(biāo)定的二、三維地震剖面真實(shí)反映了研究區(qū)各排構(gòu)造帶主要構(gòu)造生長(zhǎng)地層及斷裂活動(dòng)情況(圖3)，結(jié)合各套地層底界年齡，即可得出各構(gòu)造初始發(fā)育和定型的時(shí)間(表2)。從中我們不難看出，研究區(qū)構(gòu)造起始發(fā)育時(shí)間總體上呈現(xiàn)出縱向上北早、南晚的前展式演化特征，橫向上則具有弧形兩側(cè)早、中間晚的演化特點(diǎn)。

圖2 弧形構(gòu)造帶變形特征Fig.2 Deformation characteristics of arcuate structural belts in west part of the northern Qaidam Basin 1-山脈；2-地面構(gòu)造；3-斷裂；4-剖面位置；5-七個(gè)泉組；6-獅子溝組；7-上油砂山組；8-下油砂山組；9-上干柴溝組； 10-下干柴溝組上段；11-下干柴溝組下段；12-路樂河組；13-大煤溝組；14-小煤溝組1-mountain; 2-ground structure; 3-fault; 4-profile position; 5-Qigequan Formation;6-Shizigou Formation; 7-Shangyoushashan Formation; 8-Xiayoushashan Formation;9-Shangganchaigou Formation; 10-Upper Xiayoushanshan Formation; 11-Lower Xiag-anchaigou formation; 12-Lulehe Formation; 13-Dameigou Formation; 14-Xiaomeigou Formation

表2 柴北緣西段弧形構(gòu)造初始隆起時(shí)間表Table 2 Initial uplift time of arcuate structure in the west part of the northern Qaidam Basin

圖3 柴北緣西段弧形構(gòu)造初始隆起時(shí)間的沉積響應(yīng)Fig.3 Sediment response to initial uplift time of arcuate structure in the west part of the northern Qaidam Basin

表3 柴北緣西段主要生烴凹陷烴源巖演化史Table 3 Evolution history of source rocks in west part of northen Qaidam Basin

圖4 柴北緣西段弧形構(gòu)造帶含油氣系統(tǒng)事件(據(jù)注釋①修改)Fig.4 Hydrocarbon accumulation events of petroleum systems in arcuate structural belts,west part of the northern Qaidam Basin(after Note ①)

圖5 柴北緣西段弧形構(gòu)造帶構(gòu)造演化與油氣藏的耦合關(guān)系Fig.5 Coupling between tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation in arcuate structural belts of west part of northern Qaidam Basin 1-鉆井；2-地層代碼；3-油藏；4-氣藏；5-正斷層；6-逆斷層1-well position; 2-stratigraphic code; 3-oil reservoir; 4-gas reservoir; 5-normal fault; 6-thrust fault

2.2 油氣成藏

柴北緣西段弧形構(gòu)造群落具有豐富的油氣資源，是柴北緣已發(fā)現(xiàn)的主要的油氣分布區(qū)。以侏羅系烴源巖為主，分布在冷西、賽什騰、伊北、尕丘和魚卡等凹陷中。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)的油氣田均位于這幾個(gè)生烴凹陷的周緣，具有小凹控油、近源成藏的特點(diǎn)。前人研究成果顯示，受構(gòu)造沉降-抬升作用影響，各凹陷進(jìn)入生烴門限和生油高峰、生氣階段的時(shí)間并不一致，但除了魚卡凹陷由于受構(gòu)造抬升作用，至今仍處在未熟階段外，總體上都在漸新世-中新世期間進(jìn)入了生油高峰，在中新世-上新世進(jìn)入了生氣階段(馬立協(xié)，2006；萬(wàn)傳治，2006；張正剛，2006)(表3)。烴源巖演化及包裹體分析顯示柴北緣西段新生代以來(lái)發(fā)生過(guò)兩次成藏過(guò)程，時(shí)間分別為漸新世末期和上新世晚期(湯良杰，2000；高先志，2002；孫德強(qiáng)，2007；李明義等，2012；方世虎，2013；付鎖堂，2014；田繼先，2014)。漸新世末期，柴北緣西段第I排構(gòu)造帶的平臺(tái)、九龍山及第Ⅱ排構(gòu)造帶兩側(cè)冷湖三號(hào)、南八仙、馬北地區(qū)的圈閉已經(jīng)形成并且具有一定的規(guī)模，可以提供有效的儲(chǔ)存空間。這時(shí)候侏羅系烴源巖進(jìn)入了生油階段，源圈配置良好，早期斷裂及不整合面為油的側(cè)向和垂向運(yùn)移也提供了條件，三者相結(jié)合，在第I排構(gòu)造帶及第II排構(gòu)造帶的兩側(cè)部位形成了早期油藏。之后，油氣運(yùn)聚過(guò)程持續(xù)進(jìn)行，伴隨冷湖四、五號(hào)構(gòu)造的隆起，形成了冷湖四、五號(hào)油藏。上新世末，各凹陷烴源巖熱演化達(dá)到高-過(guò)成熟階段，以生氣為主，主要充注對(duì)象是第Ⅱ排構(gòu)造帶中間部位的冷湖六、七號(hào)和第III排構(gòu)造帶的晚期構(gòu)造圈閉，同時(shí)在第Ⅰ排和第Ⅱ排相對(duì)較早的圈閉中也有充注。此外，由于中新世喜馬拉雅中幕構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)形成的斷層在一定程度上破壞了早期的構(gòu)造圈閉系統(tǒng)。因而早期的油藏發(fā)生了調(diào)整，于是形成了早期構(gòu)造多為油藏、氣藏同生，原生、次生并存，晚期構(gòu)造多為原生且純氣藏的格局，構(gòu)造演化與油氣成藏緊密耦合(圖4，圖5)。

