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    植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長、消化酶活性和腸道組織形態(tài)的影響

    2016-12-19 06:02:29鄭曉婷段亞飛董宏標(biāo)楊鶯鶯張家松
    水產(chǎn)科學(xué) 2016年1期
    關(guān)鍵詞:凡納濱消化酶乳酸桿菌

    鄭曉婷,段亞飛,董宏標(biāo),楊 鏗,楊鶯鶯,張家松

    ( 1.中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院 南海水產(chǎn)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部南海漁業(yè)資源開發(fā)利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣東 廣州 510300;2.上海海洋大學(xué) 水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,上海 201306 )

    植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長、消化酶活性和腸道組織形態(tài)的影響

    鄭曉婷1,2,段亞飛1,董宏標(biāo)1,楊 鏗1,楊鶯鶯1,張家松1

    ( 1.中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院 南海水產(chǎn)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部南海漁業(yè)資源開發(fā)利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣東 廣州 510300;2.上海海洋大學(xué) 水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,上海 201306 )

    將體質(zhì)量(8.10±0.13) g的凡納濱對(duì)蝦放養(yǎng)在室內(nèi)500 L玻璃纖維水桶中,以不同劑量(0、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%)的植物乳酸桿菌菌液(密度109cfu/mL)拌料投喂,觀察凡納濱對(duì)蝦的生長、消化酶活性和腸道組織結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。結(jié)果顯示,投喂15 d后,0.5%和1%菌液組對(duì)蝦的平均體質(zhì)量、質(zhì)量增加率和特定生長率均顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),飼料系數(shù)顯著降低(P<0.05);0.5%菌液組對(duì)蝦肝胰腺消化酶和腸道消化酶活性顯著增強(qiáng)(P<0.05),對(duì)蝦腸上皮細(xì)胞高度顯著增加(P<0.05)。研究結(jié)果表明,投喂0.5%植物乳酸桿菌可顯著提高凡納濱對(duì)蝦消化酶活性和腸上皮細(xì)胞高度,促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦生長。

    植物乳酸桿菌;凡納濱對(duì)蝦;生長;消化酶;腸道組織

    凡納濱對(duì)蝦(Litopenaeusvannamei)對(duì)環(huán)境適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、抗病力強(qiáng)、生長快,是世界主要的養(yǎng)殖蝦類之一。近年來,隨著集約化養(yǎng)殖程度的提高,水質(zhì)污染嚴(yán)重,蝦類病害頻發(fā)[1-5]。傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)殖主要通過大量換水、使用抗生素和化學(xué)藥物等來穩(wěn)定水質(zhì),預(yù)防病害,但這增加了水質(zhì)污染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),容易造成水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物腸道菌群失調(diào)和藥物殘留等問題[6-7]。

    益生菌安全、長效,可部分或全部替代抗生素,成為對(duì)蝦病害防控的研究熱點(diǎn)。研究表明[8-17],益生菌能凈化水質(zhì),維持良好的養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境,增強(qiáng)水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物免疫力,促進(jìn)動(dòng)物存活和生長。植物乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillusplantarum)為革蘭氏陽性菌,厭氧或兼性厭氧,繁殖時(shí)能產(chǎn)生特有的乳酸菌素[18]。乳酸菌素能調(diào)節(jié)胃腸道菌群平衡,改善腸道微生態(tài)環(huán)境,保護(hù)和促進(jìn)有益菌的生長[19-20]。植物乳酸桿菌作為益生菌,既可作為水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物飼料添加劑,又可作為微生態(tài)制劑用于改善養(yǎng)殖水質(zhì)[9-10,18,21]。然而,目前關(guān)于植物乳酸桿菌作為飼料添加劑在對(duì)蝦中的研究主要集中在免疫調(diào)節(jié)方面[18,22-23],而其對(duì)對(duì)蝦消化酶活性和腸道結(jié)構(gòu)影響的研究較少。筆者給凡納濱對(duì)蝦投喂添加不同劑量植物乳酸桿菌的飼料,研究其對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長、消化酶活性和腸道組織形態(tài)的影響,以期為其在對(duì)蝦養(yǎng)殖中的應(yīng)用提供參考。

