張文忠,凌 杰,徐 斌,邱 偉,王永兵
上海市浦東新區(qū)人民醫(yī)院普通外科,上海 201200
血管生成擬態(tài)與大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)性探究
張文忠,凌 杰,徐 斌,邱 偉,王永兵
上海市浦東新區(qū)人民醫(yī)院普通外科,上海 201200
目的 探討血管生成擬態(tài)(vasculogenicmimicry,VM)與大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)性。方法 應(yīng)用免疫組織化學(xué)方法檢測(cè)115例大腸癌(其中伴肝轉(zhuǎn)移25例,無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移90例)組織中的VM;并隨訪觀察這些患者術(shù)后2年有無(wú)癌復(fù)發(fā)和肝轉(zhuǎn)移。結(jié)果 伴肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌患者癌組織中有64.0%VM陽(yáng)性,無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移組僅26.7%VM陽(yáng)性。無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移組患者術(shù)后2年內(nèi)癌復(fù)發(fā)(P=0.0003)和肝轉(zhuǎn)移(P<0.0003)發(fā)生與VM生成相關(guān)。結(jié)論 VM與大腸癌復(fù)發(fā)和肝轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)。
大腸癌;血管生成擬態(tài);肝轉(zhuǎn)移
美國(guó)Iowas大學(xué)Maniotis等[1]于1999年發(fā)現(xiàn)人眼葡萄膜黑色素瘤細(xì)胞可以通過(guò)自身變形,模擬血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,形成類(lèi)似血管的可運(yùn)輸血液的管道體系,并通過(guò)與宿主血管相連,為腫瘤提供血液。這種不依賴(lài)機(jī)體內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的全新腫瘤血管生成模式,定義為“血管生成擬態(tài)(vasculogenicmimicry,VM)”。VM具有微循環(huán)功能,與血管相比其最大生理特征為不含內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞襯覆。VM經(jīng)PAS染色呈陽(yáng)性。VM可與腫瘤邊緣的靜脈相連。VM主要存在于高侵襲性腫瘤組織中[2-6],如隨著研究的深入陸續(xù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)存在于大腸癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、炎性乳癌、惡性膠質(zhì)瘤、骨肉瘤、前列腺癌、肉瘤、膽囊癌[6-17]。
大腸癌是人類(lèi)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,在我國(guó)發(fā)病率和死亡率居第5位[18-19]。遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移是導(dǎo)致大腸癌患者死亡的最重要原因,其中肝臟是遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的主要靶器官。肝轉(zhuǎn)移是晚期大腸癌及經(jīng)手術(shù)切除原發(fā)灶后大腸癌患者的最主要死因[20]。大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移主要通過(guò)癌細(xì)胞沿門(mén)靜脈系統(tǒng)回流,經(jīng)血流轉(zhuǎn)移至肝臟[21-22]。現(xiàn)有報(bào)道表明,VM不僅與腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移等相關(guān),而且與疾病預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān)[23-24]。但VM與大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系目前尚不明確。本研究通過(guò)檢測(cè)大腸癌癌組織中VM,分析與肝轉(zhuǎn)移及術(shù)后2年復(fù)發(fā)及肝轉(zhuǎn)移情況,以探討大腸癌組織VM與其肝轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系。
1.1 患者與標(biāo)本
本研究收集115例經(jīng)手術(shù)病理確診的大腸癌患者。其中,伴肝轉(zhuǎn)移25例,男13例,女12例,平均年齡(54.24±15.04)歲;無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移90例,男42例,女48例,平均年齡(55.80±12.72)歲。兩組年齡、性別差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。分別收集這些患者的癌組織樣本,用于VM檢測(cè)。跟蹤記錄這些患者2年中的疾病進(jìn)展、臨床癥狀和病理狀態(tài)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 組織芯片制作
將標(biāo)本組織填入蠟塊中,于56℃烤箱中反復(fù)熔凝使組織與蠟塊成為一體。之后將組織蠟塊固定在切片機(jī)上,以4μm厚度連續(xù)切片,選取組織完整的切片備用。
1.2.2 CD31/PAS免疫組織化學(xué)染色
