胡湘麟,周鐵軍
(1西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,四川瀘州 646000;2西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院)
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·臨床研究·
宮頸鱗癌組織中促紅細(xì)胞生成素及其受體蛋白表達(dá)、微血管密度變化
胡湘麟1,周鐵軍2
(1西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,四川瀘州 646000;2西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院)
目的 觀察宮頸鱗癌組織促紅細(xì)胞生成素(EPO)、促紅細(xì)胞生成素受體(EPO-R)蛋白表達(dá)及微血管密度(MVD)變化,并探討三者與宮頸鱗癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系。方法 收集宮頸鱗癌組織標(biāo)本76例份(觀察組),宮頸高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(HSIL)組織標(biāo)本25例份(HSIL組),宮頸低度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)組織標(biāo)本20例份(LSIL組),正常宮頸組織標(biāo)本20例份(正常組)。用免疫組化SP法檢測(cè)各組宮頸組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白及CD31,根據(jù)CD31免疫組化染色結(jié)果測(cè)算MVD。比較各組EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達(dá)及MVD,分析觀察組EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達(dá)及MVD與宮頸鱗癌患者年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、FIGO分期、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系,分析觀察組宮頸鱗癌組織EPO、EPO-R表達(dá)與MVD的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 觀察組、HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組EPO陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率分別為76.32%、52.00%、25.00%、10.00%,EPO-R陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率分別為82.89%、60.00%、30.00%、15.00%,觀察組與HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組相比,HSIL組與正常組相比,P均<0.05。觀察組、HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組MVD分別為(45.46±5.62)、(25.64±3.80)、(12.35±2.70)、(6.90±1.62)條/5 HP,各組兩兩相比,P均<0.05。觀察組EPO、EPO-R蛋白的表達(dá)與患者年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、FIGO分期、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移無(wú)關(guān)(P均>0.05);MVD與患者腫瘤直徑、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)(P均<0.05)。觀察組MVD與EPO、EPO-R表達(dá)均呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.623、0.575,P均<0.05)。結(jié)論 宮頸鱗癌組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達(dá)及MVD升高,EPO、EPO-R可能通過(guò)促進(jìn)腫瘤血管形成而促進(jìn)宮頸鱗癌的進(jìn)展。
子宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌;促紅細(xì)胞生成素;促紅細(xì)胞生成素受體;微血管密度
宮頸癌是女性最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一。宮頸癌組織中豐富的新生微血管不僅為腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)提供了充足的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和氧氣,也是癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的重要途徑[1,2]。促紅細(xì)胞生成素(EPO)是一種分泌性的糖蛋白細(xì)胞因子,通常由胎兒肝臟及成人腎臟合成,機(jī)體合成的EPO通過(guò)與其特異性受體促紅細(xì)胞生成素受體(EPO-R)相互作用,促進(jìn)紅系祖細(xì)胞的增殖分化。大量研究[3]表明,EPO、EPO-R廣泛地表達(dá)于多種惡性實(shí)體腫瘤組織,并在腫瘤的血管形成方面發(fā)揮作用。微血管密度(MVD)為評(píng)價(jià)腫瘤血管生成的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[4]。本研究觀察了宮頸鱗癌組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達(dá)及MVD變化,并探討了三者與宮頸鱗癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系。
1.1 標(biāo)本來(lái)源 收集西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院2010年1月~2011年12月存檔的宮頸鱗癌組織石蠟標(biāo)本76例份(觀察組),宮頸高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(HSIL)組織標(biāo)本25例份(HSIL組),宮頸低度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)組織標(biāo)本20例份(LSIL組),因子宮肌瘤行全子宮切除的正常宮頸組織標(biāo)本20例份(正常組)。所有標(biāo)本均經(jīng)HE染色后由病理學(xué)專家確診,所有患者病歷資料保存完整,均為首次發(fā)病,術(shù)前均未接受放、化療,患者無(wú)貧血及紅細(xì)胞增多癥。觀察組患者年齡28~62(44.9±7.0)歲,>40歲者46例、≤40歲者30例;依據(jù)國(guó)際婦產(chǎn)科聯(lián)盟(FIGO,2000年)的臨床分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Ⅰ期42例、Ⅱ期34例;腫瘤直徑>4 cm者28例、腫瘤直徑≤4 cm者48例;按WHO組織學(xué)分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),角化型25例、非角化型51例;有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移31例、無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移45例;有脈管腔侵犯33例、無(wú)脈管腔侵犯43例。所有標(biāo)本均經(jīng)4%中性甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,4 μm連續(xù)切片。
