高考動詞和動詞短語概略

繆運霖+崔前道

動詞描述關(guān)鍵的事件和動作，是敘事表意的核心，在單句及語篇理解中都起著無可替代的作用，因而分析一個句子時應(yīng)首先明確其中的動詞（謂語動詞和非謂語動詞）。例如，2016年全國II卷閱讀理解C篇中的這句話“Then the person leaves it in a public place， hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.”該句共有“l(fā)eaves”“hoping”“will have”“traveling”“finds”5個動詞，只要明確這5個動詞在句中的地位，該句的理解便化難為易了?！皌he person leaves it in a public place”是主句，“hoping that ...”為非謂語動詞短語作狀語，表示伴隨狀況，其中hope帶有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，該從句中含有一個作狀語的非謂語動詞短語“traveling ...”，且“each new reader”帶有who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。據(jù)此，該句可理解為“然后，這個人把書放在一處公共場所，希望它會經(jīng)歷一次冒險，隨發(fā)現(xiàn)它的每一位讀者去各處旅行?！?/p>

在高考命題中，動詞的各種形式一貫都是考查的重點，主要涉及動詞和動詞短語、情態(tài)動詞、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、虛擬語氣和非謂語動詞等。本文將討論動詞和動詞短語在高考命題中的主要考點。

我們不僅要在閱讀理解中準(zhǔn)確定位動詞和動詞短語的作用，理解長難句，以完成閱讀理解題，更要完成設(shè)置于完形填空、語法填空、單項填空（2016年設(shè)置這種題型的有北京、天津、浙江、江蘇4份試卷）、短文改錯等題型中有關(guān)動詞和動詞短語的考查項目。

一、動詞和動詞短語在完形填空中的考查

我們先來探討一下2016年三份全國卷中“動詞和動詞短語”考點的具體情況（保留原題號）。根據(jù)三份全國卷的題型特點，動詞和動詞短語的考點主要分布在完形填空中，具體情況見下表：

【考例1】2016年全國I卷完形填空

One morning in 2009， Larry was 41

along I65 north ... Larry pulled over， set the brake and 47 the fire extinguisher （滅火器）. Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was put out.

The man who had his bright lights on 48

and told Larry he had 49 an emergency call... 51 the vehicle， they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window. … she thought the car was going to 54 .

Once fire and emergency people arrived， Larry and the other man 56 and let them go to work.

41. A. walking B. touring

C.traveling D.rushing

47. A. got hold of B. prepared

C. took charge of D. controlled

48. A. came down B. came through

C. came in D. came over

49. A. returned B. received

C. made D. confirmed

51. A. Starting B. Parking C. Passing D. Approaching

54. A. explode B. slip away C. fall apart D. crash

56. A. stepped forward B. backed off C. moved on D. set out

解析：41. C。開篇交代故事發(fā)生的時間、地點。Larry正駕車沿著I65號公路往北行駛，故用travel。

47. A。當(dāng)Larry注意到路邊被毀的車下面竄出火苗時，靠邊停車，拉好手剎，拿出滅火器，開始滅火。get hold of意為“找到（所需東西），拿著，握著”，與語境相吻合。prepare意為“準(zhǔn)備”，與Larry停車、拉手剎的動作銜接不上，take charge of“負責(zé)，掌管”，control“控制”均與語境不符。

48. D。49. C。這時候?qū)④嚵林鬅舻娜诉^來（come over）告訴Larry他已經(jīng)打過急救電話。come down“下降，降低”，come through“（重病后）康復(fù)”，come in“進來，參與，參加討論”?！按螂娫挕笔莔ake a call。

51. D。根據(jù)“They 50 （then） heard a womans voice coming from the wrecked vehicle”，聽到女子的聲音，于是他們靠近（approach）那輛車，看見一個女子正試圖從破碎的車窗爬出來。

54. A。那個女子“以為車要爆炸（explode）”。slip away“悄然離開”；fall apart“破碎，崩潰”；crash“撞車，墜毀”均不符合題意。

56. B。當(dāng)消防人員和急救人員趕到現(xiàn)場時，Larry和另外那個人便往后退（back off），讓他們?nèi)ナ┚?。step forward“向前邁一步”；move on“繼續(xù)前進”；set out“出發(fā)”均不符合題意。

【考例2】2016年全國II卷完形填空

Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device （裝置） on your desk. And theyve never actually 41 you. Everything they know about you 42 through this device， sometimes from hundreds of miles away ...

... But her cold voice really 48 me. I sometimes wished to 49 another agent.

One morning， I had to 50 an immediate flight home for a family emergency ... The woman sitting at the desk， 52 my madness， sympathetically jumped up.

