曠一明, 桂德志, 張衛(wèi)國(guó), 文東新
(1.祁陽縣掛榜山林場(chǎng),湖南 祁陽 426100;2.中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué) 理學(xué)院,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410004)
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衡陽紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢復(fù)對(duì)植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)及多樣性的影響
曠一明1,桂德志1,張衛(wèi)國(guó)1,文東新2
(1.祁陽縣掛榜山林場(chǎng),湖南 祁陽 426100;2.中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué) 理學(xué)院,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410004)
采用“空間序列代替時(shí)間序列”的方法,將植被恢復(fù)階段劃分為演替前期、演替中期和演替后期,并測(cè)定每一階段植物群落特征及多樣性指標(biāo).結(jié)果表明:(1)隨著演替進(jìn)行,地上生物總量和中旱生物植物生物量顯著增加(P<0.05),中生植物生物量的大小順序?yàn)橹衅?后期>前期(P<0.05),旱生植物生物量的大小順序?yàn)橹衅?前期>后期 (P<0.05);(2)隨演替進(jìn)行,Shannon-wiener多樣性指數(shù)(H)、Simpson多樣性指數(shù)(H′)、Pielou均勻度指數(shù)(E)、Simpson均勻度指數(shù)(E′)與Simpson優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)(D)顯著減小(P<0.05),物種豐富度指數(shù)(S)的大小順序?yàn)橹衅?前期>后期(P<0.05);(3)隨演替進(jìn)行,群落優(yōu)勢(shì)種狗尾草(Setariaviridis)和狗芽根(Cynodondactylon)的重要值顯著增加(P<0.05).圖1,表3,參23.
演替;群落特征;生物多樣性
物種多樣性是群落結(jié)構(gòu)和功能復(fù)雜性的一種體現(xiàn),可作為判斷生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)變化或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的指標(biāo),是生物多樣性的本質(zhì)內(nèi)容[1];植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)是指群落中所包含的物種數(shù)量及其植物個(gè)體的群落中的空間分布格局,體現(xiàn)植物群落所處的發(fā)展階段、穩(wěn)定度以及群落所處的生態(tài)環(huán)境差異[2];植物群落多樣性是反映植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的可測(cè)定性指標(biāo),與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能密切相關(guān)[3],生態(tài)系統(tǒng)較高的物種多樣性意味著較高的生產(chǎn)力、抗干擾能力和干擾后系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)能力,植物群落及其多樣性作為植物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,對(duì)發(fā)揮生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能、維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡意義重大,因此,植物群落物種多樣性的研究一直備受關(guān)注[4].
衡陽紫色土丘陵坡地面積約為1.625×105hm2,占據(jù)湖南省衡陽市國(guó)土總面積的25%,是湖南省生態(tài)環(huán)境較為惡劣的地區(qū)之一,也是中國(guó)南方極具代表性的生態(tài)災(zāi)難區(qū)(圖1),因此,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)與重建已成為該區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境改善、區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和農(nóng)民脫貧致富的迫切要求.實(shí)驗(yàn)采用“空間序列代替時(shí)間序列”的方法[5,6],對(duì)衡陽紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢復(fù)階段的植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)及多樣性進(jìn)行研究,剖析其恢復(fù)/退化機(jī)制,為制定合理的對(duì)策保護(hù)生物多樣性和維持該區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供理論依據(jù).
圖1 該區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境概況Fig.1 Ecology and environment status of the study area
1.1研究區(qū)概況
研究區(qū)域位于湘中東南部,湘江中游.境內(nèi)紫色土集中分布于該區(qū)域海拔60~200 m的地帶.屬于亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候,多年來年平均溫度17.5~18.1 ℃,無霜期280~290 d,日照時(shí)數(shù)1 372~2 095 h,平均濕度76%~82%.
