王勝民,劉 毅△,劉 波,?!※i,仲鶴鶴,孫鵬鵬
(1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院骨一科,貴州遵義 563000;2.濟(jì)仁骨科醫(yī)院關(guān)節(jié)外科,貴州銅仁 555200)
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論著·基礎(chǔ)研究doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2016.26.004
金骨蓮膠囊對兔膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎軟骨保護(hù)作用的研究*
王勝民1,劉毅1△,劉波2,桑鵬1,仲鶴鶴1,孫鵬鵬1
(1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院骨一科,貴州遵義 563000;2.濟(jì)仁骨科醫(yī)院關(guān)節(jié)外科,貴州銅仁 555200)
目的研究中藥金骨蓮膠囊對兔膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(OA)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨中白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)表達(dá)水平的影響,探討其可能作用機(jī)制。方法40只家兔分為4組:空白對照組(10只)、模型對照組(10只)、金骨蓮膠囊組(10只,74.4 mg·kg-1·d-1)、氨基葡萄糖組(10只,150 mg·kg-1·d-1)。除空白對照組外其余均按改良Hulth法復(fù)制OA模型,術(shù)后當(dāng)天開始藥物灌胃,對照組僅灌服等量生理鹽水,1次/天,連用8周。8周后處死家兔取右膝股骨髁及脛骨平臺(tái)大體觀察。采用Mankin評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變情況;采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法檢測股骨內(nèi)側(cè)髁負(fù)重區(qū)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA相對表達(dá)量。結(jié)果空白對照組、金骨蓮膠囊組、氨基葡萄糖組和模型對照組Mankin評(píng)分分別為(1.380±0.183)、(2.580±0.464)、(5.250±0.143)、(10.380±0.183)分,Mankin評(píng)分依次升高,組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組3種炎性因子mRNA表達(dá)量均明顯低于模型對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);中藥金骨蓮膠囊在下調(diào)IL-1βmRNA方面與氨基葡萄糖作用相當(dāng),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.271)。金骨蓮膠囊在降低IL-6和TNF-α mRNA方面優(yōu)于氨基葡萄糖作用,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論中藥金骨蓮膠囊可不同程度下調(diào)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α炎癥因子的表達(dá),使軟骨退變的部分因素得到控制,從而起到保護(hù)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的作用。
骨關(guān)節(jié)炎;白細(xì)胞介素-1β;白細(xì)胞介素-6;腫瘤壞死因子-α;金骨蓮膠囊
隨著社會(huì)老齡化,骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)的發(fā)生率逐漸升高[1]。OA是以關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的退變、破壞及骨贅形成為主要特征的慢性關(guān)節(jié)病[2]。西醫(yī)治療OA主要是藥物、玻璃酸鈉注射、手術(shù)等治療,臨床上藥物治療主要以氨基葡萄糖為代表來保護(hù)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨。OA在祖國醫(yī)學(xué)中屬“痹癥”范疇[3],肝腎虧損、風(fēng)寒濕邪、痰淤痹阻為其主要病因;民間治療OA的藥物多為傳統(tǒng)中草藥組方,效果顯著,因此挖掘傳統(tǒng)中草藥治療OA是目前研究的焦點(diǎn)。傳統(tǒng)中藥金骨蓮膠囊是一個(gè)經(jīng)典苗藥組方,主要由透骨香、漢桃葉和金鐵鎖等制成,具有消炎、鎮(zhèn)痛、軟骨基質(zhì)保護(hù)等療效[4]。目前對金骨蓮膠囊的研究大多為其化學(xué)成分、藥理作用、組織培養(yǎng)等,關(guān)于其對OA的保護(hù)作用少見報(bào)道。2015年1~12月,筆者觀察了中藥金骨蓮膠囊對兔膝OA的軟骨保護(hù)作用,并探討其可能作用機(jī)制。
表1 引物序列
1.1材料
1.1.1動(dòng)物及儀器健康成年家兔40只,清潔級(jí),體質(zhì)量2.3~2.9 kg,雌雄不限,由遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)基地提供;SM2000R型病理組織切片機(jī)(德國Leica公司),Olympus LX71-A21PH光學(xué)顯微鏡(北京世紀(jì)科信科學(xué)儀器有限公司),MICRO 21R型高速冷凍離心機(jī)(美國Thermo Scientific公司),ND1000型核酸蛋白測量儀(美國Nanodrop公司),C1000型PCR擴(kuò)增儀(美國BIO-RAD公司),iCycler iQ熒光定量PCR儀(美國BIO-RAD公司)。
1.1.2主要藥物及試劑ZP404離心柱型動(dòng)物組織/細(xì)胞總RNA提取試劑盒(北京莊盟國際生物基因科技有限公司);逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(PrimeScriptTMRT Reagent Kit),實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR試劑盒(SYBR Premix Ex TaqTMⅡ)均購于日本TaKaRa公司。金骨蓮膠囊(批號(hào):150707,規(guī)格:0.25 g×24粒/盒,貴州益佰制藥股份有限公司),鹽酸氨基葡萄糖片(批號(hào):150905,規(guī)格:0.75 g×6片×2片/盒,江蘇正大清江制藥有限公司),EDTA脫鈣液(pH=7.2,北京Solarbio公司)。