41. A. accepted B. noticed

C. heard D. met

42. A. came B. moved C. ran D. developed

48. A. annoyed B. interested

C. discouraged D. confused

49. A. promote B. train C. find D. know

50. A. arrange B. postpone

C. confirm D. book

52. A. expecting B. seeing

C. testing D. avoiding

解析：41. D。根據(jù)“Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device（裝置） on your desk.”及“Rani， my faceless agent whom Id never met ...”可知，作者是說“他們事實上從未見過你”，故選D。

42. A。該句承接上文，意為“他們所了解的你的一切都是通過這個小小裝置（電話）才有的”。此處come意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)”，故選A。

48. A。49. C。第二段中“我”對這位旅行代理冷淡的聲音很是不悅，因而有時希望另找一位代理。

50. D?！拔摇币蚣抑屑笔滦枰⒓搭A(yù)訂機票回家。

52. B。“我”這一次沒有電話聯(lián)系，而是第一次跑進Rani的辦公室去面洽訂票事宜，所以才有Rani看到“我”著急上火的樣子。

【考例3】2016年全國III卷完形填空

That meant 41 Miller King， ...

That season， I 46 all of Millers records while he 47 the home games from the bench.

One afternoon， I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller 50 going over a fence … I 53 him move slowly over the fence.

... I was right to have 59 him ...

41. A. cheering for B. beating out

C. relying on D. staying with

46. A. held B. broke

C. set D. tried

47. A. reported B. judged

C. organized D. watched

50. A. stuck B. hurt

C. tired D. lost

53. A. let B. helped

C. had D. noticed

59. A. challenged B. cured

C. invited D. admired

解析：41. B。 要想成為校足球隊的明星就意味著要打?。╞eat out）Miller King這位最出色的足球運動員。cheer for“為……喝彩”；rely on“依賴，信賴”；stay with“和……待在一起”均不符合題意。

46. B。47. D。那個賽季“我”打破了（break）Miller的所有記錄，而他只能坐在運動員休息區(qū)看（watch）主場比賽。

50. A。Miller失去右臂，因而很難翻過圍欄。此處stuck為動詞stick的-ed形式作saw的賓語補足語，表示“我”看見Miller翻越圍欄時被卡住了。句中“going over a fence ...”作狀語。

53. B?！拔摇睅椭鶰iller慢慢地翻過了圍欄，故用help。

59. D。該句位于結(jié)尾部分，呼應(yīng)前文，表示“我欽佩（admire）Miller是對的”。

二、動詞和動詞短語主要考點

1.動詞的考點主要涉及連系動詞、及物動詞和不及物動詞等基礎(chǔ)語法知識。首先，應(yīng)從其詞義入手學(xué)習(xí)動詞的相關(guān)知識，將掌握動詞的基本詞義作為第一要務(wù)，然而，要在文章中準(zhǔn)確地敲定合適的措辭，最為關(guān)鍵的還是緊密結(jié)合文本語境，切忌斷章取義。在完形填空中，尤其要明確認識作者的措辭都是為中心服務(wù)的，命題者通常依據(jù)這一點設(shè)置干擾項。有時將某一句話從文中抽取出來極有可能不止一個選項正確。學(xué)生只有將該空缺置于文章當(dāng)中，充分理解作者的行文邏輯，才能確定唯一答案。如上述全國II卷第41小題“theyve never actually 41 you”，第48小題“her cold voice really 48 me”。如果孤立地看這兩句話就遠不止一個詞可用了。假如學(xué)生片面地理解了這兩句話，選錯也是自然的事。

單句的考查也是如此。

【考例1】 When the time came to make the final decision for a course， I decided to apply for the one that ________ my interest.（2016年浙江卷）

A. limited B. reserved

C. reflected D. spoiled

解析：C?！皌hat reflected my interest”為定語從句修飾“the one”，意即“反映我的興趣的課程”，根據(jù)文本語境可知選C。

【考例2】He did not _______ easily， but was willing to accept any constructive advice for a worthy cause. （2016年江蘇卷）

A. approach B. wrestle

C. compromise D. communicate

解析：C。根據(jù)文本語境“他不輕易妥協(xié)，但為了值得付出的事業(yè)他樂于接受任何建設(shè)性的建議”，可知選compromise與accept相對應(yīng)，連詞but是理解的關(guān)鍵。

其次，要理解動詞的分類及用法。動詞按其句法功能分為主動詞和助動詞（助動詞在時態(tài)和語態(tài)、情態(tài)動詞中講解）。大多數(shù)的主動詞都是“兩棲類”。下面從動詞的分類講解相關(guān)的考查重點。

①理解連系動詞。

連系動詞表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、身份等，有be，look，seem，appear，smell，sound，feel，keep，remain等，或主語性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的變化，有become，get，grow，turn，prove，go等。其中大多數(shù)是“兩棲類”，既可作連系動詞也可作實義動詞。

These oranges taste nice.

Ive got a cold so I cant taste what Im eating.

②理解及物動詞與不及物動詞。

不及物動詞后面接介詞或副詞，變成動詞短語后則有可能是及物動詞。

大多數(shù)動詞既可作及物動詞也可作不及物動詞。

Hes learning how to play the flute.