將組織切片置于60℃烤箱中烘烤1 h。利用二甲苯和梯度酒精脫蠟和水化。以3%過(guò)氧化氫滅活內(nèi)源性過(guò)氧化物酶。用檸檬酸鹽溶液(pH值6.0)于98℃修復(fù)抗原15m in。以適當(dāng)濃度兔抗人CD31抗體(Abcam)于4℃孵育過(guò)夜,之后用適當(dāng)濃度山羊抗兔二抗(Abcam)于室溫孵育25m in。DAB顯色至顯微鏡下血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞著色后,用水沖洗1~2m in以終止反應(yīng)。利用0.5%過(guò)碘酸溶液還原10m in,之后用Shiff堿液中染色30m in。蘇木素復(fù)染3m in后用氨水返藍(lán),并流水沖洗以及如HE染色中所示進(jìn)行脫水、透明、封固。
VM染色判定:VM特征結(jié)構(gòu)為腫瘤細(xì)胞圍成的血管樣結(jié)構(gòu),CD31染色陰性,PAS染色陽(yáng)性。當(dāng)整個(gè)組織PAS不顯色或顯色不清或<5%細(xì)胞為PAS染色陽(yáng)性記為VM陰性,否則為VM陽(yáng)性。
1.2.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
2.1 癌組織VM
VM陽(yáng)性表現(xiàn)為CD31染色陰性而PAS染色陽(yáng)性的管網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu),見(jiàn)圖1。25例大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移組中16例(64.0%)VM陽(yáng)性,而90例大腸癌非肝轉(zhuǎn)移組24例(26.7%)VM陽(yáng)性,大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移組癌組織VM陽(yáng)性率明顯高于無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移組(P=0.000 5)[1],見(jiàn)表1。
表1 大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移和無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者癌組織的VM Tab.1 VM of colorectal cancers with and without liver metastases
2.2 無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌患者復(fù)發(fā)與VM相關(guān)性
對(duì)90例無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移的大腸癌患者進(jìn)行2年跟蹤隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),其中24例VM陽(yáng)性者有18例(75.0%)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),66例VM陰性患者復(fù)發(fā)僅21例(31.8%)。無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌VM陽(yáng)性患者復(fù)發(fā)率顯著高于VM陰性患者(P=0.000 3)。表明,無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌患者腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)與VM相關(guān),見(jiàn)表2。
圖1 大腸癌組織VM檢測(cè)CD31/PAS免疫組化染色(×400)Fig.1 Immunohistochemical staining of CD31/PAS in colorectal cancer tissues(×400)
表2 無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌患者腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)與VM相關(guān)性Tab.2 Correlation of recurrence with VM formation in colorectal cancers without liver metastases
2.3 無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌患者肝轉(zhuǎn)移與VM相關(guān)性
同時(shí)對(duì)90例無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移的大腸癌患者進(jìn)行2年跟蹤隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),其中24例VM陽(yáng)性者有18例(75.0%)發(fā)生肝轉(zhuǎn)移,66例VM陰性患者肝轉(zhuǎn)移僅18例(27.3%)。無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌VM陽(yáng)性患者術(shù)后肝轉(zhuǎn)移率顯著高于VM陰性患者(P=0.000 1)。表明,無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌患者術(shù)后發(fā)生肝轉(zhuǎn)移與VM相關(guān)(χ2=16.70,P<0.000 1),見(jiàn)表3。
表3 大腸癌患者術(shù)后肝轉(zhuǎn)移與VM相關(guān)性Tab.3 Correlation of liver metastases with VM formation after operation for colorectal cancers
癌細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移是腫瘤惡性程度的重要表現(xiàn),包括黏附、基質(zhì)降解與遷移多個(gè)步驟[20]。隨著腫瘤的進(jìn)展,約80%大腸癌患者最終發(fā)展為肝轉(zhuǎn)移并導(dǎo)致死亡[20]。大量研究表明,VM陽(yáng)性的多種癌細(xì)胞可明顯上調(diào)細(xì)胞黏附、基質(zhì)降解和信號(hào)傳遞相關(guān)分子的表達(dá),如血管上皮鈣黏附素(VE-cadherin)、促紅素人肝細(xì)胞受體酪氨酸激酶A2 (EphA2)、金屬蛋白酶等,并顯著降低金屬蛋白組織抑制劑(TIMP)尤其是TIMP2表達(dá)[2-5,21]。然而,VM與大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性尚不清楚。