縱觀整個(gè)弧形構(gòu)造群落，各弧兩側(cè)部位新生代以來(lái)多發(fā)育三角洲沉積體系，生儲(chǔ)蓋配置優(yōu)于弧形中間部位，且各弧兩側(cè)形成時(shí)間相對(duì)較早，具有繼承性發(fā)育的古構(gòu)造背景，是油氣運(yùn)移的長(zhǎng)期指向，更有利于兩次關(guān)鍵成藏期油氣的聚集，下一步研究區(qū)油氣勘探應(yīng)該圍繞弧形構(gòu)造帶兩側(cè)的古構(gòu)造發(fā)育區(qū)展開。

3 結(jié)論

柴北緣西段是由一系列沿造山帶前緣展布的弧形沖斷裂和褶皺組成的弧形構(gòu)造帶，晚新生代構(gòu)造發(fā)育期次具有自山前向盆內(nèi)擴(kuò)展，東西兩側(cè)向中間傳播的特點(diǎn)，油氣運(yùn)聚與構(gòu)造演化過(guò)程之間緊密耦合；各弧兩側(cè)的古構(gòu)造發(fā)育區(qū)儲(chǔ)層發(fā)育，古構(gòu)造背景有利于油氣運(yùn)聚，是下一步勘探的有利方向。

[注釋]

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Evolution History and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process of the Late Cenozoic Arcuate Tectonic Zone in the West Section of the Northern Margin of Qaidam Basin

MA Xin-min1,2, LIU Chi-yang1, LUO Jin-hai1, CHEN Da-you1, ZHANG Jian-kui3

(1.StakeKeyLaboratoryofContinentalDynamics(NorthwestUniversity),DepartmentofGeology,NorthwestUniversity,Xi’an,Shaanxi710069; 2.NorthwestBranch,ResearchInstituteofPetroleumExplorationandDevelopment,Petrochina,Lanzhou,Gansu730020; 3.Changqingoilfield,Petrochina,Xi’an,Shaanxi710069)

In a long time,“Resverse-S type structural system”model was used to interprete formation mechanism of the late Cenozoic structural deformation in west part of the northern Qaidam Basin. It paid much emphasis on strike-slip effect of Altyn fault, but ignored overall tectonic background of extrusion and contraction in the late Cenozoic. Based on the data from field outcrop, drilling well and seismic interpretation, combined with analysis on the paleogeography and tectonic evolution, this paper put forward the new understanding of arcshaped deformation in west part of the northen Qaidam basin and discussed its formation mechanism and hydrocarbon accumulation in detail. It draw the conclusion as follows: (1) Arcshaped thrust faults and folds make up the late Cenozoic arcuate structural belts in the west part of the northern Qaidam Basin, recent “Reverse-S type”distribution on the plan is the result of the modification of arcshaped structural belts due to the differential sliding of basement fault. (2) Bedrock uplift, basement faults and thickness difference of sedimentary cover are the main control factors for formation mechanism of late Cenozoic arcuate structural belts. (3) Tectonic evolution has the characteristics of extending from edge to abdomen and spreading from both sides to middle. (4) it is paleostructure located at both sides of arcuate structural belts that would be the favorable exploration areas.

arcuate structural belt,structural deformation,hydrocarbon accumulation,Qaidam basin

2015-07-26；

2016-01-27；[責(zé)任編輯]陳偉軍。

國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)(2011ZX05007-006)和中國(guó)石油天然氣股份有限公司重大科技項(xiàng)目(2011E-0301)聯(lián)合資助。

馬新民(1980年-)，男，博士研究生，主要從事含油氣構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)研究。E-mail: xinmin_ma@126.com。

P618.130.2+1

A

0495-5331(2016)02-0316-11

Ma Xin-min, Liu Chi-yang, Luo Jin-hai, Chen Da-you, Zhang Jian-kui. Evolution history and hydrocarbon accumulation process of Late Cenozoic arcuate tectonic zone in the west section of the northern margin of Qaidam Basin[J]. Geology and Exploration, 2016,52(2):0316-0326