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    北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院成年人不安腿綜合征調(diào)查

    2016-11-18 06:49:24陳健華羅金梅劉秀琴
    關(guān)鍵詞:繼發(fā)性原發(fā)性肢體

    陳健華,黃 蓉,羅金梅,肖 毅,鐘 旭,劉秀琴

    中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 1神經(jīng)科 2呼吸內(nèi)科,北京 100730

    ?

    ·論 著·

    北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院成年人不安腿綜合征調(diào)查

    陳健華1,黃 蓉2,羅金梅2,肖 毅2,鐘 旭2,劉秀琴1

    中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院1神經(jīng)科2呼吸內(nèi)科,北京 100730

    目的 調(diào)查北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院成年人不安腿綜合征(RLS)患者的患病情況、疲勞嚴(yán)重度、睡眠質(zhì)量、日間嗜睡、病情嚴(yán)重度及焦慮抑郁情況。方法 連續(xù)入組有睡眠相關(guān)癥狀主訴的門(mén)診患者4739例,年齡小于18歲者排除在外。所有受試者回答RLS量表,滿(mǎn)足4個(gè)條件的患者將接受隨訪以及進(jìn)一步檢查。RLS癥狀嚴(yán)重度使用中國(guó)國(guó)際RLS量表(IRLS-C)評(píng)估。收集同時(shí)期年齡性別匹配的無(wú)睡眠障礙或肢體不適、未服用任何藥物的健康者和連續(xù)門(mén)診就診的失眠而非RLS的患者作為正常對(duì)照組(n=42)和非RLS失眠對(duì)照組(n=42)。采用皮茨堡睡眠質(zhì)量量表(PSQI)、疲勞嚴(yán)重度量表(FSS)、愛(ài)潑沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)和綜合醫(yī)院焦慮抑郁量表(HADS)對(duì)原發(fā)性RLS患者和正常對(duì)照組及非RLS失眠對(duì)照組患者進(jìn)行評(píng)估和比較。結(jié)果 4739例有睡眠相關(guān)癥狀主訴的門(mén)診患者中,有162例(3.42%)滿(mǎn)足4條標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中,24例因?yàn)榕R床資料不完整或失訪歸為原因不明分類(lèi)不清的RLS,42例(0.89%)為原發(fā)性RLS,63例(1.33%)為繼發(fā)性RLS,33例(0.70%)為RLS樣疾病。42例原發(fā)性RLS患者中,41例(97.6%)睡眠質(zhì)量差,13例(31.0%)存在焦慮,4例(9.5%)有抑郁。原發(fā)性RLS患者的PSQI(q=11.69,P=0.000)、HADA(q=8.02,P=0.000)和HADD(q=6.60,P=0.000)得分明顯高于正常對(duì)照組,F(xiàn)SS(q=3.74,P=0.001)、ESS(q=2.97,P=0.012)和HADD(q=4.15,P=0.000)得分明顯低于非RLS失眠對(duì)照組患者。HADA和HADD評(píng)分與PSQI評(píng)分(r=0.340,P=0.028;r=0.383,P=0.012)、FSS評(píng)分(r=0.445,P=0.003;r=0.511,P=0.001)及IRLS評(píng)分(r=0.477,P=0.001;r=0.578,P=0.000)呈顯著正相關(guān)。結(jié)論 對(duì)因?yàn)槭吆?或肢體不適感而就診的患者應(yīng)考慮RLS的可能。原發(fā)性RLS患者睡眠質(zhì)量差,焦慮抑郁發(fā)生率高。臨床醫(yī)生需要對(duì)原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性RLS進(jìn)行鑒別診斷,同時(shí)除外RLS樣疾病。