為探究VM與大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性,本研究通過(guò)免疫組化分析115例大腸癌癌組織中VM,并調(diào)查隨訪2年中患者復(fù)發(fā)和肝轉(zhuǎn)移情況。結(jié)果術(shù)前肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者癌組織中VM陽(yáng)性比例顯著高于非肝轉(zhuǎn)移組(P=0.000 5);術(shù)前無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者中,大約26.7%患者癌組織VM陽(yáng)性,而這些患者術(shù)后2年腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)比例達(dá)75.0%,且全部伴有肝轉(zhuǎn)移。由此可見(jiàn),VM與大腸癌惡性程度呈正比。術(shù)前無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移的VM陰性患者,術(shù)后2年內(nèi)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)比例為31.8%,肝轉(zhuǎn)移27.3%;無(wú)肝轉(zhuǎn)移大腸癌患者術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)與肝轉(zhuǎn)移與癌組織VM顯著相關(guān)(P=0.000 3 和P<0.000 1),與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致。本研究表明,大腸癌組織VM在一定程度上預(yù)示患者的預(yù)后不良[24-25]。由于VM與大腸癌等腫瘤的惡性程度相關(guān),故可作為潛在的癌癥藥物治療靶點(diǎn)[26-27]。對(duì)VM的深入研究可能為腫瘤的治療和臨床預(yù)后提供依據(jù)。
[1]Maniotis AJ,F(xiàn)olberg R,Hess A,et al.Vascular channel formation by human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro:vasculogenic mimicry[J].Am JPathol,1999,155(3):739-752.
[2]Paulis YM,Soetekouw PM,Verheul HM,et al.Signalling pathways in vascullogenic mimicry[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2010,1806(1):18-28.
[3]Qiao LL,Liang N,Zhang JD,et al.Advanced research on vasculogenic mimicry in cancer[J].JCell Mol Med,2015,19 (2):315-326.
[4]Spiliopoulos K,Peschos D,Batistatou A,et al.Vasculogenic mimicry:lessons from melanocytic tumors[J].In Vivo,2015,29 (3):309-317.
[5]Folberg R,Maniotis AJ.Vasculogenic m im icry[J].APM IS,2004,112(7-8):508-525.
[6]Hao X,Sun B,Zhang S,et al. Microarray study of vasculogenic mimicry in bi-directional differentiation malignant tumor[J].Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi,2002,82(19):1298-1302.
[7]Baeten CI,Hillen F,Pauwels P,et al.Prognostic role of vasculogenic mimicry in colorectal cancer[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2009,52(12):2028-2035.
[8]Li Y,Sun B,Zhao X,et al.Subpopulations of uPAR+ contribute to vasculogenic mimicry and metastasis in large cell lung cancer[J].Exp MolPathol,2015,98(2):136-144.
[9]Sood AK,Seftor EA,F(xiàn)letcher MS,et al. Molecular determinants of ovarian cancer plasticity[J].Am JPathol,2001,158(4):1279-1288.
[10]Tu DG,Yu Y,Lee CH,et al.Hinokitiol inhibits vasculogenic mimicry activity of breast cancer stem/progenitor cells through proteasome-mediated degradation of epidermal grow th factor receptor[J].Oncol Lett,2016,11(4):2934-2940.
[11]Shirakawa K,Wakasugi H,Heike Y,et al.Vasculogenic mimicry and pseudo-comedo formation in breast cancer[J].Int JCancer,2002,99(6):821-828.
[12]Mao JM,Liu J,Guo G,et al.Glioblastoma vasculogenic mimicry:signaling pathways progression and potential anti-angiogenesis targets[J].Biomark Res,2015,18(3):8-17.