    1 材料與方法

    1.1 材料

    試驗(yàn)用凡納濱對(duì)蝦取自中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院南海水產(chǎn)研究所深圳試驗(yàn)基地,平均體質(zhì)量(8.10±0.13) g,暫養(yǎng)于500 L玻璃纖維桶中。7 d暫養(yǎng)中,水溫26~30 ℃,鹽度32,pH 7.8~8.6;持續(xù)充氣,日換水10%;投喂對(duì)蝦基礎(chǔ)配合飼料。

    試驗(yàn)用植物乳酸桿菌制劑購自廣州欣海利生生物科技有限公司,菌液密度為109cfu/mL。凡納濱對(duì)蝦配合飼料為“恒興牌”2號(hào)料,主要營養(yǎng)成分:粗蛋白40%、粗纖維5%、粗灰分15%、粗脂肪6%、鈣3%、總磷1.5%、賴氨酸2%,水分12.5%等。

    1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

    經(jīng)暫養(yǎng)的對(duì)蝦隨機(jī)分為4組:對(duì)照組只投喂對(duì)蝦配合飼料,試驗(yàn)組在對(duì)蝦配合飼料中分別添加體積質(zhì)量比為0.5%、1.0%和2.0%植物乳酸桿菌劑。試驗(yàn)飼料經(jīng)攪拌均勻后,室內(nèi)低溫晾干,冰箱4 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

    養(yǎng)殖試驗(yàn)在室內(nèi)500 L玻璃纖維水桶中進(jìn)行,每組3個(gè)平行,每個(gè)平行100尾對(duì)蝦,養(yǎng)殖期為15 d。養(yǎng)殖試驗(yàn)期間,日投喂4次,投喂量為對(duì)蝦體質(zhì)量4%。養(yǎng)殖條件與暫養(yǎng)期間基本一致。

    1.3 生長指標(biāo)測(cè)定

    養(yǎng)殖試驗(yàn)開始和結(jié)束時(shí)停止投喂24 h,分別測(cè)定對(duì)蝦體質(zhì)量,按下式計(jì)算質(zhì)量增加率、特定生長率與飼料系數(shù):

    質(zhì)量增加率/%=(m1-m0)/m0×100%

    特定生長率/%·d-1=(lnm1-lnm0)/t×100%

    飼料系數(shù)=m2/(m1-m0)

    式中,m1為試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)對(duì)蝦平均體質(zhì)量(g),m0為試驗(yàn)開始時(shí)對(duì)蝦平均體質(zhì)量(g),t為養(yǎng)殖時(shí)間(d),m2為試驗(yàn)期間對(duì)蝦攝食飼料的干物質(zhì)總質(zhì)量(g)。

    1.4 消化酶活性測(cè)定

    養(yǎng)殖試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí),每個(gè)平行組隨機(jī)取5尾蝦,分別取肝胰腺和腸道組織,液氮冷凍處理后保存于-80 ℃?zhèn)溆谩H「我认俸湍c道組織樣品,按1∶9(m/V)加入預(yù)冷的0.85%生理鹽水,冰浴勻漿后2500 r/min離心10 mim,取上清液用于測(cè)定消化酶活性。淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和組織總蛋白含量均采用南京建成生物工程研究所的試劑盒進(jìn)行測(cè)定。

