達(dá)夢香,廖 康,趙世榮,江振斌,孫靜芳,董勝利,杜潤清
(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)新疆特色果樹研究中心,烏魯木齊 830052;2.輪臺國家果樹資源圃,新疆輪臺 841600)
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極晚熟杏品種冬杏雜交種子成苗特性研究
達(dá)夢香1,廖 康1,趙世榮1,江振斌1,孫靜芳1,董勝利2,杜潤清2
(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)新疆特色果樹研究中心,烏魯木齊 830052;2.輪臺國家果樹資源圃,新疆輪臺 841600)
【目的】研究不同杏品種雜交組合的種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長差異,為品種選育提供依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳远訛槟副?,19個不同成熟期的新疆杏品種為父本進(jìn)行雜交,對獲得的雜交種子進(jìn)行育苗,測定種子發(fā)芽率、播種出苗率、成苗率及幼苗的生長動態(tài),分析各雜交組合之間成苗特性差異?!窘Y(jié)果】雜交種子層積60 d后有10個組合發(fā)芽率大于60%,發(fā)芽率最高的為冬杏×毛拉肖,而冬杏×晚熟胡安娜、冬杏×旦杏和冬杏×卡拉玉呂克沒有發(fā)芽率。播種成苗率較高的是冬杏×特爾灣玉呂克和冬杏×毛拉肖。冬杏×庫曼提、冬杏×大果胡安娜、冬杏自然種子的出苗時間較早,且出苗整齊。在15個成苗的雜交組合中,以冬杏×特爾灣玉呂克、冬杏×毛拉肖生長勢較強(qiáng),其余13個雜交杏苗生長勢較弱?!窘Y(jié)論】冬杏雜交組合種子的發(fā)芽率、出苗率、成苗率之間差異較大,同時,發(fā)芽率高的組合成苗率也高;不同雜交組合種子實生幼苗的生長存在差異。
冬杏;雜交;種子發(fā)芽;成苗
【研究意義】冬杏又名坎及玉呂克,是原產(chǎn)于新疆阿克蘇的實生變異品種,屬于中亞細(xì)亞生態(tài)群[1],在3月底開花,10月初果實陸續(xù)成熟,果實發(fā)育期180~195 d,為新疆杏的極晚熟特異種質(zhì)資源。實際生產(chǎn)中由于杏成熟期大多集中在6~7月,造成市場供應(yīng)期及工廠加工期短,培育不同成熟期杏品種對杏產(chǎn)業(yè)的順利發(fā)展具有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】目前,有關(guān)杏品種的果實品質(zhì)、授粉生物學(xué)特性、種子萌發(fā)等方面的研究較多[2-5],但關(guān)于人工雜交育種方面的研究報道較少[6]。通過人工雜交育種仍然是目前果樹育種中應(yīng)用最為廣泛且有效的途徑。Kostina[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),中亞品種和歐洲品種雜交,其后代成熟期有趨中變異趨勢;石蔭坪等[8]研究結(jié)果表明,雜交杏果實成熟期的遺傳有明顯偏早的趨勢,以早熟品種為母本,就有可能出現(xiàn)與早熟親本相同,甚至更早熟的后代?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】通過多年研究,在杏的雜交育種中獲得了大量的新組合,不僅提高了產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),也增加了一些早熟和晚熟品種。研究選擇以冬杏為親本的雜交種子,對其種子發(fā)芽率、出苗率、成苗率、及株高的生長進(jìn)行觀測,選育具有更優(yōu)良性狀的不同熟期新品種,為新疆杏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展奠定品種基礎(chǔ)?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】研究種子及發(fā)芽成苗過程,探討發(fā)芽率、出苗率、成苗率及幼苗生長與種子的關(guān)系。