    不安腿綜合征;睡眠;疲勞;焦慮;抑郁

    ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(5):548-553

    不安腿綜合征(restless legs syndrome,RLS)是指非活動(dòng)狀態(tài)下出現(xiàn)的下肢難以忍受的不適,夜間明顯,迫使患者不停地活動(dòng)患肢,通過(guò)活動(dòng)癥狀可以得到暫時(shí)緩解。不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)的RLS患病率差異很大,北美和西歐國(guó)家為4%~29%[1],日本為0.85%~1.80%[2- 5],韓國(guó)為0.9%~12.1%[6- 11],新加坡為0.1%~0.6%[12]。本研究調(diào)查了北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院42例RLS患者的患病情況、睡眠質(zhì)量、疲勞嚴(yán)重度、日間嗜睡、病情嚴(yán)重度及焦慮抑郁情況,以期為今后的臨床診療提供參考。

    對(duì)象和方法

    對(duì)象 2012年10月至2014年6月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院門(mén)診以任何與睡眠相關(guān)性癥狀為主訴(包括失眠和/或肢體不適感)就診的患者。年齡小于18歲的患者排除在外。

    RLS診斷 在取得知情同意后,所有受試者回答 國(guó)際不安腿綜合征研究組(International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group,IRLSSG)制定的RLS自評(píng)量表,具體為:(1)你由于肢體不適感,導(dǎo)致有強(qiáng)烈運(yùn)動(dòng)肢體的愿望嗎?(2)這種想要運(yùn)動(dòng)肢體的愿望或不適感是出現(xiàn)于坐著或躺下休息時(shí)或者在那時(shí)會(huì)加重嗎?(3)這種不適感會(huì)在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)暫時(shí)緩解嗎?(4)這種安靜時(shí)出現(xiàn)的想要運(yùn)動(dòng)肢體的不適感是只發(fā)生于夜間或在夜間休息時(shí)加重嗎[13- 14]?

    所有滿(mǎn)足上述4個(gè)條件的受試者將被介紹給睡眠障礙專(zhuān)業(yè)的臨床醫(yī)生以進(jìn)一步了解病史和進(jìn)行體格檢查。這些受試者還將接受包括血常規(guī)、鐵四項(xiàng)、肝腎功能、血糖、甲狀腺功能在內(nèi)的血液檢查及定期門(mén)診和電話隨訪,必要時(shí)加做肌電圖、頭顱或脊髓核磁共振檢查。采用IRLSSG 2014年修訂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14]將患者分為原發(fā)性RLS、繼發(fā)性RLS和RLS樣疾病。

    量表評(píng)估和組間比較 以同期年齡性別匹配的無(wú)睡眠障礙或肢體不適、未服用任何藥物的健康者(正常對(duì)照組,n=42)和同時(shí)期連續(xù)門(mén)診就診的失眠而非RLS的患者(非RLS失眠對(duì)照組,n=42)為對(duì)照,采用皮茨堡睡眠質(zhì)量量表(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)、疲勞嚴(yán)重度量表(Fatigue Severity Scale,F(xiàn)SS)、愛(ài)潑沃斯嗜睡量表(Epworth Sleeping Scale,ESS)、綜合醫(yī)院焦慮抑郁量表(Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,HADS)和中國(guó)國(guó)際RLS量表(International RLS Study Group Rating Scale,IRLS-C)[15]評(píng)估受試者的睡眠質(zhì)量、疲勞嚴(yán)重度、日間嗜睡情況、病情嚴(yán)重度、焦慮抑郁狀態(tài)和RLS癥狀嚴(yán)重度,并與與原發(fā)性RLS患者(原發(fā)性RLS組)進(jìn)行比較。

    統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,RLS組和對(duì)照組比較采用方差分析和q檢驗(yàn)方法,RLS組焦慮抑郁相關(guān)因素的分析采用Spearman相關(guān)分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

    結(jié) 果

    一般情況 4739例有睡眠相關(guān)癥狀主訴的門(mén)診患者中,有162例(3.42%)滿(mǎn)足4條標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中,24例因?yàn)榕R床資料不完整或失訪歸為原因不明分類(lèi)不清的RLS,42例(0.89%)為原發(fā)性RLS,63例(1.33%)為繼發(fā)性RLS,33例(0.70%)為RLS樣疾病。

