守護河晏水清

丁山

江南水鄉(xiāng)城市杭州有47條河道！

為了更好地治理水環(huán)境，從2013年11月起，杭州根據(jù)在全省推行的“河長制”，確定責任，先后為所有河道配備過2659名市、縣（市、區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）、村（社區(qū)）等四級河長。三年下來，河長們付出了艱辛的勞動，發(fā)揮了不可替代的組織、協(xié)調(diào)作用，并涌現(xiàn)了許多感人的故事。

陳燦虎：我有我的治水經(jīng)

聚集了6所高校的杭州濱江高教園區(qū)內(nèi)，曾經(jīng)有一條狹窄而熱鬧的商業(yè)小街，街上產(chǎn)生不少生活垃圾和污水，被稱為“垃圾街”，一部分排到了旁邊的楊家墩河里，河也就成了“垃圾河”。

浦沿街道楊家墩社區(qū)主任陳燦虎，土生土長，不僅見證了濱江高教園區(qū)的成長發(fā)展，也目睹了楊家墩河由清變濁轉(zhuǎn)黑發(fā)臭的全過程。社區(qū)工作很繁雜，但當上級又讓他做楊家墩河社區(qū)河長時，他竟非常高興，說：這回我有了一個為這河重歸潔凈的好機會。

陳燦虎的治水經(jīng)之一，就是摸透實情，講清道理。他對“垃圾街”上的商家，一戶戶走訪，把他們處理垃圾、污水的方式、習(xí)慣弄清楚。陳燦虎深有體會地說：“先弄清了對方的具體原因和實際困難，你的方法手段才會用得恰到好處，特別是對沿河餐飲店鋪這類排污重點戶?！标悹N虎經(jīng)常用很通俗、很幽默的語言和故事，宣講水環(huán)境治理的“大道理”和“小道理”。大家愛聽，也照著做。

現(xiàn)身說法，點滴做起，是陳燦虎的第二條治水經(jīng)。他了解到有些人之所以習(xí)慣往河里傾倒垃圾、廢水，是因為“怕煩”“沒時間”。于是，他知道了“光說治水對大家有多少好處，這肯定還不夠；勸導(dǎo)他們先從點點滴滴做起、輕輕松松做起，大家才會覺得這‘五水共治并不都是大工程，舉手之勞也能出大力”。

溝通為重，理解為先，是陳燦虎遇到難題時又一條常用的治水經(jīng)?！?014年下半年重點進行河道清淤，沒想到淤泥太厚，泥漿泵的吸力又很大，河岸石駁出現(xiàn)了傾斜，河邊一戶人家氣呼呼地前來論理。房子有安全隱患，我們不能坐視不管?！标悹N虎聯(lián)系區(qū)城管執(zhí)法局，在查原因、擺事實的前提下，此事得到圓滿解決。

2015年9月，“垃圾街”被拆除，楊家墩河河水已達五類水質(zhì)標準，個別指標達三類水質(zhì)標準，可治理和保潔任務(wù)依然很重。榮獲杭州市2015年度“五水共治”工作先進個人的陳燦虎明白，眼下，“垃圾街”原地塊正在建設(shè)商業(yè)綜合體，濱江全區(qū)又在進行“零直排”建設(shè)和“智慧河道”建設(shè)，河流生態(tài)健康評價的標準也越來越高，自己的“社區(qū)河長”一職還不能輕松卸下。

王仁：奏出生態(tài)治水三部曲

全長4250米的東新河，溝通杭城北部的兩條主干河流上塘河、備塘河。多年前，不少大企業(yè)的污水去處就是這條河，河底淤積的還是幾十年前的污泥。

王仁是杭州市下城區(qū)區(qū)委常委，2014年4月起擔任東新河區(qū)級河長。上任伊始，他做的第一件事，是沿著這條4000余米的河道來來回回走了好幾遍。

經(jīng)過反復(fù)踏勘和分析，王仁與有關(guān)專家決定采用中醫(yī)“診治、康復(fù)、健身”三個步驟，以生態(tài)治水的方法予以整治?！霸\治”，主要是持續(xù)兩個月的河道清淤；對某些河段實施截污納管項目；推出“直接臨河必拆、駁墈毀綠必復(fù)、廢渣垃圾必清、其他違章必治”的河岸拆違建綠措施。由此，東新河面貌有了大改觀。

“康復(fù)”，即維護清淤成果。這需要建立河道管理預(yù)警機制，需要沿河單位和居民自覺護河，而做到這一點的前提，是經(jīng)年累月的巡河?！鞍凑铡娱L制規(guī)定的職責，我沒有必要管得過細，可三日兩頭的巡河，讓我對東新河的感情越發(fā)深厚，不讓我在它身邊走都難?！蓖跞式榻B，“康復(fù)”必須動態(tài)掌握河道水質(zhì)，搞好長效的管理養(yǎng)護；必須推動管理養(yǎng)護的量化制、考核制；必須推動突擊式治水向制度化治水轉(zhuǎn)變等。