1.1 材 料
試驗在新疆輪臺國家果樹資源圃進(jìn)行,選擇樹齡15~21 a、樹勢健壯、結(jié)果良好、管理條件一致的20個杏品種,分別為冬杏、大果胡安娜、庫曼提、晚熟佳娜麗、莎車洪待客、木孜佳娜麗、克孜朗、輪臺白杏、毛拉肖、賽買提、特爾灣玉呂克、阿克玉呂克、賈格達(dá)瑪伊桑、卡巴克胡安娜、庫車托傭、索格佳娜麗、晚熟胡安娜、旦杏、卡拉玉呂克、卡拉胡安娜。
1.2 方 法
1.2.1 雜交取種
試驗于2014年3~10月,采集20個品種氣球期飽滿的花蕾,剝?nèi)』ㄋ帲时悠綌傇诹蛩峒埡兄?,置于室?nèi)陰干1~2 d,使其完全散粉后,收集在1.5 mL離心管中貯存于-20℃?zhèn)溆肹9]。
以冬杏為母本,其余19個品種為父本進(jìn)行人工雜交,在冬杏開花前選定長勢好,通風(fēng)透光的枝條,每個雜交組合350~500朵花去雄,授粉、套袋,一周后去袋[10],待果實成熟后,采果,清洗果肉后取種,種子在通風(fēng)背陰處晾干,分袋保存。
表1 冬杏及其雜交組合的種子發(fā)芽率、出苗率、成苗率及其幼苗的生長情況
Table 1 Seed germination rate, seedling emergence rate, seedling rate and seedling growth of winter apricot and its hybrid combinations
父本Femaleparent播種數(shù)量(個)Sowingquantity發(fā)芽率(%)germinationpercentage出苗率(%)Seedlingemergencerate成苗數(shù)(株)Seedlingnumber成苗率(%)Seedlingrate150d株高(cm)plantheightof150D大果胡安娜Daguohuanna3863226310263452庫曼提Kumanti6051745026433567晚熟佳娜麗Wanshujianali244172927292387莎車洪待客Shachehongdaike253603208320485木孜佳娜麗Muzijianali236965229391465克孜朗Kezilang2277363612545700冬杏Dongxing2095060012600770輪臺白杏Luntaibaixing255604005200420毛拉肖Maolaxiao310006672667780賽買提Saimaiti56006002400490特爾灣玉呂克Teerwanyulvke1573373310667890阿克玉呂克Akeyulvke169385000-賈格達(dá)瑪伊桑Jiagedamayisang115454550-卡巴克胡安娜Kabakehuanna136155383231540庫車托傭Kuchetuoyong175294717412690索格佳娜麗Suogejianali75714292286613晚熟胡安娜Wanshuhuanna1-----旦杏Danxing3-----卡拉玉呂克Kalayulvke2-----卡拉胡安娜Kalahuanna0-----冬杏自然種子NaturalseedofDongxing3778462222595640
1.2.2 種子發(fā)芽率
種子用水浸泡24 h后,分組合按種沙=1∶3的比例將種子與經(jīng)高壓滅菌的濕河沙混勻。將塑料框底鋪5~10 cm濕沙,將拌好的種子用紗布包裹好,放入塑料框中,蓋上10 cm左右的濕沙,放入4~5℃冰箱,河沙濕度保持在60%左右,進(jìn)行層積[11],60 d后取出,統(tǒng)計發(fā)芽種子數(shù)量,并計算發(fā)芽率。
發(fā)芽率(%)=(發(fā)芽數(shù)/供試種子數(shù))×100%.
1.2.3 播種及成苗率
將層積后發(fā)芽露白的種子于2015年2月25日播種于溫室內(nèi)的營養(yǎng)缽內(nèi),待地溫回升后移栽田間,行距為寬窄行間隔,分別為40與20 cm,株距10 cm,播后覆土并稍鎮(zhèn)壓,記錄出苗數(shù),出苗時間及成苗株數(shù)。
出苗率(%)=(出苗數(shù)/播種數(shù))×100.
成苗率(%)=(生長至4片葉幼苗株數(shù)/播種數(shù))×100.