1.2 宮頸組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白檢測(cè)及MVD測(cè)算方法 采用免疫組織化學(xué)染色SP法,操作嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行,EPO及EPO-R抗體均按1∶100稀釋,CD31抗體按1∶200稀釋,用PBS代替一抗作為陰性對(duì)照,用試劑商提供的陽(yáng)性片作為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照。所有免疫組化染色結(jié)果均由2位病理醫(yī)生盲法閱片判斷,對(duì)每張切片至少在高倍鏡(400×)下觀察10個(gè)不重復(fù)視野來(lái)判斷結(jié)果。EPO、EPO-R表達(dá)根據(jù)染色強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行評(píng)分(不著色計(jì)0分、黃色計(jì)1分、棕黃色計(jì)2分、黃褐色計(jì)3分),同時(shí)將陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的比例也分為4級(jí)進(jìn)行評(píng)分(陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)<10%計(jì)0分、10%~<40%計(jì)1分、40%~<70%計(jì)2分、≥70%計(jì)3分),將上述兩種評(píng)分相加,0~1分為-、2分為+、3~4分為++、5~6分為+++,其中-為陰性、+、++、+++為陽(yáng)性。參照Weidner評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]進(jìn)行MVD檢測(cè),即腫瘤區(qū)凡染成棕黃色的單個(gè)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞或內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞簇就作為1條微血管,管壁有明顯肌層、纖維硬化、存在炎癥及壞死的微血管均不計(jì)入總數(shù)。隨機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)5個(gè)高倍視野內(nèi)微血管數(shù),取其平均值作為MVD值。

2.1 四組宮頸組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達(dá)及MVD比較 EPO、EPO-R的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)部位主要在細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞膜,表現(xiàn)為彌漫性分布的棕黃色顆粒。觀察組、HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組EPO陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率分別為76.32%(58/76)、52.00%(13/25)、25.00%(5/20)、10.00%(2/20),EPO-R陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率分別為82.89%(63/76)、60.00%(15/25)、30.00%(6/20)、15.00%(3/20),觀察組與HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組相比,HSIL組與正常組相比,P均<0.05。
腫瘤組織區(qū)CD31染色的微血管形態(tài)不規(guī)則,可有或無(wú)管腔,主要分布在腫瘤組織邊緣。觀察組、HSIL組、LSIL組、正常組MVD分別為(45.46±5.62)、(25.64±3.80)、(12.35±2.70)、(6.90±1.62)條/5 HP,隨著病變程度逐漸加重,MVD值逐漸增高,各組兩兩相比,P均<0.05。
2.2 EPO、EPO-R表達(dá)及MVD與宮頸鱗癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系 觀察組EPO、EPO-R蛋白的表達(dá)與患者年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、FIGO分期、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移無(wú)關(guān)(P均>0.05);MVD與患者腫瘤直徑、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)(P均<0.05),與年齡、FIGO分期無(wú)關(guān)(P均>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

表1 EPO、EPO-R表達(dá)及MVD與宮頸鱗癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系
2.3 觀察組EPO、EPO-R表達(dá)與MVD的相關(guān)性 觀察組EPO陽(yáng)性、陰性患者M(jìn)VD分別為(47.48±4.58)、(39.61±3.35)條/5 HP,兩者比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=8.427,P<0.05)。EPO-R陽(yáng)性、陰性患者M(jìn)VD分別為(47.05±4.59)、(38.08±3.57)條/5 HP,兩者比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=6.630,P<0.05)。觀察組MVD與EPO、EPO-R表達(dá)均呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.623、0.575,P均<0.05)。
癌性貧血是晚期惡性腫瘤患者的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥之一,嚴(yán)重影響著患者的生活質(zhì)量和治療效果。對(duì)于宮頸癌患者,腫瘤本身所引起的出血、癌細(xì)胞的骨髓轉(zhuǎn)移以及接受放化療等均可導(dǎo)致其貧血的發(fā)生。臨床試驗(yàn)[6,7]發(fā)現(xiàn)重組人EPO(rhuEPO)能有效提高腫瘤患者的血紅蛋白水平,減少輸血,在癌性貧血的預(yù)防和治療上有著十分廣泛的應(yīng)用。然而,后來(lái)多項(xiàng)研究[8]報(bào)道,腫瘤患者經(jīng)rhuEPO治療后貧血狀況改善,但無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期并未延長(zhǎng),甚至增加了患者的病死率。同時(shí),分子生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)[9,10]表明EPO會(huì)促進(jìn)腫瘤增殖,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,并使腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)某些放化療方案產(chǎn)生抵抗。鑒于rhuEPO這種利弊兼?zhèn)涞奶攸c(diǎn),rhuEPO的臨床應(yīng)用頗受爭(zhēng)議[11]。因此,EPO、EPO-R與腫瘤關(guān)系一直都是國(guó)內(nèi)外研究的熱點(diǎn)。鱗癌是宮頸癌最常見(jiàn)的組織學(xué)類型,宮頸鱗癌是LSIL、HSIL等癌前病變逐步發(fā)展的結(jié)果。本研究結(jié)果顯示,從正常宮頸、LSIL、HSIL到宮頸鱗癌組織,EPO、EPO-R陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率隨病變程度的加重而逐漸增加,這表明EPO、EPO-R的表達(dá)與宮頸鱗癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān),表達(dá)逐漸增強(qiáng)的EPO、EPO-R可能會(huì)促進(jìn)宮頸鱗癌病變的進(jìn)展,這與Acs等[12]的研究結(jié)果相符合。