1.2試驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1樣地的選擇與取樣方法
2009年8月中旬,按群落演替的順序選擇坡度(向、位、形)和裸巖率等生態(tài)因子基本一致的植物群落,它們分別處于演替前期、演替中期和演替后期.這種方法雖然無法保證不同時(shí)空氣候等環(huán)境條件的恒定,但是可以取得較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間尺度的研究結(jié)果,是生態(tài)學(xué)研究普遍采用的研究方法[7,8].在3個(gè)不同的演替階段按樣線法采用固定間距分別設(shè)置15個(gè)20 cm~50 cm的樣方,共45個(gè)樣方,測(cè)定植物群落的高度、蓋度、多度、瀕度及地上部分的生物量等指標(biāo)[9].
1.2.2計(jì)算與統(tǒng)計(jì)
重要值=(相對(duì)生物量+相對(duì)密度+相對(duì)瀕度+相對(duì)蓋度)/4
物種豐富度指數(shù)(S)、Shannon-wiener多樣性指數(shù)(H)、Simpson多樣性指數(shù)(H′)、Pielou均勻度指數(shù)(E)、Simpson均勻度指數(shù)(E′)與Simpson優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)(D)的計(jì)算方法參考文獻(xiàn)[9,10].
采用單因素方差分析法(one-way ANOVA)和最小顯著差異法(LSD)分析不同演替階段物種和多樣性之間的差異顯著性.表中所有數(shù)據(jù)均為3次重復(fù)的平均值.
2.2.1不同演替階段地上生物量動(dòng)態(tài)
研究表明(表1):隨著演替的進(jìn)行,地上生物總量和中旱生物植物生物量均顯著增加(P<0.05),前期生物總量分別為中期和后期生物總量的44.73%和33.41%;中旱生物植物生物量,41.64%和26.78%.中生植物生物量的大小順序?yàn)橹衅?128.09 kg.hm-2)>后期(106.00 kg.hm-2)>前期(67.12 kg.hm-2)(P<0.05);旱生植物生物量的大小順序?yàn)橹衅?207.43 kg.hm-2)>前期(116.95 kg.hm-2)>后期(105.93 kg.hm-2)(P<0.05).
表1 不同演替階段各生態(tài)型植物類群的地上生物量變化
注:同列不同字母表示相同比較項(xiàng)目在不同演替階段差異顯著(P<0.05).表3同.
2.2.2不同演替階段主要植物群落的重要值變化
研究表明(表2):隨著植被演替的進(jìn)行,群落優(yōu)勢(shì)種狗尾草和狗芽根的重要值顯著增加(P<0.05).狗尾草和狗芽根前期的重要值分別為中期和后期重要值的88.85%、51.34%與45.12%、36.40%;狗尾草與狗芽根分別占重要值總量的52.00%與38.09%,結(jié)果說明,隨著恢復(fù)的進(jìn)行,狗尾草與狗芽根在植物群落中的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)沒有發(fā)生改變,但狗尾草與狗芽根對(duì)植物恢復(fù)的反應(yīng)機(jī)制存在明顯差異.由于反應(yīng)機(jī)制差異的出現(xiàn)[10,11],導(dǎo)致過路黃、野菊花、田邊菊和馬桑等的重要值在不同的演替階段發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化.
表2 不同演替階段主要植物群落重要值的變化
注:同行不同字母表示相同植物種在不同演替階段差異顯著(P<0.05).
2.2.3不同演替階段植物群落物種多樣性
研究表明(表3),隨演替進(jìn)行,Shannon-wiener多樣性指數(shù)(H)、Simpson多樣性指數(shù)(H′)、Pielou均勻度指數(shù)(E)、Simpson均勻度指數(shù)(E′)與Simpson優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)(D)顯著減小(P<0.05),前期H為中期與后期的1.06和1.23倍;H′,1.09和1.20倍;E,1.09和1.19倍;E′,1.42和1.51倍;D,0.70和0.55倍.而物種豐富度指數(shù)(S)的大小順序?yàn)橹衅?11.92)>前期(10.08)>后期(8.93)(P<0.05).