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計
試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel2007和SPSS20.0處理分析。
2.1 不同雜交組合種子的發(fā)芽率
研究表明,冬杏×毛拉肖的種子發(fā)芽率最高達(dá)到100%,冬杏自交的種子發(fā)芽率次之,其次為冬杏×阿克玉呂克;冬杏×晚熟胡安娜、冬杏×旦杏、冬杏×卡拉玉呂克這三個雜交組合的種子發(fā)芽率均為0;其余雜交組合種子發(fā)芽率均大于30%。表1
2.2 不同雜交組合的出苗率
研究表明,冬杏×特爾灣玉呂克的出苗率為最高,為73.3%;冬杏×毛拉肖、冬杏×克孜朗、冬杏自然、冬杏×賽買提、冬杏自交、冬杏×卡巴克胡安娜、冬杏×木孜佳娜麗、冬杏×阿克玉呂克的出苗率較高,分別為66.7%、63.6%、62.2%、60.0%、60.0%、53.8%、52.2%、50.0%;冬杏×晚熟胡安娜、冬杏×旦杏、冬杏×卡拉玉呂克的出苗率均為0;其余8個雜交組合的出苗率均低于50%。表1
2.3 不同雜交組合出苗率變化
截止5月13日,共有17個雜交組合出苗,冬杏×庫曼提、冬杏×大果胡安娜、冬杏自然種子的出苗最早,為3月3日開始出苗;冬杏×卡巴克胡安娜為3月7日開始出苗;冬杏自交、冬杏×莎車洪待克、冬杏×克孜朗的出苗時間稍晚,3月10日開始出苗;冬杏×毛拉肖、冬杏×賽買提、冬杏×晚熟佳娜麗、冬杏×特爾灣玉呂克、冬杏×賈格達(dá)瑪伊桑出苗時間為3月16日;冬杏×輪臺白杏、冬杏×木孜佳娜麗、冬杏×庫車托傭、冬杏×阿克玉呂克出苗時間為3月26日;冬杏×索格佳娜麗的出苗最晚,4月3日開始出苗。圖1
圖1 以‘冬杏’為母本的雜交種子播種后出苗率變化
Fig. 1 Change of the emergence rate of 'Dongxing' as female parent of hybrid seed after sowing
2.4 不同雜交組合組合幼苗生長情況
研究表明,出苗后的30~150 d內(nèi),株高的增長幅度較大,隨著生長進(jìn)程的進(jìn)行,出苗后的120~150 d期間生長速率減緩,株高增長緩慢;冬杏×特爾灣玉呂克和冬杏×毛拉肖的長勢最好,生長至150 d時株高約為89和86 cm;冬杏自交、冬杏×克孜朗、冬杏×庫車托傭、冬杏自然和冬杏×索格佳娜麗的長勢均較好,僅次于最好的兩個雜交組合;生長較為緩慢的雜交組合為冬杏×庫曼提、冬杏×卡巴克胡安娜、冬杏×賽買提、冬杏×莎車洪待克、冬杏×木孜佳娜麗、冬杏×大果胡安娜和冬杏×輪臺白杏、冬杏×晚熟佳娜麗,其余5個雜交組合均未成苗。
種子發(fā)芽率高,表明種子有高活力的種子多,播種后田間出苗率也高[12],試驗人工雜交的20個雜交組合中,85%的雜交組合種子萌發(fā),65%的雜交組合植株長大成苗,除個別的雜交種子發(fā)芽率較低外,其余的雜合種子發(fā)芽率均較高,這說明在新疆干旱少雨的氣候條件下較能獲得具高活力的種子,其中冬杏×毛拉肖的發(fā)芽率達(dá)到100%,在萌發(fā)和出苗期間的活性強(qiáng)弱及其特性的綜合表現(xiàn)高,其田間出苗率和成苗率均表現(xiàn)良好。出苗組合長大成苗,說明雜交種子發(fā)育良好,種子的細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)與功能較完善,吸水吸脹后代謝旺盛,能保證迅速萌發(fā)且萌發(fā)時間短。
植物生長規(guī)律受其自身生物學(xué)特性的影響,又受其生境條件的影響。而植株高度既是衡量其生長發(fā)育狀況的重要依據(jù),也是反映其生長的生產(chǎn)指標(biāo)。幼苗的株高變化受組合、外界氣候條件和栽培管理的影響,應(yīng)綜合考慮;而試驗的栽培條件、管理方式均一致,幼苗的生長主要是受組合的影響。在試驗成苗的15個雜交組合中,冬杏×毛拉肖、冬杏×特爾灣玉呂克長勢較好,生長至150 d的植株高度分別為78和89 cm,而冬杏×晚熟佳娜麗的生長量較小,生長至150 d的高度僅為38.7 cm,大部分株高在49~77 cm;各組合間長勢有一定差距,但總體生長較均勻,這與郝津藜等[13]研究結(jié)果一致。
以冬杏為親本的16個已發(fā)芽的雜交組合中,10個組合的雜交種子經(jīng)低溫層積后萌發(fā)且播種后,出苗率和成苗率較高,植株的長勢旺;4個組合播種后,出苗率和成苗率較低,植株長勢弱,生長量小,2個組合沒有成苗。成苗后的各組合間長勢有差異,但總體生長較集中、均勻。以冬杏為親本的雜交能獲得具有高活力的種子,播種后的出苗率和成苗率均較高,易獲得雜交后代。
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Fund project:Supported by science and technology planning projects of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "integration and demonstration of the key technology of high efficiency and safety production of Xinjiang featured fruit tress" (201130102-1), and key discipline foundation for fruit trees of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Study on Hybrid Seed Sprout Characteristics of a Very Late-maturing Cultivar ofPrunusarmeniaca'Dongxing'