    組織中每毫克蛋白在37 ℃與底物作用30 min,水解10 mg淀粉定義為1個(gè)淀粉酶活力單位;37 ℃條件下,每克組織蛋白與底物反應(yīng)1 min,每消耗1 μmol底物為1個(gè)脂肪酶活力單位;每毫克組織蛋白37 ℃每分鐘分解蛋白生成1 μg氨基酸相當(dāng)于1個(gè)胃蛋白酶活力單位;在pH 8.0、37 ℃條件下,每毫克蛋白中含有的胰蛋白酶每分鐘使吸光度變化0.003即為1個(gè)胰蛋白酶活力單位;組織蛋白含量測(cè)定采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)法。

    1.5 腸道黏膜的組織學(xué)觀察

    每個(gè)平行組隨機(jī)選取3尾蝦的腸道,用Bouin氏液固定24 h后,流水沖洗,梯度乙醇逐步脫水,二甲苯透明,石蠟包埋,切片厚5 μm,H·E染色,封片后自然風(fēng)干。ZEISS Axio Scope.A1型光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察和拍照,每個(gè)處理組隨機(jī)選取5張400倍下的組織切片,使用ImagePro Plus 6.0軟件對(duì)圖片進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn),測(cè)量腸上皮細(xì)胞高度。

    1.6 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

    試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,用SPSS 22.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,進(jìn)行多重比較,P<0.05表示差異顯著。

    2 結(jié) 果

    2.1 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長性能的影響

    各處理組對(duì)蝦的生長見表1。各處理組對(duì)蝦的終末體質(zhì)量、質(zhì)量增加率和特定生長率均隨植物乳酸桿菌添加量的增加先升后降。其中,0.5%菌液組和1%菌液組對(duì)蝦的終末體質(zhì)量、質(zhì)量增加率和特定生長率均顯著高于對(duì)照組和2%菌液組(P<0.05),而飼料系數(shù)則顯著低于對(duì)照組和2%菌液組(P<0.05),0.5%和1%菌液組組間差異不顯著(P>0.05)。

    表1 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長的影響

    注:同行數(shù)據(jù)上標(biāo)不同字母的平均值間差異顯著(P<0.05),余同.

    2.2 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦肝胰腺和腸道消化酶活性的影響

    各處理組凡納濱對(duì)蝦肝胰腺和腸道的消化酶活性見圖1。0.5%、1%和2%菌液組對(duì)蝦肝胰腺中淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性均顯著升高(P<0.05),約為對(duì)照組的2倍(圖1a)。0.5%、1%和2%菌液組腸道中脂肪酶活性均顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);腸道胃蛋白酶活性雖然高于對(duì)照組,但4個(gè)處理組間差異不顯著(P>0.05)。0.5%菌液組腸道中的胰蛋白酶活性顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),1%和2%菌液組均低于對(duì)照組(圖1b)。

    2.3 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦腸黏膜組織形態(tài)的影響

    各處理組凡納濱對(duì)蝦腸道組織形態(tài)的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)見圖2。0.5%菌液組對(duì)蝦腸道形態(tài)較其他3組完整,腸壁由內(nèi)向外分層清晰,依次為單層柱狀上皮細(xì)胞、結(jié)締組織、肌層和結(jié)締組織;腸上皮細(xì)胞緊密連接,未見明顯的上皮細(xì)胞脫落,細(xì)胞游離面的微絨毛排列整齊、致密。投喂乳酸桿菌組對(duì)蝦的腸上皮細(xì)胞高度均高于對(duì)照組,其中0.5%和2%菌液組顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),但1%菌液組和對(duì)照組間差異不顯著(P>0.05)(圖3)。

    圖1 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦肝胰腺(a)和腸道(b)消化酶活性的影響

    圖2 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦腸道黏膜組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響SCE:腸上皮細(xì)胞;M:微絨毛;標(biāo)尺=25 μm.