    42例原發(fā)性RLS患者中,男16例,女26例;平均年齡為(54.4±13.3)歲(20~80歲);確診時(shí)平均病程(10.2±9.1)個(gè)月(0.5~38個(gè)月);平均隨訪時(shí)間(24.0±6.0)個(gè)月(12~32個(gè)月);平均IRLS評(píng)分(20.4±8.2)分(7~36分),其中,50%為重度RLS患者(IRLS>20分)。40例(95.2%)為慢性持續(xù)型,未治療時(shí)在1年時(shí)間里癥狀出現(xiàn)次數(shù)大于或等于每周2次;2例(4.8%)為間歇型,未治療時(shí)在1年時(shí)間里癥狀出現(xiàn)次數(shù)小于每周2次,并且出現(xiàn)過(guò)至少5個(gè)周期。4例(9.5%)患者以上肢癥狀首發(fā)起病,38例(90.5%)以下肢癥狀首發(fā)起病。3例患者(7.1%)有陽(yáng)性家族史。9例患者(21.4%)未服藥,3例患者(7.1%)按需服藥,30例患者(71.4%)長(zhǎng)期服藥;所服用的藥物主要包括多巴胺受體激動(dòng)劑、左旋多巴類(lèi)藥物、加巴噴丁和鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥。41例患者(97.6%)睡眠質(zhì)量差,38例患者(90.5%)為睡眠始動(dòng)性失眠(入睡困難),26例患者(62.1%)有睡眠中期失眠(夜醒頻繁),14例患者(33.3%)存在終期失眠(早醒)。13例患者(31.0%)存在焦慮,4例患者(9.5%)有抑郁,其中,4.8%為重度焦慮,2.4%為重度抑郁。

    63例繼發(fā)性RLS 患者中,男23例,女40例,平均年齡(57.4±15.3)歲(24~90歲)。最常見(jiàn)的病因是鐵缺乏(15例,23.8%)和周?chē)窠?jīng)病(15例,23.8%),其次為終末期腎病(9例,14.3%)、神經(jīng)根病(5例,7.9%)、類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(3例,4.8%)、甲狀腺功能減退(3例,4.8%)、缺血性腦梗死(3例,4.8%)、抗抑郁藥物治療(3例,4.8%),然后依次為脊髓病(2例,3.2%)、干燥綜合征(2例,3.2%)、甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)(1例,3.2%)、多發(fā)性硬化(1例,1.6%)、強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎(1例,1.6%)。臨床方面全部為慢性持續(xù)型。

    33例RLS樣疾病患者中,男10例,女23例,平均年齡(60.7±15.6歲)(24~85歲)。病因分別為關(guān)節(jié)痛(18例,54.5%)、全面性焦慮(9例,27.3%)、痛性痙攣(2例,6.1%)、靜脈淤滯(2例,6.1%)、肌痛(1例,3.0%)、多重狀態(tài)(1例,3.0%)。其中,5例(15.2%)為慢性持續(xù)型,28例(84.8%)為間歇型。

    各組間睡眠質(zhì)量、疲勞嚴(yán)重度、日間嗜睡和焦慮抑郁情況的比較 原發(fā)性RLS患者的PSQI(q=11.69,P=0.000)、綜合醫(yī)院焦慮量表(Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for Anxiety,HADA)(q=8.02,P=0.000)和綜合醫(yī)院抑郁量表(Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for Depression,HADD)(q=6.60,P=0.000)得分明顯高于正常對(duì)照組,F(xiàn)SS(q=3.74,P=0.001)、ESS(q=2.97,P=0.012)和HADD(q=4.15,P=0.000)得分明顯低于非RLS失眠對(duì)照組患者(表1)。