表3 不同演替階段物種多樣性變化
植物對(duì)在演替過程中其地上生物量的變化規(guī)律與種群的生物生態(tài)學(xué)特征密切相關(guān)[12].植物的多種適應(yīng)機(jī)制使植物與其生存的環(huán)境得以共存,生物多樣性對(duì)維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡與功能的正常發(fā)揮起著關(guān)鍵作用,在進(jìn)行群落組成、結(jié)構(gòu)及發(fā)展變化的評(píng)價(jià),群落及其環(huán)境保護(hù)狀態(tài)的測(cè)度意義重大.在演替前期,土壤緊實(shí),通過毛管水分蒸發(fā)強(qiáng)烈,植物的生物量低;演替中期,生態(tài)環(huán)境的有改善,使中生植物與旱生植物獲得了更好的生長(zhǎng)機(jī)會(huì),相應(yīng)也增加了其地上生物量;演替后期,由于植物凋落物的增加,凋落物在土壤微生物的作用下分解[13],土壤養(yǎng)分進(jìn)一步增加,地上生物量顯著增加(P<0.05).因此,我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行該區(qū)域生態(tài)恢復(fù)時(shí)需要營(yíng)造一個(gè)森林生產(chǎn)力水平高、群落結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定、物種多樣性水平高,整體功能發(fā)揮良好的群落環(huán)境[14].
另外,田邊菊與牡荊在演替中期具有較高的重要值是由于其較高的補(bǔ)償性[15];在演替前期,紫薇的生物量較高可能與該植物種類的生態(tài)適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)有關(guān);在演替后期,生物多樣性指數(shù)及均勻度指數(shù)低于演替中期,可能與狗尾草、狗芽根具有強(qiáng)大的間接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),而抑制其它植物種類的生長(zhǎng)[16].在演替前期,由于生態(tài)環(huán)境的惡劣,物種須得提高生物多樣性來求得生存,這一結(jié)論與過去許多學(xué)者研究多樣性的結(jié)果不同[17],而與澳大利亞昆士蘭東南部草地中所研究的結(jié)果一致[18].這說明在不同演替階段,各種植物對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的敏感性存在較大差異,穩(wěn)定性與多樣性具有復(fù)雜的關(guān)系,植物中的多樣性并不完全代表植物群落的穩(wěn)定性,在討論群落多樣性與穩(wěn)定性時(shí)的前提條件是,群落必須是充分成熟的[19],同時(shí),從而擴(kuò)大了中等干擾假說的適用性[20,21].因此,在促進(jìn)該區(qū)域的生態(tài)重建時(shí),必須適應(yīng)該區(qū)域的氣候、水分等條件,保證植物群落的穩(wěn)定與演替方向,促進(jìn)植物群落向正向方向發(fā)展[22,23].
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Biography:KUANG Yi-ming,male,born in 1975,assistant engineer, forest cultivation and forest ecology.
Effects of Re-vegetation on Species Diversity and Structure of Plant Community in Purple Soils on Sloping-land in Hengyang
KUANG Yi-ming1,GUI De-zhi1,ZHANG Wei-guo1,WEN Dong-xin2
(1.Qiyang County Guabang Mountain Forest Farm,Qiyang 426100,China;2.College of Science,Central South University of Forestry and Technology,Changsha 410004,China)
The re-vegetation stages were classified into successive early stage,middle stage and later stage by using an approach of spatial sequence instead of temporal sequence,and the plant community characteristics and bio-diversity index in each plot were measured.The results showed that: (1)In the process of succession,the total aboveground and middle-xerophyte biomass significantly increased(P<0.05),that of mesophyte were followed the order as middle stage>later stage>early stage(P<0.05),and that of xerophyte were followed the order as middle stage>early stage>later stage(P<0.05); (2)In the process of succession,Shannon-wiener diversity index(H),Simpson diversity index(H′),Pielou evenness index(E),Simpson evenness index(E′) and Simpson dominant index(D) significantly decreased(P<0.05),the richness index was followed the order as middle stage>early stage>later stage(P<0.05); (3)The important values of dominant species such asSetariaviridisandCynodondactylonsignificantly increased in the process of succession(P<0.05).1fig.,3tabs.,23refs.
successive; community characteristics; bio-diversity.
2016-08-20
國(guó)家“十五”農(nóng)業(yè)科技重大專項(xiàng)資助(編號(hào): 2001BA507A)
曠一明(1975-),男,湖南祁陽人,助理工程師,研究方向:森林培育與森林生態(tài).
2095-7300(2016)03-007-05
Q145+.2
A