DA Meng-xiang1, LIAO Kang1, ZHAO Shi-rong1, JIANG Zhen-bin1,SUN Jing-fang1, DONG Sheng-li2, DU Run-qing2
(1. Research Center of Featured Fruit Trees, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; 2. Luntai Fruit Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai Xinjiang 841600, China)
【Objective】 To study the difference between combinations of various apricot varieties in seed germination and seedling stage in order to provide a theoretical basis for breeding.【Method 】Dongxing (winter apricot) as female parent was crossed with 19 apricots cultivars in Xinjiang which have different ripen periods, and the hybrid seeds from which were used for germinating seedling and then the germination percentage, seedling emergence rate, seedling rate and seedling growth dynamics were determined to analyze the characteristics of various combinations between sprout.【Result】The results showed that germination rate of 10 combination was more than 60% after 60 d low laminated temperature. The seeds of Dongxing × Maolaxiao had the highest germination rate, the seeds of Dongxing × Wanshuhuanna and Dongxing × Danxing and Dongxing × Kalayulvke had zero germination rate, Dongxing × Teerwanyulvke and Dongxing × Maolaxiao had the higher seedling rate. Dongxing × Kumanti and the emergence time of Dongxing × Daguohuanna and Dongxing natural seeds was earlier and tidy. Among the 15 hybrid combinations of apricot plant, the ones that had the stronger growth potential were Dongxing × Teerwanyulvke and Dongxing × Maolaxiao, and the rest 13 hybrid apricot seedling growth potential was weak. 【Conclusion】The seeds of Dongxing hybrid combination show a big difference between seed germination rate, seedling emergence rate and seedling and at the same time, the combination of high germination percentage rate have high seedling rate, and the seeding growth of seeds from different hybrid combinations varies greatly.
Dongxing; hybrid; seeds germination; seedling
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.05.003
2015-11-12
新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科技計劃項目“新疆特色果樹種質(zhì)資源利用技術(shù)研究與示范”(201130102-1);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)果樹重點(diǎn)學(xué)科基金
達(dá)夢香(1990-),女,新疆哈密人,碩士研究生,研究方向為果樹栽培與生理,(E-mail)751485179@qq.com
廖康(1962-),男,四川梓橦人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向為果樹種質(zhì)資源與栽培生理,(E-mail)13899825018@163.com
S662.2
A
1001-4330(2016)05-0799-06