1.2方法
1.2.1分組及造模40只健康成年家兔適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)5 d后分為4組:空白對照組、模型對照組、金骨蓮膠囊組、氨基葡萄糖組,每組10只。除空白對照組外其余均改良Hulth法造模[5-7]。耳緣靜脈注射3%戊巴比妥鈉28 mg/kg,術(shù)區(qū)備皮,常規(guī)消毒,行右膝內(nèi)側(cè)切口,暴露右膝關(guān)節(jié)腔,切除前交叉韌帶及內(nèi)側(cè)半月板,行抽屜實(shí)驗(yàn)確認(rèn)前交叉韌帶已完全斷裂;縫合關(guān)節(jié)腔及皮膚。術(shù)后每組每天肌肉注射青霉素鈉(20 MU/kg),連用6 d。單籠飼養(yǎng)并每日驅(qū)趕1.5 h。
1.2.2動(dòng)物給藥及取材按照《藥理實(shí)驗(yàn)方法學(xué)》體表面積計(jì)算方法來折算給藥劑量,兔等效劑量為人劑量3.1倍,金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組對應(yīng)劑量74.4、150.0 mg·kg-1·d-1,總量均為20 mL,分別于造模當(dāng)天藥液灌胃;空白對照組和模型對照組僅灌服等量的生理鹽水,1次/天。術(shù)后8周空氣栓塞處死家兔并取兔右膝股骨髁及脛骨平臺(tái),生理鹽水沖洗干凈大體觀察后分別放于液氮(-196 ℃)及10%福爾馬林固定,備用。
1.2.3關(guān)節(jié)軟骨Mankin評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8-9]蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色:(1)軟骨結(jié)構(gòu)評(píng)分,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨結(jié)構(gòu)光整如常,0分;軟骨結(jié)構(gòu)表面不規(guī)則裂隙,1分;軟骨血管翳形成,2分;裂隙深達(dá)移形層,3分;裂隙深達(dá)放射層,4分;裂隙深達(dá)鈣化層,5分;軟骨全層脫落,6分。(2)細(xì)胞數(shù)量評(píng)分,軟骨細(xì)胞數(shù)量如常,0分;數(shù)量彌漫性增多,1分;出現(xiàn)大量簇集樣細(xì)胞團(tuán),2分;數(shù)量逐漸減少,3分。番紅染色:(1)基質(zhì)評(píng)分,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨基質(zhì)染色正常,0分;染色輕度減退,1分;染色中度減退,2分;染色重度減退,3分;關(guān)節(jié)軟骨基質(zhì)不著色,4分。(2)潮線評(píng)分,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨潮線完整,0分;多重潮線,1分。
1.2.4HE和番紅染色10%福爾馬林固定右膝脛骨平臺(tái)7 d,繼續(xù)用EDTA脫鈣液脫鈣30 d。常規(guī)脫水、剝離關(guān)節(jié)軟骨、石蠟包埋、行5 μm厚度切片,二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ梯度脫蠟,乙醇梯度水化。HE染色:蘇木精染色6 min,鹽酸乙醇分化15 s,伊紅染色5 min;番紅染色:番紅染色5 min。二甲苯透明,中性樹膠封片,鏡檢。根據(jù)Mankin評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)估軟骨退變情況。
1.2.5IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α mRNA的檢測[10]總RNA的提?。阂旱h(huán)境下剝離及研磨關(guān)節(jié)軟骨,嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書操作提取RNA,用ND1000型核酸蛋白測量儀測RNA濃度和純度。cDNA的合成:按照5×Prime Script Buffer(for Real Time) 4 μL,Prime Script RT Enzyme Mix Ⅰ 1 μL,Oligo dT Primer 1 μL,Random 6 mers 1 μL,總RNA 6μL,Rnase Free ddH2O 7 μL;總反應(yīng)體系20 μL,在37 ℃,15 min;85 ℃,5 s,4 ℃ Forever的條件下逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA。基因擴(kuò)增:以cDNA為模板進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(RT-qPCR),嚴(yán)格按照SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix 試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行);反應(yīng)體系:Rnase Free ddH2O 6.4 μL,SYBR Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ (2×) 10.0 μL,cDNA 2.0 μL,上、下游引物(上海生工公司合成,表1)各0.8 μL,總體積20.0 μL;擴(kuò)增條件:95 ℃預(yù)變性30 s;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,循環(huán)40次。實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用2-ΔΔCt法(Ct為熒光達(dá)到閾值時(shí)所需PCR的循環(huán)數(shù))分析IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA相對表達(dá)量。
2.1膝關(guān)節(jié)大體情況空白對照組右膝關(guān)節(jié)無腫大,體質(zhì)量無明顯增減,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨透明,表面光滑、平整,色澤正常。模型對照組右膝關(guān)節(jié)腫脹明顯,體質(zhì)量明顯減輕,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面粗糙,部分可見明顯骨贅形成,色澤灰暗,部分軟骨剝脫并顯露軟骨下骨。金骨蓮膠囊組右膝關(guān)節(jié)稍腫脹,體質(zhì)量減輕不明顯,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面稍粗糙,未見明顯骨贅形成,色澤稍灰暗。氨基葡萄糖組右膝關(guān)節(jié)腫脹輕于模型對照組,體質(zhì)量稍微減輕,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面欠光澤,部分可見極少量骨贅形成。見圖1。