“健身”，即恢復(fù)東新河的原有生態(tài)。因為沿河居民和商家亂扔垃圾、偷排生活污水的陋習(xí)仍未徹底革除，造成河水氨氮指標惡化。為此，在王仁的推動下，除了阻止陋習(xí)之外，下城區(qū)已以政府購買服務(wù)的方式與浙江省環(huán)科院合作，河道曝氣復(fù)氧技術(shù)、固化微生物緩釋降解污染物技術(shù)、NES納米高分子生態(tài)基材料抗菌除藻技術(shù)、PHOSLOCK鎖磷劑固磷技術(shù)等4項生態(tài)修復(fù)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)正得以應(yīng)用。

如今的東新河，黑臭消遁不見，清澈的河水讓人生憐。常在河邊走的王仁也喜歡在這里與居民們聊天，聽聽他們對治理河道的精辟見解。

鄭仕強：因樂于鉆研而成了專家

江干區(qū)筧橋街道人大工委主任鄭仕強在2014年成為機場北港的街道河長。2000米長的機場北港是橫塘社區(qū)與筧橋機場的分界河，因管理職責一度不夠明晰，成了讓人遠避的臭水河。

“剛上任，我連氨氮、高錳酸鹽指數(shù)是高好還是低好都不懂，只能一遍遍向城管科科長請教?！编嵤藦娢⑿χ貞浀?，因為不甘心當“名譽河長”，他給自己的首要任務(wù)是盡快熟悉治水業(yè)務(wù)，有效提升自己的履職能力。他積極參加了杭州市舉辦的河長培訓(xùn)會議、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)干部生態(tài)文明培訓(xùn)班，研讀有關(guān)法律法規(guī)、制度文件及工作手冊等，讓自己對治水有一定的了解后，再作調(diào)查分析。

很快，鄭仕強弄懂了“截污—清淤—引配水—生態(tài)治理”的一般性治水程序，從該河道的特殊性入手，提出了頗具個性又符合實際需要的治理新招——治水先治岸。從2014年下半年起，筧橋街道開始拆除沿河違建；在此基礎(chǔ)上，再實施河岸補綠、河道清淤以及游步道建設(shè)，使河面與河岸面貌都有了初步改觀。

隨著鄭仕強治水專業(yè)知識的拓展和實踐經(jīng)驗的豐富，他的履職能力進一步提升。在他主持下，從2015年起，機場北港進入了深度治水階段，主要是截斷入河污水，新建與備塘河交界處的水閘，并完成了近9000平方米的河岸生態(tài)修復(fù)。而這些方法，都是他和同事們深入鉆研、反復(fù)討論后得出來的。

如今的機場北港已換了新顏，成為周邊居民健身、休憩的好地方，也成了河道成功整治的典范之一，通過了杭州市市區(qū)河道監(jiān)管中心的驗收，而鄭仕強本人也獲得了2015年“最美河長”的榮譽稱號。endprint

據(jù)了解，類似鄭仕強這樣從原先的“門外漢”逐步成為治水、管水、護水行家里手的實例，在杭州還有不少。各級河長普遍有著成為專家的主動性和積極性，據(jù)此，杭州市治水辦在編制了各類實用性很強的工作手冊的同時，開辦各類河長培訓(xùn)班，僅2015年就有18場次，受訓(xùn)河長達到4000多人次，另外還建立“河長制”信息化管理平臺和河道水質(zhì)APP，加以培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)，效果極佳。

民間河長：越來越活躍的義務(wù)護河人

民間河長是杭州城市河道創(chuàng)新管理的成功方法，由熱心市民自愿報名，幾輪篩選方能獲得“任命”。民間河長主要職責是協(xié)助責任河長開展治水工作和監(jiān)督檢查，將相關(guān)情況反饋于職能部門。

目前，杭州共有56位民間河長，他們不求一分錢報酬，忠于職守。西湖區(qū)沿山河民間河長之一王大伯買菜回來，發(fā)現(xiàn)有污水流入該河道，當即用手機拍照傳給古蕩街道河長微信群。1分鐘后街道河長鄭國槐給了回音，10分鐘之內(nèi)區(qū)城管局執(zhí)法人員趕到，現(xiàn)場勘查確認污水來源，第一時間進行了查處。