    焦慮抑郁相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素 相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示,原發(fā)性RLS患者HADA和HADD評(píng)分與PSQI評(píng)分(r=0.340,P=0.028;r=0.383,P=0.012)、FSS評(píng)分(r=0.445,P=0.003;r=0.511,P=0.001)及IRLS評(píng)分(r=0.477,P=0.001;r=0.578,P=0.000)呈顯著正相關(guān)。

    表 1 各組睡眠質(zhì)量、 疲勞嚴(yán)重度、日間嗜睡和焦慮抑郁情況的比較(n=42,x-±s,分)

    RLS:不安腿綜合征;PSQI:皮茨堡睡眠質(zhì)量量表;FSS:疲勞嚴(yán)重度量表;ESS:愛(ài)潑沃斯嗜睡量表;HADA:綜合醫(yī)院焦慮量表;HADD:綜合醫(yī)院抑郁量表;與正常對(duì)照組比較,aq=11.69,P=0.000;bq=8.02,P=0.000;cq=6.60,P=0.000;與非RLS失眠對(duì)照組比較,dq=3.74,P=0.001;eq=2.97,P=0.012;fq=4.15,P=0.000

    RLS: restless legs syndrome; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; FSS: Fatigue Severity Scale; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; HADA: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for Anxiety; HADD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for Depression;aq=11.69,P=0.000;bq=8.02,P=0.000;cq=6.60,P=0.000 compared with normal control group;dq=3.74,P=0.001;eq=2.97,P=0.012;fq=4.15,P=0.000 compared with Non-RLS-related insomnia group

    討 論

    盡管亞洲已有關(guān)于RLS患病情況的報(bào)道[2- 12,16- 30],但還存在如下缺憾:(1)絕大多數(shù)報(bào)道中關(guān)于RLS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還是基于1995年或2003年的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),只要滿(mǎn)足4個(gè)條件即診斷為RLS,而沒(méi)有除外繼發(fā)性RLS或者RLS樣疾病,這樣會(huì)高估RLS的患病情況;還有些研究采用僅滿(mǎn)足1個(gè)問(wèn)題或2條及以上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即診斷,這樣顯然不合適[3,5- 7,27]。(2)由于既往一些研究中關(guān)于原發(fā)性RLS和繼發(fā)性RLS混淆不清,不利于臨床病因及特點(diǎn)分析。(3)既往多數(shù)研究?jī)H僅為癥狀診斷,缺乏血液檢查和神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度和肌電檢查,這使得RLS的診斷具有不確定性。Hening等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),普通人群中許多情況都可滿(mǎn)足RLS診斷中的4個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但這并不是真正的RLS。Benes等[32]估算RLS診斷的假陽(yáng)性率可高達(dá)10%。因此國(guó)際RLS聯(lián)盟于2012年重新修訂了RLS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),增加了需要除外RLS樣疾病一項(xiàng)。本研究則避免了上述缺陷,分別調(diào)查了原發(fā)性、繼發(fā)性RLS和RLS樣疾病的患病情況。結(jié)果顯示,原發(fā)性、繼發(fā)性RLS和RLS樣疾病均以女性患者居多,半數(shù)以上年齡大于45歲。大部分原發(fā)性RLS以下肢癥狀為首發(fā)起病,得到確診時(shí)常常已是慢性持續(xù)性重癥患者。RLS的癥狀可導(dǎo)致明顯的不適,使患者痛苦不堪,是一種中重度影響健康的疾病[33- 34]。