2.2關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變情況空白對照組關(guān)節(jié)軟骨結(jié)構(gòu)光整,細(xì)胞數(shù)量如常,基質(zhì)染色正常,潮線完整。模型對照組軟骨表面較粗糙,有不規(guī)則裂隙形成,細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少,基質(zhì)中度或重度失染,潮線不完整。金骨蓮膠囊組關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面稍粗糙,局部見裂隙,細(xì)胞數(shù)量輕度減少,基質(zhì)染色輕度減退,潮線欠完整。氨基葡萄糖組軟骨表結(jié)構(gòu)欠光整,局部見不規(guī)則裂隙,細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少,基質(zhì)染色輕、中度減退,潮線欠完整。HE、番紅染色見圖2。關(guān)節(jié)軟骨Mankin評(píng)分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)分析顯示,模型對照組比空白對照組關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變嚴(yán)重,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組分別與模型對照組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05);金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA相對表達(dá)量所有擴(kuò)增曲線均無非特異性熒光,融解曲線呈單峰,產(chǎn)物特異性好。見表2。OA模型IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA相對表達(dá)量,模型對照組3種炎性因子均明顯高于空白對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說明復(fù)制OA模型成功;金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組3種炎性因子表達(dá)量均明顯低于模型對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說明兩種藥物均有不同程度軟骨保護(hù)作用;中藥金骨蓮膠囊在降低IL-1βmRNA方面作用與氨基葡萄糖相當(dāng),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。中藥金骨蓮膠囊在降低IL-6和TNF-αmRNA方面作用優(yōu)于氨基葡萄糖,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
A:空白對照組;B:模型對照組;C:氨基葡萄糖組;D:金骨蓮膠囊組。
圖1各組兔膝關(guān)節(jié)大體標(biāo)本圖
圖2 各組關(guān)節(jié)軟骨HE染色(×200)和番紅染色(×200)
組別Mankin評(píng)分(分)IL?1βIL?6TNF?α空白對照組1.380±0.1831.000±0.3001.000±0.3001.000±0.300模型對照組10.360±0.183a8.420±0.785a12.600±0.226a10.800±0.521a金骨蓮膠囊組2.580±0.464abc2.550±0.169ab5.020±0.216abc2.580±0.464abc氨基葡萄糖組5.250±0.143ab2.350±0.031ab7.430±0.114ab5.250±0.143abF155.40067.280842.700146.000P0.0000.0000.0000.000
a:P<0.05,與空白對照組比較;b:P<0.05,與模型對照組比較;c:P<0.05,與氨基葡萄糖組比較。
膝OA是多種生物因素與機(jī)械損傷因素相互作用所致生物力學(xué)紊亂而引起的病理改變,中老年人多發(fā)[11]。多項(xiàng)研究表明,成功造模后的膝OA炎癥變化包括關(guān)節(jié)液滲出及滑膜增生,這也許是OA患者關(guān)節(jié)疼痛的重要機(jī)制之一[12-13]。OA模型的建立是本實(shí)驗(yàn)成功的前提,故采用改良Hulth法復(fù)制OA模型。關(guān)節(jié)軟骨Mankin評(píng)分得出模型對照組較空白對照組軟骨退變嚴(yán)重,提示造模成功。研究證實(shí),氨基葡萄糖在治療膝OA中效果肯定,在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中作為陽性藥物對照[14]。
從大體標(biāo)本角度出發(fā)得知,金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組均比模型對照組的關(guān)節(jié)軟骨表面光整,并沒有明顯骨贅形成;中藥金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組肉眼觀沒有明顯差別。從病理組織學(xué)角度得知,金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組均比模型對照組的關(guān)節(jié)軟骨結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則、細(xì)胞數(shù)量多、基質(zhì)輕度失染、潮線完整,說明兩種藥物均有不同程度軟骨保護(hù)作用;金骨蓮膠囊組和氨基葡萄糖組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說明在病理組織學(xué)水平上金骨蓮膠囊療效優(yōu)于氨基葡萄糖。