The child is learning quickly.

既可以接單賓語也可以接雙賓語。

I need to buy some new clothes.

Eds parents bought that new computer for him. They bought him that new computer.

既可以接賓語也可以接復(fù)合賓語。

I cant find my cell phone.

I find it difficult to learn English well.

【考例】 My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich ...（2016年全國I卷，短文改錯）

解析：句中dream作及物動詞時只接that從句，不然則是不及物動詞，如果接名詞、代詞、動詞-ing形式應(yīng)在其后加上介詞of/about，構(gòu)成動詞短語。

2. 動詞短語即動詞與其他詞類（多為介詞和副詞）搭配所構(gòu)成的固定詞組。在選擇題中考查時多半出現(xiàn)相同的動詞與不同的介詞/副詞搭配，或者相同的介詞/副詞與不同的動詞搭配，或動詞和后面所接的介詞/副詞無一相同。復(fù)習(xí)過程中應(yīng)特別鞏固記憶高中階段所學(xué)的常用動詞短語的含義。動詞短語的常見搭配有以下三大類：

①動詞+介詞。如ask for“請求，征求”，look into“調(diào)查”，fall off“掉下來”等。此類動詞短語相當(dāng)于及物動詞，其后需接賓語。相似的結(jié)構(gòu)如“動詞（+賓語）+介詞”“動詞+名詞+介詞（+賓語）”“動詞+反身代詞+介詞”也可以歸入此類，如inform sb of sth“告知某人某事”，take care of“照顧”，devote oneself to“專心于，致力于”等。

②動詞+副詞。此類動詞短語可以相當(dāng)于及物動詞，如call up“打電話給某人”，也可以相當(dāng)于不及物動詞，如come out“出版”。相當(dāng)于及物動詞時，如果賓語是名詞，則賓語的位置可以在動詞短語中間，也可以在動詞短語之后；但賓語為代詞時，該代詞只能位于動詞短語中間。

He called up his travel agent. = He called his travel agent up.

He called her up.

③動詞+副詞+介詞。此類動詞短語相當(dāng)于及物動詞，其后需接賓語。如put up with“忍受”，look forward to“期盼”，be fed up with“厭倦”，keep/catch up with“跟上，趕上”等。

【考例1】 Many businesses started up by college students have _______ thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation. （2016年江蘇卷）

A. fallen off B. taken off

C. turned off D. left off

解析：B。根據(jù)“thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation”可知，許多大學(xué)生創(chuàng)辦的企業(yè)已經(jīng)獲得了成功，故用take off。

【考例2】Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she _______ her opinion on the subject. （2016年天津卷）

A. gave voice to B. Kept an eye on

C. turned a deaf ear to D. set foot on

解析：A。根據(jù)“silent during the early part of the discussion”，以及連接前后分句的連詞but可知，Mary最終說出了自己的觀點，give voice to意為“表達（想法等）”。

【考例3】Im going to ________ advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle. （2016年天津卷）

A. put B. make

C. take D. give

解析：C。本題考查take advantage of“利用”，故本題選C。

【考例4】I hate it when she calls me at work — Im always too busy to _________ a conversation with her. （2016年天津卷）

A. carry on B. break into

C. turn down D. cut off

解析：A?！癱arry on a conversation”相當(dāng)于“have a conversation”，故選carry on“進行，繼續(xù)做”。

三、提優(yōu)訓(xùn)練

（一）選詞填空

1. The two things that _______ your life are the people you meet and books you read.

2. If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—_______ advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.

3. Lead poisoning has _______ more difficult to deal with.

4. If students _______ administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern， they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.

5. They have a different kind of superpower that all of us _______： the power to make a difference in the lives of others.

6. The team are working hard to ______ the problem so that they can find the best solution.

7. Dont worry. Im sure your missing glasses will turn ______ sooner or later.

8. If steel is heavier than water， why are ships able to______ on the sea？

9. Tom had to turn ______ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.

10. See， your computer has broken down again！ It doesnt ______ sense to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars.

（二）語法填空

Have you ever had trouble 1 （sleep） in a new place？ Lots of people do. Researchers found that one-half of the brain remains 2 （wake） than the other half when people are trying to sleep in a new place. This appears a case of the brain 3 （keep） people ready for trouble in a new place.

The researchers 4 （measure） brain waves for 35 volunteers over two nights in a lab. The two nights 5 （be） a week apart. They found during the first night the left side of the brain was more active than the right side.

Researchers did not keep measuring brain waves all night long. So they dont know if the left side keeps “watch” all night， or 6 it works in shifts （輪班） with the right side later in the night. They also dont know why the extra brain activity is always 7 the left side.

For some， this research may be calming. It is good to know that our brain is looking out

8 us in a new place. But it may not help with sleep. That extra brain activity makes 9

harder to get the sleep people need to wake up well 10 （rest） in the morning.