Real-data assimilation experiment with a joint data assimilation system: assimilating carbon dioxide mole fraction measurements from the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite

HAN Rui， TIAN Xiang-Jun， FU Yuan CAI Zhao-Nan

aInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences， Chengdu University of Information Technology/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province， Chengdu， China；bInternational Center for Climate and Environment Sciences， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing， China；

cClimate Change Research Center， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing， China；dKey Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing， China

Real-data assimilation experiment with a joint data assimilation system: assimilating carbon dioxide mole fraction measurements from the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite

HAN Ruia，b， TIAN Xiang-Junb， FU Yucand CAI Zhao-Nand

aInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences， Chengdu University of Information Technology/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province， Chengdu， China；bInternational Center for Climate and Environment Sciences， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing， China；

cClimate Change Research Center， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing， China；dKey Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing， China

ARTICLE HISTORY

Tan-Tracker； GEOS-Chem；GOSAT； PODEn4DVar；

atmospheric CO2

concentration

Tan-Tracker碳衛(wèi)星資料聯(lián)合數(shù)據(jù)同化系統(tǒng)是針對(duì)即將發(fā)射的中國(guó)的碳衛(wèi)星TANSat，并基于先進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)同化算法PODEn4DVar，同時(shí)采用了聯(lián)合數(shù)據(jù)同化的策略，緊扣碳衛(wèi)星資料同化的這一國(guó)際前沿開(kāi)發(fā)的面向科研和應(yīng)用的碳衛(wèi)星資料同化系統(tǒng)。本文設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)行了Tan-Tracker碳衛(wèi)星資料聯(lián)合數(shù)據(jù)同化系統(tǒng)同化GOSAT衛(wèi)星CO2濃度觀測(cè)的真實(shí)同化實(shí)驗(yàn)，并評(píng)估了Tan-Tracker碳同化系統(tǒng)的可行性和有效性。經(jīng)過(guò)同化后的結(jié)果與模式模擬結(jié)果同觀測(cè)對(duì)比，均方根誤差有了明顯的下降（約30%），特別是在地面觀測(cè)嚴(yán)重缺失的非洲北部、印度半島、南部非洲、美國(guó)南部、澳大利亞西部等地；同時(shí)與觀測(cè)的相關(guān)系數(shù)并無(wú)很大的差異?？傮w而言，Tan-Tracker碳同化系統(tǒng)成功完成真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)同化并有較好的結(jié)果。

1. Introduction

Atmospheric carbon dioxide （CO2） is one of the most important greenhouse gases （GHGs） and its increase since pre-industrial times has directly led to global warming （IPCC 2013）. The increase in atmospheric CO2is mainly caused by anthropogenic emissions. Moreover， as a long-lived GHG， atmospheric CO2can only be partially removed by natural processes， which in turn also contributes to atmospheric CO2levels. Natural processes， such as the carbon cycle， are sophisticated interactions forming a complicated feedback loop. The key to understanding these interactions is to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric CO2concentrations and land CO2fluxes （CFs） （Protocol 1997）.

There are several methods used to study the spatial and temporal distribution of CO2concentrations. Of these，surface observation is one of the most important. In the 1980s， the WMO's Global Atmosphere Watch program was established to monitor the long-lived GHGs that are directly affected by anthropogenic activities. However，there are currently fewer than 200 monitoring stationsaround the world and the records on average are shorter than 30 years. Due to these limitations， it is difficult to analyze spatiotemporal distributions of CO2using only surface observations （Reuter et al. 2011）. Recently， satellite data have become more widely used by researchers due to the increased spatial and temporal resolution of satellite observations from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite （GOSAT） and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2（Yokota et al. 2009； Nassar et al. 2010； Cogan et al. 2012）. Previous studies have used global or regional Chemistry Transport Models （CTMs） to obtain continuous simulated spatiotemporal features of global atmospheric CO2concentrations and CFs （Cogan et al. 2012； Chen， Zhu， and Zeng 2013）. However， there is still an essential and urgent need to improve model simulation efficiency and accuracy.