    本研究中,原發(fā)性RLS患者的睡眠質(zhì)量差,發(fā)生率高達(dá)97.6%,睡眠初期、中期、末期失眠常見(jiàn),焦慮抑郁發(fā)生率高,近1/3患者合并焦慮,1/10患者合并抑郁。與非RLS的失眠患者比較,在睡眠質(zhì)量嚴(yán)重程度相差不大的情況下,焦慮的發(fā)生率相差不大,抑郁、日間嗜睡、疲勞感發(fā)生率低于非RLS失眠患者。合并失眠和焦慮是RLS患者的突出問(wèn)題,抑郁的發(fā)生可能與失眠有關(guān)。推測(cè)原發(fā)性RLS患者早期就診率低的原因可能與日間嗜睡和疲勞感不突出有一定關(guān)系。

    繼發(fā)性RLS是指發(fā)生原發(fā)性疾病隨后出現(xiàn)的RLS相關(guān)癥狀,其責(zé)任病灶大多位于腦橋、放射冠、基底節(jié)區(qū)或脊髓[35- 37],發(fā)病機(jī)制不清。本研究中,3例腦梗死和1例多發(fā)性硬化患者的病灶位于腦橋、放射冠和基底節(jié)區(qū);2例脊髓病患者的病灶位于頸段和胸段脊髓。繼發(fā)性RLS最常見(jiàn)的病因是鐵缺乏和周?chē)窠?jīng)病,在排查RLS相關(guān)病因時(shí)有必要行血常規(guī)、鐵四項(xiàng)、肝腎功能、血糖等化驗(yàn),必要時(shí)行肌電圖檢查。精神類(lèi)藥物也是主要導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)性RLS的原因之一,機(jī)制尚不清楚。其中,抗抑郁藥物最常見(jiàn),其他如喹硫平、鋰劑、阿片類(lèi)藥物撤藥也有報(bào)道[38]。此外,止吐藥、抗組胺藥物、鈣通道阻滯劑降壓藥也可誘發(fā)或加重RLS癥狀。RLS樣疾病包括腿部痙攣、位置性不適、關(guān)節(jié)痛、神經(jīng)質(zhì)性動(dòng)作、睡眠痙攣、習(xí)慣性晃腿或扣腳等,通過(guò)詳細(xì)詢(xún)問(wèn)病史有助于鑒別診斷,臨床發(fā)作類(lèi)型大部分為間歇型。

    與高加索人種相比,亞洲人種RLS患病率更低[26]。本研究中,原發(fā)性RLS占所有失眠和/或肢體不適主訴患者的構(gòu)成比為0.89%,遠(yuǎn)低于北美和西歐國(guó)家,比以往亞洲國(guó)家和區(qū)域報(bào)道的也低。關(guān)于RLS患病率在不同區(qū)域有差異的原因,推測(cè)可能與采用的RLS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有關(guān),一些研究中沒(méi)有把繼發(fā)性RLS和RLS樣疾病排除在外。本研究結(jié)果與Mizuno等[2]、Tsuboi等[4]和Cho等[8]的數(shù)據(jù)相近,后者分別為0.85%、0.96%和0.90%。

    盡管本研究在隨訪過(guò)程中再次詢(xún)問(wèn)了家族史,但依然發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)性RLS的家族史僅為7.1%,遠(yuǎn)低于以往國(guó)際上的報(bào)道(60%以上)[39],也低于亞洲國(guó)家的報(bào)道(18.5%~54.7%),推測(cè)原因可能是臨床醫(yī)生既往對(duì)RLS認(rèn)識(shí)和診斷不足,患者給予重視度不夠,以及患病后未尋求醫(yī)學(xué)幫助。然而,本研究中的家族史也明顯低于Li等[25]和Ma等[26]在上海和青島區(qū)域調(diào)查得出的22.2%和27.0%的陽(yáng)性家族史結(jié)果,推測(cè)原因?yàn)樯鲜龅貐^(qū)屬于華東,而本研究中73.5%的患者來(lái)自于華北地區(qū),華東地區(qū)僅占7.1%,RLS可能在不同區(qū)域的患病情況不同。Tan等[12]研究結(jié)果顯示,人種和地理區(qū)域可以導(dǎo)致RLS患病率不同。