    圖3 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦腸上皮細(xì)胞高度的影響

    3 討 論

    3.1 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長性能的影響

    植物乳酸桿菌是一種重要的益生菌,常作為飼料添加劑,通過定殖于動(dòng)物體胃腸道等部位后大量繁育,可抑制病原菌的生長,產(chǎn)生維生素和促進(jìn)生長因子等物質(zhì),增加機(jī)體對(duì)飼料的消化和吸收,提高生長與成活[24-25]。本次試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,飼料中添加植物乳酸桿菌促進(jìn)了凡納濱對(duì)蝦的生長,但其作用與菌液密度有關(guān)。密度過高,其促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦生長的作用不顯著。當(dāng)植物乳酸桿菌的添加密度為0.5%和1%時(shí),凡納濱對(duì)蝦的終末體質(zhì)量、質(zhì)量增加率和特定生長率均顯著高于對(duì)照組和2%菌液組,飼料系數(shù)顯著低于對(duì)照組和2%菌液組,表明植物乳酸桿菌密度是影響其作用效果的重要因素,只有在飼料中添加適當(dāng)?shù)囊嫔芏?,才能促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦的健康生長。這與斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦(Penaeusmonodon)[26]、仿刺參(Apostichopusjaponicus)[11]等的研究結(jié)果相似。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[25],斜帶石斑魚(Epinepheluscoioides)攝食含植物乳酸桿菌(108cfu/kg)的飼料4周后,質(zhì)量增加率和飼料效率顯著高于其他處理組(0、106cfu/kg、1010cfu/kg組)。

    益生菌作為飼料添加劑,除自身可幫助動(dòng)物對(duì)食物的消化,提高飼料的利用效率外,其菌體本身還含有大量的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),可以供給動(dòng)物生長需要[27-28]。這也是植物乳酸桿菌能促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦生長的原因之一,但植物乳酸桿菌的營養(yǎng)成分和作用需深入研究。植物乳酸桿菌的最適添加密度對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長性能的影響是否與生長發(fā)育階段和養(yǎng)殖條件等有關(guān),亦有待進(jìn)一步的深入研究。

    3.2 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦消化酶活性的影響

    對(duì)蝦對(duì)營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化吸收主要靠消化道分泌的消化酶,其活性的高低可用于衡量對(duì)蝦消化能力[29-32]。益生菌能誘導(dǎo)動(dòng)物分泌消化酶,這些酶與動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的酶共同起作用,從而提高飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率,促進(jìn)動(dòng)物生長[33-34]。Liu等[35]在納豆中發(fā)現(xiàn)的枯草芽孢桿菌(Bacillussubtilis)E20可提高對(duì)蝦蛋白酶活性,促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦生長。Nimrat等[36]從斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦腸道中分離的枯草芽孢桿菌F6和腸球菌(Enterococcussp.)S2顯著提高了斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性及對(duì)蝦終末體質(zhì)量。Talpur等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),植物乳酸桿菌可顯著提高遠(yuǎn)海梭子蟹(Portunuspelagicus)的存活率以及蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性。

    Collington等[37]認(rèn)為,乳酸桿菌產(chǎn)生的酸性代謝產(chǎn)物使腸道環(huán)境偏酸性,而大多數(shù)消化酶的最適pH均偏酸性(如淀粉酶6.5、胃蛋白酶1.5~5.0)。有機(jī)酸的產(chǎn)生還可加強(qiáng)腸道蠕動(dòng)和消化酶的分泌,有利于機(jī)體對(duì)營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化吸收。本研究中,0.5%處理組的對(duì)蝦肝胰腺和腸道的消化酶活性均高于對(duì)照組,表明適當(dāng)密度的植物乳酸桿菌能刺激對(duì)蝦肝胰腺和腸道分泌消化酶,增強(qiáng)對(duì)蝦對(duì)飼料的消化和吸收,促進(jìn)生長。宿主機(jī)體消化酶活性的提高是由益生菌自身消化酶的補(bǔ)充,抑或是益生菌刺激了宿主機(jī)體消化酶的分泌增加,尚有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

    3.3 植物乳酸桿菌對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦腸道形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響