Carbon cycle data assimilation systems are promising new tools for precisely simulating atmospheric CO2concentrations and CFs. These systems tend to yield estimates of CO2surface flux by combining information from both CTM simulations and atmospheric CO2observations （Peters et al. 2005； Tian et al. 2014）. Peters et al.（2005） developed the Carbon-Tracker data assimilation system， which was coupled to the Tracer Model， version 5， using an ensemble square root filter to assimilate surface CO2concentration observations. The CF inversion results from the Carbon-Tracker system were consistent with the majority of carbon inventories reported by the first North American State of the Carbon Cycle Report （Peters et al. 2005）. Zhang et al. （2014） assimilated CONTRAIL data with the Carbon-Tracker system and dramatically improved the accuracy of simulated concentrations while reducing the uncertainty of CFs in Asia by 20%. However， the accuracy of this simulation was largely dependent on the algorithm，the dynamical model， and surface observations. Due to the limitations of the algorithm， the deficiency of a suitable dynamical model and insufficient surface observations，attempts to construct an efficient and accurate assimilation system still represent a challenging task.

Tian et al. （2014） reported a new CF data assimilation system （Tan-Tracker） that was developed by incorporating a joint PODEn4DVar （Tian， Xie， and Sun 2011） assimilation framework into the GEOS-Chem model （V9-01-03； Suntharalingam et al. 2004； Nassar et al. 2010）. In their study， an identity operator was chosen as the CF dynamical model to describe CF evolution， and then this CF dynamical model was utilized to create an augmented dynamical model using the GEOS-Chem atmospheric transport model. Therefore，the large-scale state vector of both CFs and CO2concentrations is set as the prognostic variable， which is simultaneously constrained by assimilation of atmospheric CO2concentration observations. Using this approach， the Tan-Tracker data assimilation system is expected to be powerful and efficient.

In this study， we assimilated column average dry-air mole fraction of CO2（XCO2） GOSAT observations from January 2010 to October 2010 into the GEOS-Chem model using the Tan-Tracker system， and compared the results with GOSAT observations. Details of the Tan-Tracker data assimilation system are presented next， in Section 2， followed by a description of the experiment and results in Section 3. Section 4 summarizes the conclusions that can be drawn from this study.

2. Tan-Tracker data assimilation system

The Tan-Tracker data assimilation system is a joint assimilation system capable of optimizing model states and parameters simultaneously from noisy measurements through the PODEn4DVar approach developed by Tian et al. （2014）.

We initialized Tan-Tracker by running the GEOS-Chem twice to generate the assimilation inputs. The background run started from the previous best analysis Caforced by the prior CFsFbato determine the backgroundCO2concentration fieldsCb. This was used to prepare the rth background joint vector（λ，C）T， where λis the scaling factor between

bbb the prior CFs and the updated CFs. The sampling run followed the background run but with a different run length and adopted a 4D moving sampling strategy （Wang et al. 2010） to produce the joint vector ensemble（λm，Cm）T. This is explained in detail in Tian et al. （2014）.

The CF dynamical sub-model， together with the CTM（GEOS-Chem）， shapes the Tan-Tracker dynamical model:

Here， the flux persistence-forecasting model denotes MCF=I （I， identity matrix）， which is chosen as the CF evolution dynamical sub-model （based on Peters et al. 2005）.

The Tan-Tracker system assimilates XCO2directly using the following observation operator （Equation （2））， which explains the link between the observational variableXCO2and GEOS-Chem simulated 3D CO2concentrations （Feng et al. 2009； Tian et al. 2014）:

where h is a pressure weighting function， A is the full averaging kernel matrix，Cais the prior CO2profile，XCO2，ais the associated column mole fraction， and Cmis the model-calculated CO2profile. We generated ensemble simulated observations，and background simulatedobservations， by applying the observation operator Hto the ensemble CO2concentration，Cm， and background CO2concentration，Cb， respectively.

At this point， the background joint vector（λb，Cb）T， the joint vector ensemble（λm，Cm）T， the background simulated observations （Co）， the ensemble simulated observations

b） and the real CO2concentrations （Cobs） have been determined and can be inputted into the PODEn4DVar assimilation processor to yield the best analysis joint vector（λa，Ca）Tand optimized CFs （Fa=λaF?）. The best analysis is the initial condition for the next assimilation cycle.

