有關(guān)構(gòu)詞法在高考中的那些事

名金倉(cāng)

在《考試大綱》的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表中，構(gòu)詞法名列其中。構(gòu)詞法包括合成法、派生法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、縮寫(xiě)和簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)，是高考頻繁考查的考點(diǎn)?？忌趥淇贾行枰`活掌握好相關(guān)知識(shí)，明確命題規(guī)律，努力提高自己的應(yīng)用能力。

根據(jù)以上表格可知，三年來(lái)構(gòu)詞法一直是語(yǔ)法填空試題的必考點(diǎn)，因此備考時(shí)需要突出針對(duì)性和實(shí)效性，努力夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。

一、合成法

合成法是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞按一定的規(guī)則合成一個(gè)新詞的方法。這樣的詞被稱(chēng)為合成詞。

【考例1】（單句改錯(cuò)）On my recent visit， I held a lively three-months-old twin that had been rejected by its mother.（2016年全國(guó)I卷，語(yǔ)法填空改編）

解析：three-months-old改為three-month-old。在帶有連字符的復(fù)合形容詞中，名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。

【考例2】（單句改錯(cuò)）Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-years-old Shelly Ann as a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginning of true greatness.（2016年江蘇卷，閱讀理解改編）

解析：eighteen-years-old改為eighteen-year-old。在題干中，eighteen-years-old使用錯(cuò)誤，中間的名詞years應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。

【知識(shí)鏈接】各種形式的合成詞：

（一）合成形容詞

（二）合成名詞

（三）其他形式的合成詞

二、派生法

派生法是在詞根上添加后綴或前綴來(lái)變成新單詞的方法，這樣構(gòu)成的單詞被稱(chēng)為派生詞。添加后綴往往改變?cè)~性，而添加前綴往往改變?cè)~義。

【考例1】But for tourists like me， pandas are its top 61 （attract）.（2016年全國(guó)I卷）

解析：attraction。根據(jù)空前的定語(yǔ)可知，空格處應(yīng)該填寫(xiě)提示詞的名詞形式。

【考例2】 Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks

47 （regular）.（2016年全國(guó)II卷）

解析：regularly。 空格處在句中作狀語(yǔ)，用于修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，故填提示詞的副詞形式。

【知識(shí)鏈接】各種形式的派生詞：

（一）添加后綴構(gòu)成的形容詞派生詞

（二）添加后綴構(gòu)成的名詞派生詞

（三）添加后綴構(gòu)成的副詞和動(dòng)詞派生詞

（四）添加前綴構(gòu)成的派生詞

三、轉(zhuǎn)化法

轉(zhuǎn)化法指的是單詞在詞形不變的情況下，由一種詞性直接轉(zhuǎn)換為另外一種詞性的方法。

四、縮寫(xiě)和簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)

縮寫(xiě)和簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)是通過(guò)縮寫(xiě)或簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)的形式來(lái)構(gòu)成單詞的方法，通常被稱(chēng)為縮略法。

五、能力訓(xùn)練

（一）單句改錯(cuò)

1. When the teacher asks us very difficulty questions， Ill think quickly and stand up to answer.

2. The fruits are small in size， but juicy and taste.

3. On the left-hand side of the class， I could easy see the football field.

4. Dont panic or get out of line， and try to remain quiet and calmly.

5. After waiting for half an hour， I was beginning to get impatiently.

6. Whenever I think of the old days， I feel very happily.

7. I think that really friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests.

8. To my joy， the teachers here are kind and helpfully.

9. No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.

10. I was really disappointing and about to leave when he walked out of a building.

（二）單句填空

1. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ________（gradual） turned into chopsticks.

2. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius influenced the________（develop） of chopsticks.

3. Chinese scientists________（recent） had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.

4. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat

（slow） during cool nights，thus warning the house.

5. Abercrombie & Kent， a travel company in Hong Kong， says it________（regular） arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

6. ________（lucky）， he also had a cow which produced milk every day.

7. I named them “cookies” because I always feel that children can bring great happiness and________（excite） to my life.

8. The river was so polluted that it ________（actual） caught fire and burned.

9. My first football________（compete） was in Nagoya， Japan several years ago.

10. The ________（fail） was a big blow to him， but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.

（三）語(yǔ)法填空

Hope is what makes ones life move forward. Setting goals for oneself is fine， but they are impossible to reach 1 hope. Many people believe that hope is what creates disappointment. What 2 sad belief that is！ In reality， hope provides one with the ability to see success in ones mind 3 the strength needed to be 4 （appropriate） focused on reaching ones goals.

Hope provides one with trust and gives one optimistic spirit. Hope does not create 5

（disappoint）， but expectations do. For when one expects， one unconsciously narrows ones focus. Disappointment 6 （create） by causing one to feel pessimistic about failure， 7 （patient） with new fears and challenges when ones limited 8 （able） to achieve goals goes away completely. Hope brings ones focus on achieving goals into broader view， 9 （allow） one to see new fears and challenges and helping one to prepare for 10 .