    對(duì)蝦腸上皮細(xì)胞具有吸收和分泌等功能,其游離面伸出的微絨毛能夠顯著增大細(xì)胞表面積,有利于吸收營養(yǎng)和腸道微生物的附著。研究表明,乳酸桿菌定殖在動(dòng)物腸道內(nèi)會(huì)產(chǎn)生短鏈脂肪酸,短鏈脂肪酸作為主要能源而為腸上皮細(xì)胞吸收利用,提高消化道營養(yǎng)吸收[38]。本研究中,飼料添加0.5%的植物乳酸桿菌可以顯著提高凡納濱對(duì)蝦腸上皮細(xì)胞的高度和微絨毛密度,增大吸收面積,促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦生長,與Daniels等[28,39]的研究結(jié)果相似。投喂1%植物乳酸桿菌組的對(duì)蝦生長性能顯著高于對(duì)照組,但該組對(duì)蝦腸上皮細(xì)胞高度雖然高于對(duì)照組,但差異不顯著,具體原因還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

    4 結(jié) 論

    飼料中添加植物乳酸桿菌能促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦腸上皮細(xì)胞增高,增強(qiáng)腸道對(duì)營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收,有助于促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦消化酶活性,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)、淀粉等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化分解,促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦生長。在本試驗(yàn)條件下,凡納濱對(duì)蝦飼料中植物乳酸桿菌的最適添加量為0.5%。

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    EffectsofLactobacillusplantarumonGrowthPerformance,GutHistologyandActivityofDigestiveEnzymesinPacificWhiteLegShrimp,Litopenaeusvannamei

    ZHENG Xiaoting1,2,DUAN Yafei1,DONG Hongbiao1,YANG Keng1,YANG Yingying1,ZHANG Jiasong1

    ( 1.Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fisheries Resources Development and Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture,South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Guangzhou 510300,China;2.College of Fisheries and Life Science,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China )

    Pacific white leg shrimpLitopenaeusvannameiwith initial body weight of (8.10±0.13) g was randomly allocated into 4 groups and fed the basal diet supplemented withLactobacillusplantarumadditives at a rate of 0,0.5%,1.0% and 2.0% in 15 days to investigate the effects ofL.plantarumon growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and gut histology in Pacific white leg shrimp.Results showed that there were significantly higher final body weight,weight gain rate,and specific growth rate and significantly lower food conversion rate in 0.5% and 1% groups than those in the control group (P<0.05).The shrimp fed the diet containing 0.5%L.plantarumhad significantly higher digestive enzyme activities in the hepatopancreas and gut and enterocyte height than the shrimp fed the control diet (P<0.05).In conclusion,dietaryL.plantarumat optimal supplemental level of 0.5% led to improve the growth performance,activities of digestive enzymes and gut morphology of Pacific white leg shrimp.The findings can provide technical support and experimental basis in the effective use ofL.plantarumin shrimp culture.

    Lactobacillusplantarum;Litopenaeusvannamei;growth performance;digestive enzyme;intestinal histology

    S968.22

    A

    1003-1111(2016)01-0001-06

    10.16378/j.cnki.1003-1111.2016.01.001

    2015-08-08;

    2015-10-10.

    國家“十二五”科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2011BAD13B10);中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目(2014TS26,2014TS15);廣東省海洋漁業(yè)科技推廣專項(xiàng)(A201501B15,A201508B05);廣東省海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展示范項(xiàng)目(GD2013-B03-005);上海海洋大學(xué)2014年研究生科研基金資助項(xiàng)目(A1020914090071).

    鄭曉婷(1990-),女,碩士研究生;研究方向:對(duì)蝦健康養(yǎng)殖.E-mail:xtzheng1990@163.com.通訊作者:張家松(1971-),男,副研究員,博士;研究方向:設(shè)施漁業(yè)健康養(yǎng)殖技術(shù). E-mail:jiasongzhang@hotmail.com.

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