3. Real-data assimilation experiment with retrieved satellite data （XCO2）

The efficiency and accuracy of the Tan-Tracker data assimilation system was comprehensively evaluated using a well-designed real-data assimilation experiment applied to data from 2010. The setup of the experiment and results are described below.

3.1. Experimental setup

The global 3D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem（version: 9-01-03） was used to simulate the atmospheric CO2concentration. This version of GEOS-Chem has a horizontal resolution of 2° × 2.5° （latitude × longitude） and 47 hybrid eta levels up to 0.01 hPa， which is driven by GEOS-5 meteorological fields. These are assimilated meteorological data from the GEOS of the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office.

The original GEOS-Chem CO2simulation was designed by Suntharalingam et al. （2004） and updated by Nassar et al. （2010）. The prescribed CO2fluxes used in the model include monthly fossil fuel burning and cement production CO2emissions， monthly biomass burning， climatological biofuel burning， monthly ocean exchange，three-hourly biospheric fluxes， annual climatological terrestrial biosphere exchange， chemical production of CO2from the atmospheric oxidation of other carbon species，and monthly emissions from shipping and aviation CO2emissions. A detailed description of the basic model input data can be found in Tian et al. （2014）.

The experiment began with a two-year spin-up from 1 January 2008， with a globally uniform 3D CO2concentration field of 383.76 ppm. This was used since the annual mean CO2concentration in 2007 was 383.76 ppm at Mauna Loa， which is the marine surface site of the NOAA-ESRL（http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/mlo/）. This twoyear spin-up is a key step to maintaining mass and energy balance， while also allowing model transport， sources， and sinks to develop global spatial patterns. After the spin-up，the acquired CO2concentration field is used to drive the real-data assimilation experiment.

The space-borne observations used in our experiment were retrieved from GOSAT， which was launched in 2009. We chose the GOSAT Level 2 data； that is， the XCO2. This can be found in the Atmospheric CO2Observations from Space （ACOS） data product， version 3.3. We applied the recommended data screening criteria and bias correction technique based on the ‘ACOS Level 2 Standard Product Data User's Guide' （http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/acdisc/ documentation/ACOS_v3.3_DataUsersGuide.pdf）.

In order to guarantee high-quality assimilated data， we only retainedXCO2data with standard error deviations of less than 1.0 ppm. We initially performed CO2simulations from 1 January 2010 to 31 October 2010 without assimilation （referred to as ‘Sim'）， and then we performed the CO2simulation with the Tan-Tracker assimilation system（referred to as ‘TT'） form 1 January 2010 to 31 October 2010. Due to the five-week lag window within the assimilation window， 13 months' worth of data from November 2009 to November 2010 were used to ensure continuity.

3.2. Results and discussion

The global distribution of GOSAT-retrieved satellite data，XCO2， after quality control， demonstrated obvious spatiotemporal distribution patterns， such as lower concentrations of CO2at high latitudes in contrast with higher concentrations in equatorial regions. High concentrations of CO2（approximately 388—391 ppm） were found in the NH， while CO2concentrations in the SH were lower（approximately 385—388 ppm）. The temporal distribution of CO2concentrations in the NH clearly followed a seasonal cycle， increasing with time and reaching a peak concentration of 388 ppm at the end of April or beginning of May prior to the maturation period that began in June， and then reducing with time to approximately 382 ppm in late autumn before rising again.

To examine the performance of Tan-Tracker， theXCO2derived from Sim （referred to asXCO2，Sim） and TT （referred to as XCO2，TT） were compared with GOSAT observations. The CO2concentrations obtained from Sim and TT were converted intoXCO2， i.e.，XCO2，Simand XCO2，TT， by first calculating CO2profiles that were the same levels as GOSAT data profiles， and then calculatingXCO2using Equation（2）. The distributions of XCO2，Simand XCO2，TTat GOSAT satellite geographic coordinates are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2， respectively， which display data from January，April， July， and October 2010. Both of the distributions had spatiotemporal patterns that were comparable to the observed data. As shown in Figure 3， high deviations between the observations，XCO2，Obs， and the simulations，XCO2，Sim， can be seen in northern Africa （Sahara）， the Indian peninsula， southern Africa， southern North America， and western Australia， within the range of 2—6 ppm （Figure

Figure 1.Monthly distributions of GEOS-Chem simulated XCO2data （XCO2，Sim） at GOSAT satellite geographic coordinates over January，April， July， and October 2010.