[13]Cai Xuansong,Jia Yongw ei,M ei Jiong,et al.Tumor blood vessels formation in osteosarcoma:vasculogenesism im icry[J]. Chin JMed,2004,117(1):94-98.
[14]Luo F,Yang K,Liu RL,et al.Formation of vasculogenic mimicry in bone metastasis of prostate cancer:correlation with cell apoptosis and senescence regulation pathways[J].Pathol Res Pract,2014,210(5):291-295. [15]Ahmadi SA,Moinfar M,GohariMoghaddam K,etal.Practical application of angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry in prostatic adenocarcinoma[J].Arch Iran Med,2010,13(6):498-503.
[16]Sharma N,Seftor RE,Seftor EA,et al.Prostatic tumor cell plasticity involves cooperative interactions of distinct phenotypic subpopulations:role in vasculogenic mim icry[J]. Prostate,2002,50(3):189-201.
[17]范躍祖,孫偉,張文忠,等.原發(fā)性膽囊癌患者腫瘤血管生成擬態(tài)及其臨床意義[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2007,87(3):145-149.
[18]陳萬(wàn)青,鄭榮壽,張思維.2012年中國(guó)惡性腫瘤發(fā)病和死亡分析[J].中國(guó)腫瘤,2016,25(1):1-8.
[19]湯釗猷.現(xiàn)代腫瘤學(xué)[M].2版.上海:上海醫(yī)科大學(xué)出版社,2000:775-818.
[20]王去峰,尹路.結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的早期診斷及外科微創(chuàng)治療策略[J].外科研究與新技術(shù),2015,4(1):1-3.
[21]施東華,王小林.大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制及診治進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)成像雜志,2010,16(1):81-86.
[22]趙景松.不同部位大腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移分布的臨床研究[J].腫瘤,2001,21(1):61-62.
[23]王俊,顧玉明.血管生成擬態(tài)在肝癌中的研究進(jìn)展[J].當(dāng)代醫(yī)學(xué),2012,18(6):112-115.
[24]Cao Z,Bao M,Miele L,etal.Tumour vasculogenic mimicry is associated with poor prognosis of human cancer patients:a system ic review and meta-analysis[J].Eur J Cancer,2013,49 (18):3914-3923.
[25]Liu R,Yang K,Meng C,et al.Vasculogenic mimicry is a marker of poor prognosis in prostate cancer[J].Cancer Biol Ther,2012,13(7):527-533.
[26]Chen YS,Chen ZP.vasculogenic mimicry:a novel target for glioma therapy[J].Chin JCancer,2014,33(2):74-79.
[27]Fan YZ,Sun W.molecular regulation of vasculogenic mimicry in tumors and potential tumor-target therapy[J].World J Gastrointest Surg,2010,2(4):117-127.
Study of relationship between vasculogenic mimicry and liver metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer
ZHANGWenzhong,LING Jie,XU Bin,QIUWei,WANG Yongbing
DepartmentofSurgery,Pudong New Area People’s Hospital,Shanghai 201200,China
Ob jective To observe the relationship between vasculogenic mimicry(VM)and liver metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer.Methods VM in 115 patients with colorectal cancer was examined by immunohistochemical staining.Of them,25 cases were with liver metastases and 90 without liver metastases.Cancer recurrence and liver metastases of these patients 2 years after operation were followed up.Results VM positivity was examined in 64.0%of patients with liver metastases,while only 26.7%of patients without liver metastases showed VM positivity.Recurrence and liver metastases of patients without liver metastases before operation were significantly related to VM existence,with P values of 0.000 3 and less than 0.000 3,respectively.Conclusion VM is positively associated with recurrence and liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.
Colorectal cancer;Vasculogenic mimicry;Liver metastasis
R735.3+4
A
2095-378X(2016)03-0162-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-378X.2016.03.005
2016-07-14)
上海市浦東新區(qū)衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委科技項(xiàng)目(PW 2013B-7,PW 2013B-6)
張文忠(1980—),男,主治醫(yī)師,碩士,研究消化道腫瘤外科
王永兵,電子信箱:wwybw@sina.com