江干區(qū)橫四港民間河長陳天榮，騎電動車“逛河”已成習(xí)慣。“橫四港屬于新規(guī)劃、新開挖的河道，暫時還沒有與運河二通道打通，所以很容易因阻塞而黑臭。”陳天榮說，打撈河面垃圾、清理岸邊雜物是他的自覺行為。橫四港河水現(xiàn)已達五類水質(zhì)標準，“有魚、有草、有人管”，這讓他堅定了繼續(xù)當好民間河長的信心。

江干區(qū)馬家橋港的民間河長李東華是位醫(yī)生，工作地點遠在10多公里外，但每天奔波樂此不疲。李東華認為，治水先治人心，應(yīng)該提高居民的積極性。每當周末，他搬來“五水共治”展板，組織區(qū)新杭州人紅十字志愿者隊來現(xiàn)場宣講，還組織起紅領(lǐng)巾護河隊。通過長時間堅持，如今的馬家橋港已摘除“黑臭河”帽子，水體透明度達30厘米以上。

在杭州，除了責任河長、民間河長，還配備了河道警長、民間河道觀察員、義務(wù)監(jiān)督員等，他們各盡職責，形成了多元化的管理體系。齊抓共管的有效方法，分明是杭州水質(zhì)不斷向好的根本原因之一。

（除署名外，本文照片由杭州市市區(qū)河道監(jiān)管中心與作者提供）

River Governors Contribute to River

Clean-Up Project

By Ding Shan

In November 2013， Hangzhou launched a responsibility system for cleansing its polluted 47 rivers that crisscross the city. As one of the key measures adopted to assure the success of the river project， 2，659 people were appointed river governors at the city， county， town and village levels. Most of them are responsible for local sections of a river. Altogether they are held accountable for the success or failure of the project. Over the past three years， these governors have worked to clean up the sections assigned to them.

Chen Chanhu： Yangjiadun River

Yangjiadun Community is part of Puyan Neighborhood in Hangzhou. Within the zone of the community are six colleges and a shopping street. Chen is a local， witnessing how the river turned black as sewage was discharged into the river once upon a time. The appointment as a river-section governor made him very happy because it gave him an opportunity to do away with the mess personally. He did a thorough study to see how riverside restaurants and households discharged wastes into the river. He promoted practical measures to reduce the sewage discharge. As he knew what was wrong， those who discharged wastes responded effectively. This was a big part of the clean-up action. Yet some households dumped wastes into the river out of bad habits that had formed and taken hold over years. Chen talked to the residents and successfully persuaded them to dump bad habits and keep the river clean. After the river was dredged in 2014 and the shopping street dubbed as “Rubbish Street” was dismantled， the river is now cleaned up.endprint

Wang Ren： Dongxi River

The 4，250-meter-long river in the eastern part of urban Hangzhou connects with Shangtang River and Beitang River at the two ends. The factories that once operated along the river banks used to dump their wastes into the river for a long time. Most of the factories were gone but the wastes remained when Wang， a key official of the Xiacheng District Government， became a river governor in April 2014. He did a thorough field study of the river， to diagnose the pollution situation and to find possible effective measures he could adopt. He walked the 4，250-meter river to and fro several times and came up with a plan. According to the plan， a two-month dredging project was launched. Illegal buildings were dismantled， landfills were removed， trees and flowers were planted， and a sewage discharging system was put into place. This clean-up action was successful. The river looks much improved. And an alert-system is now in place. The riverside institutions and residents are appointed to patrol the river section by section so that they can alert the government if anything happens. Wang himself patrols the river at regular intervals. The river is now under constant surveillance for water qualities. Cutting-edge technologies are used to restore the ecology of the river. Nowadays， Dongxin River is clean and clear and local residents love to hang out there.

Zheng Shiqiang： Airport River North

Zheng became a river governor in 2014. He was responsible for a 2，000-meter- long river section. The section in his charge is between Hengtang Community and Jianqiao Airport and it stank awful for years as no one was held accountable for pollution and everybody dumped things into the river. Zheng knew nothing about pollution control when he was appointed to chair the clean-up project for the section. What he did first was to learn about everything possible about river administration. He attended training courses for river governors like him. He studied relevant laws and regulations. Through these studies， he got a general idea about what to do.

Then he got down to business seriously. Zheng and his colleagues are smart and creative. He first cleaned up the riverbanks. In the second half of 2014， the illegal buildings along the riverbanks were dismantled and removed. Then the riverbanks were landscaped， the watercourse dredged and riverside footpaths built. In 2015， the sewage system was revamped and rearranged to stop all the discharge of wastes into the river. A sluice gate was installed between the Airport River North and Beitang River. The river section in his charge becomes a model for river clean-up projects.

In addition to the river governors who are government officials， 56 Hangzhou residents are now serving as river governors. They are all volunteers. And they patrol the rivers diligently. Many locals volunteer to watch the rivers closely so as to keep them clean. The many-layered responsibility system designed to keep rivers clean and free from contamination works.endprint