Figure 2.Monthly distributions of Tan-Tracker assimilated XCO2data （XCO2，TT） at GOSAT satellite geographic coordinates over January， April，July， and October 2010.

Figure 3.Monthly distributions of the difference between retrieved GOSAT satellite XCO2data （observation；XCO2，Obs） and the GEOS-Chem simulatedXCO2data （Sim；XCO2，Sim） ， calculated as XCO2，Obs-XCO2，Sim， at GOSAT satellite geographic coordinates over January， April， July， and October 2010.

Figure 4.Monthly distributions of the difference between retrieved GOSAT satellite XCO2data （observation；XCO2，Obs） and the Tan-Tracker assimilatedXCO2data （TT；XCO2，TT） ， calculated as XCO2，Obs-XCO2，TT， at GOSAT satellite geographic coordinates over January， April， July， and October 2010.

Figure 5.Taylor diagram of Tan-Tracker assimilated XCO2data（XCO2，TT； red circles） and GEOS-Chem simulated data （XCO2，Sim； blue points） compared with the observational data （XCO2，Obs） from January 2010 to December 2010. The y-coordinates are the RMSE and the polar coordinates denote the correlation （CC）.

3）. The high levels of uncertainty at these places were predominantly caused by the deficiency of observations and insufficient knowledge of biophysical and physical processes. The biases between GEOS-Chem and GOSAT found in this study are similar to those reported by Cogan et al. （2012）. Relative to the differences shown in Figure 3， the biases of XCO2，Obsand XCO2，TTdecrease dramatically to about 1 to 4 ppm， especially in Africa （Sahara） and the Indian peninsula （Figure 4）， indicating that assimilating GOSAT observations can effectively eliminate spatial and temporal variation between the model and observations.

The RMSE and correlation coefficients （CCs） between monthly time series ofXCO2，model（XCO2，Simand XCO2，TT） and XCO2，Obsare shown in Figure 5. The RMSE betweenXCO2，Simand XCO2，TTranged from 1.75 to 3.0 ppm and the CC ranged from 0.25 （November） to 0.85 （April）， both having an annual cycle. Relative to only a slight increase in the CC，the RMSE betweenXCO2，TTand XCO2，Obsdecreased sharply by 20% to 40% to about 1.25 to 1.75 ppm. These results illustrate that assimilating GOSAT satellite observations through the Tan-Tracker system tangibly improves the performance of model simulations by reducing spatial error， RMSE and improving the CC to yield more accurate 3D CO2concentrations and CFs.

4. Conclusions

This study assessed a Chinese carbon cycle data assimilation system （Tan-Tracker） by evaluating the performance during a real-data assimilation experiment. The Tan-Tracker system was initially developed based on an advanced hybrid assimilation approach （PODEn4DVar）， as part of the preparation for the launch of the Chinese CO2observation satellite， TanSat （Liu et al. 2012； Tian et al. 2014）. The spatiotemporal distributions of the simulated data，XCO2，model， with and without assimilation，XCO2，TTand XCO2，Sim， were compared with GOSATXCO2data （XCO2，Obs） at each satellite scan position. The results demonstrate that assimilation markedly reduces the RMSE and slightly improves the CC. Overall， our real-data assimilation experiment demonstrated that the Tan-Tracker system performs well when implementing GOSAT data assimilation.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their critical comments and suggestions， which helped to improve the manuscript. Also， we are very grateful to the ACOS and GOSAT teams for the availability of GOSAT observations.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China ［grant number 2013AA122002］， the National Natural Science Foundation of China ［grant numbers 41575100 and 91437220］， the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences［grant number KZCX2-EW-QN207］， and the Special Fund for Meteorological Scientific Research in Public Interest ［grant number GYHY201506002］.

References

Cogan， A. J.， H. Boesch， R. J. Parker， L. Feng， P. I. Palmer， J.-F. L. Blavier， N. M. Deutscher et al. 2012. “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Retrieved from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite （GOSAT）: Comparison with Ground-Based TCCON Observations and GEOS-Chem Model Calculations.” Journal of Geophysical Research 117 （D21）. doi:10.1029/2012JD018087.