同許多惡性實(shí)體腫瘤一樣,宮頸鱗癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展依賴于持續(xù)性的氧氣供應(yīng),但由于氧氣在瘤體中的彌散范圍有限,局部腫瘤組織常常處于缺氧的環(huán)境。缺氧隨即激活多種分子通路促進(jìn)腫瘤血管形成,以緩解腫瘤的缺氧狀態(tài)。Smith-McCune等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血管形成在宮頸癌前病變時(shí)即已發(fā)生,至宮頸鱗癌時(shí)腫瘤組織內(nèi)的新生微血管已相當(dāng)密集。本研究結(jié)果顯示,隨著宮頸鱗癌病變的進(jìn)展,MVD逐漸增高。MVD與宮頸鱗癌患者的腫瘤直徑、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、脈管腔侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),提示增多的腫瘤微血管可以為瘤體的生長(zhǎng)和浸潤(rùn)轉(zhuǎn)移提供更有利的條件。觀察組EPO、EPO-R陽(yáng)性者的MVD均明顯高于對(duì)應(yīng)的陰性者,并且觀察組宮頸鱗癌組織MVD與EPO、EPO-R表達(dá)均呈正相關(guān),表明EPO、EPO-R可能具有促進(jìn)腫瘤血管形成的作用。其生物學(xué)過(guò)程可能為,宮頸鱗癌的快速生長(zhǎng)使得腫瘤處于缺氧狀態(tài),缺氧激活EPO、EPO-R等缺氧反應(yīng)基因,高表達(dá)的EPO與EPO-R結(jié)合后激活JAK-2/STAT-5、Ras/MAPK等信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路[14],通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)大量新生微血管的形成和長(zhǎng)入,增加腫瘤的局部氧供,便于癌細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)轉(zhuǎn)移,從而繼續(xù)維持或促進(jìn)了宮頸癌的進(jìn)展。這也可能是癌性貧血患者應(yīng)用rhuEPO后腫瘤控制情況及患者預(yù)后較差的機(jī)制之一。
綜上可見(jiàn),宮頸鱗癌組織EPO、EPO-R蛋白表達(dá)及MVD升高,EPO/EPO-R信號(hào)系統(tǒng)在宮頸鱗癌的病理進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮著潛在的效應(yīng),EPO、EPO-R可能通過(guò)促進(jìn)腫瘤血管形成而促進(jìn)宮頸鱗癌的進(jìn)展。
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Expression of erythropoietin/erythropoietin-receptor and microvessel density changes in cervical squamous cell carcinoma
HUXianglin1,ZHOUTiejun
(1SouthwestMedicalUniversity,Luzhou646000,China)
Objective To observe the expression of erythropoietin (EPO)/erythropoietin-receptor (EPO-R) and measure microvessel density (MVD) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and to investigate the relationships of them with clinicopathological parameters.Methods Seventy-six cases of patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (observation group), 25 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL group), 20 cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL group) and 20 cases of normal cervical epithelia (normal group) were collected. Immunohistochemical SP method was performed to detect the expression of EPO/EPO-R and CD31 expression and then we measured MVD in these specimens. The expression differences of EPO/EPO-R and MVD in these specimens were compared. In the observation group, correlations of EPO/EPO-R and MVD with patients' clinicopathological parameters such as age, tumor size, histological grading, FIGO staging, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis were analyzed, and correlations of EPO/EPO-R expression with MVD were also analyzed in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Results The positive expression rates of EPO in the observation group, HSIL group, LSIL group and normal group were 76.32%, 52.00%, 25.00% and 10.00%, respectively; the positive expression rates of EPO-R were 82.89%, 60.00%, 30.00% and 15.00%, respectively. The positive expression rates of EPO and EPO-R were gradually increased from normal cervix to LSIL to HSIL and then to cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and the difference was statistically significant (allP<0.05). The MVD of the observation group, HSIL group, LSIL group and normal group was (45.46±5.62), (25.64±3.80), (12.35±2.70) and (6.90±1.62)/5HP, and significant difference was found among these groups (allP<0.05). In the observation group, EPO and EPO-R expression was not significantly correlated with age, tumor size, histological grading, FIGO staging, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (allP<0.05). MVD was significantly correlated with tumor size, histological differentiation, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (allP<0.05). In the observation group, MVD was positively correlated with EPO expression (r=0.623, allP<0.05) as well as EPO-R expression (r=0.575,P<0.05). Conclusions EPO/EPO-R expression and MDV increase in the cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues, and EPO and EPO-R may promote the progression of cervical squamous cell carcinoma by enhancing the cervical angiogenesis.
cervical squamous cell carcinoma; erythropoietin; erythropoietin-receptor; microvessel density
西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院科研基金資助項(xiàng)目[(2014)71號(hào)]。
周鐵軍(E-mail: tiejunzh502@163.com)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.35.016
R737.3
B
1002-266X(2016)35-0051-04
2016-03-01)