    目前國(guó)際上關(guān)于RLS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共有3個(gè),分別是IRLSSG修訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、國(guó)際睡眠障礙分類(lèi)第3版(International Classification of Sleep Disorders,third edition,ICSD- 3)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和精神類(lèi)疾病診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)第5版(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,fifth edition,DSM- 5)[40],與DSM- 5標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,ICSD- 3的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更貼近于IRLSSG修訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[40]。相對(duì)而言,IRLSSG修訂后的5條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更加嚴(yán)密,有助于臨床確診,更多地被臨床所采用。盡管RLS在普通人群中較常見(jiàn),但臨床醫(yī)生的認(rèn)識(shí)以及患者尋求醫(yī)學(xué)幫助的意識(shí)還是不夠,導(dǎo)致RLS診斷率低。因此,對(duì)于因?yàn)槭吆?或肢體不適感而就診的患者需詢(xún)問(wèn)RLS自評(píng)量表中的4個(gè)問(wèn)題,避免漏診或誤診。在診斷時(shí)需要對(duì)原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性RLS進(jìn)行鑒別,同時(shí)除外RLS樣疾病,繼發(fā)性RLS尚需治療原發(fā)病。

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    Restless Legs Syndrome in Adults in Peking Union Medical College Hospital

    CHEN Jian-hua1,HUANG Rong2,LUO Jin-mei2,XIAO Yi2,ZHONG Xu2,LIU Xiu-qin1

    1Department of Neurology,2Department of Respiratory,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China

    HUANG Rong Tel:010- 69155032,E-mail: huangrong0212@163.com

    Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in adults in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and explore the sleep quality,fatigue degree,daytime sleepiness,disease severity,depression and anxiety of RLS patients.Methods Totally 4739 consecutive patients who visited the outpatient departments with any sleep complaint or leg discomforts were recruited in the study. Patients under 18 years were excluded. All participants answered RLS questionnaire. The subjects fulfilled all four criteria would be followed up and given advanced examinations to rule out secondary RLS and RLS mimics. Primary RLS patients were evaluated with International Restless Legs Scale (IRLS),Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI),F(xiàn)atigue Severity Scale (FSS),Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS),and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for depression and anxiety (HADD and HADA). Another two groups of age-and gender-matched healthy subjects and non-RLS insomnia patients were served as normal and non-RLS insomnia controls.Results There were 162 (3.42%,162/4739) subjects fulfilling all four criteria for RLS; 42 (0.89%,42/4739) subjects were diagnosed as primary RLS and 33 (0.70%,33/4739) as RLS mimics. In primary RLS patients,41(97.6%) were found to be with poor sleep,13 (31.0%) with anxiety,and 4(9.5%) with depression. The scores of PSQI(q=11.69,P=0.000),HADA(q=8.02,P=0.000),and HADD(q=6.60,P=0.000)in primary RLS patients were significantly higher than those in normal controls. The scores of FSS(q=3.74,P=0.001),ESS(q=2.97,P=0.012),and HADD(q=4.15,P=0.000) in primary RLS patients were significantly lower than those in non-RLS insomnia controls. The scores of HADA and HADD were significantly correlated with those of PSQI(r=0.340,P=0.028;r=0.383,P=0.012),F(xiàn)SS(r=0.445,P=0.003;r=0.511,P=0.001),and IRLS(r=0.477,P=0.001;r=0.578,P=0.000). Conclusions RLS should be considered in the patients with any sleep-related complaint or leg discomforts. Primary RLS patients suffer from bad sleep and are more susceptible to anxiety and depression. Secondary RLS and RLS mimics should be excluded before the diagnosis of primary RLS.

    restless legs syndrome; sleep; fatigue; anxiety; depression

    黃 蓉 電話:010- 69155032,電子郵件:huangrong0212@163.com

    R741

    A

    1000- 503X(2016)05- 0548- 06

    10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.05.010

    2016- 01- 26)

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