Chen， Z. H.， J. Zhu， and N. Zeng. 2013. “Improved Simulation of Regional CO2Surface Concentrations Using GEOS-Chem and Fluxes from VEGAS.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13（15）: 7607—7618.

Feng， L.， P. I. Palmer， H. B?sch and S. Dance. 2009. “Estimating Surface CO2Fluxes from Space-borne CO2Dry Air Mole Fraction Observations Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9 （8）: 2619—2633.

IPCC. 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Liu， J.， I. Fung， E. Kalnay， J. S. Kang， E. T. Olsen， and L. Chen. 2012.“Simultaneous Assimilation of AIRS XCO2and Meteorological Observations in a Carbon Climate Model with an Ensemble Kalman Filter.” Journal of Geophysical Research 117 （D5）. doi:10.1029/2011JD016642.

Nassar， R.， D. B. A. Jones， P. Suntharalingam， J. M. Chen， R. J. Andres， K. J. Wecht， R. M. Yantosca， et al. 2010. “Modeling Global Atmospheric CO2with Improved Emission Inventories and CO2Production from the Oxidation of Other CarbonSpecies.” Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 3 （3）: 889—948.

Peters， W.， J. B. Miller， J. Whitaker， A. S. Denning， A. Hirsch， M. C. Krol， D. Zupanski， L. Bruhwiler， and P. P. Tans. 2005. “An Ensemble Data Assimilation System to Estimate CO2Surface Fluxes from Atmospheric Trace Gas Observations.” Journal of Geophysical Research 110 （D24）. doi:10.1029/2005JD006157. Protocol， K. 1997. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kyoto: Kyoto Protocol.

Reuter， M.， H. Bovensmann， M. Buchwitz， J. P. Burrows， B. J. Connor， N. M. Deutscher， D. W. T. Griffith， et al. 2011.“Retrieval of Atmospheric CO2with Enhanced Accuracy and Precision from SCIAMACHY: Validation with FTS Measurements and Comparison with Model Results.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 1984—2012 116 （D4）. doi:10.1029/2010JD015047.

Suntharalingam， P.， D. J. Jacob， P. I. Palmer， J. A. Logan， R. M. Yantosca， Y. Xiao， M. J. Evans， et al. 2004. “Improved Quantification of Chinese Carbon Fluxes Using CO2/CO Correlations in Asian Outflow.” Journal of Geophysical Research 109 （D18）. doi:10.1029/2003JD004362.

Tian， X.， Z. Xie， and Q. Sun. 2011. “A POD-based Ensemble Fourdimensional Variational Assimilation Method.” Tellus A 63 （4）: 805—816.

Tian， X.， Z. Xie， Y. Liu， Z. Cai， Y. Fu， H. Zhang， and L. Feng. 2014. “A Joint Data Assimilation System （Tan-Tracker）to Simultaneously Estimate Surface CO2Fluxes and 3-D Atmospheric CO2Concentrations from Observations.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14 （23）: 13281—13293.

Wang， B.， J. Liu， S. Wang， W. Cheng， J. Liu， C. Liu， Q. Xiao and Y. Kuo. 2010. “An Economical Approach to Four-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation.” Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 27: 715—727.

Yokota， T.， Y. Yoshida， N. Eguchi， Y. Ota， T. Tanaka， H. Watanabe，and S. Maksyutov. 2009. “Global Concentrations of CO2and CH4Retrieved from GOSAT: First Preliminary Results.” SOLA 5: 160—163.

Zhang， H. F.， B. Z. Chen， T. Machida， T. Machida， H. Matsueda， Y. Sawa， Y. Fukuyama， et al. 2014. “Estimating Asian Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes from CONTRAIL Aircraft and Surface CO2Observations for the Period 2006—2010.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14 （11）: 5807—5824.

25 August 2015 Revised 26 October 2015 Accepted 29 October 2015

CONTACT TIAN Xiang-Jun tianxj@mail.iap.ac.cn

? 2016 The Author（s）. Published by Taylor & Francis.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License （http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/）， which permits unrestricted use， distribution， and reproduction in any medium， provided the original work is properly cited.