IL-1β、TNF-α在OA病程中均是典型的致炎細(xì)胞因子[15-16],可通過一系列級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)引起關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的破壞和炎癥反應(yīng),在膝OA中呈高表達(dá),并與病情呈正相關(guān)[17]。IL-1β可調(diào)節(jié)蛋白水解酶的合成與分泌,促進(jìn)軟骨細(xì)胞和滑膜細(xì)胞分泌基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶并加速膠原蛋白及聚蛋白多糖的降解[18]。近期研究表明,金骨蓮膠囊能夠降低類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠血清中的IL-1β、TNF-α,因此推測金骨蓮膠囊抑制炎癥因子IL-1β、TNF-α是治療類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的機(jī)制之一[19]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),金骨蓮膠囊和氨基葡萄糖均可不同程度的下調(diào)膝OA中IL-1β、TNF-α炎癥因子,但是金骨蓮膠囊在降低IL-1βmRNA方面作用與氨基葡萄糖相當(dāng),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),而在降低TNF-αmRNA方面作用優(yōu)于氨基葡萄糖,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
IL-6在OA中的作用仍存在很大爭議。有研究認(rèn)為,在OA 中晚期的關(guān)節(jié)軟骨中有過量的IL-6表達(dá)[20-21],進(jìn)而刺激更多的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)表達(dá)[22-23],大量軟骨基質(zhì)被降解,軟骨進(jìn)一步加重。最新研究表明,IL-6可能是TNF-α和IL-1β作用于其他細(xì)胞重要的中介物質(zhì);TNF-α和IL-1β通過IL-6的產(chǎn)生將OA的疾病進(jìn)程放大與延續(xù),三者的協(xié)同作用可加速OA的進(jìn)展[24]。IL-6在OA軟骨下骨成骨細(xì)胞中表達(dá)較高,并與OA軟骨破壞緊密相關(guān)[25]。有研究表明,IL-6也可以刺激產(chǎn)生金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑(TIMP),從而負(fù)反饋抑制MMP,因此可認(rèn)為IL-6在OA中影響是雙向的[26]。從分子水平得知,中藥金骨蓮膠囊和氨基葡萄糖均可不同程度的下調(diào)膝OA中IL-6炎癥因子,但是中藥金骨蓮膠囊作用優(yōu)于氨基葡萄糖,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
綜上所述,中藥金骨蓮膠囊和氨基葡萄糖均可不同程度的下調(diào)膝OA中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α炎癥因子,而中藥金骨蓮膠囊在降低IL-6和TNF-α mRNA方面作用優(yōu)于氨基葡萄糖;從而達(dá)到中藥金骨蓮膠囊抑制軟骨基質(zhì)破壞和延緩關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變的目的,對關(guān)節(jié)軟骨起保護(hù)作用。
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Experimental study on protective effects of psammosilene tunicoides on knee osteoarthritis in rabbits*
Wang Shengmin1,Liu Yi1△,Liu Bo2,Sang Peng1,Zhong Hehe1,Sun Pengpeng1
(1.DepartmentofOrthopaedics,theAffiliatedHospitalofZunyiMedicalCollege,Zunyi,Guizhou563000,China;2.DepartmentofJointSurgery,JirenHosptialDepartmentofOrthopedics,Tongren,Guizhou555200,China)
ObjectiveStudy of Golden Lotus capsule and psammosilene tunicoides protective of knee osteoarthritis in domestic rabbits.MethodsA total of 50 healthy domestic rabbits were randomly and equally divided into A,B,C,D,E group,group A was the control group,group B:model control group,group C to give the drug of Psammosilene tunicoides,D group to give Golden Lotus capsule,group E to give the glucosamine drug(n=10).Except for A group,the other 4 groups of domestic rabbits were induced right knee osteoarthritis models by the modified Hulth′s modeling method.After modeling,the experimental group began taking the drug,A and B group were fed with normal saline,once a day.All rabbits were kills by gas embolism at the eighth week.The articular cartilage of medial malleolus of femur split into two and the right knee joints were obtained.One hematoxylin eosin staining and safranin o staining Mankin score of articular cartilage,the other with real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technique to detect articular cartilage of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α of the mRNA relative expression level.ResultsMankin score of group A,B,D and E were(1.38±0.183),(2.58±0.464),(5.25±0.143)and(10.38±0.183)respectively,and it increased in order(P<0.05).mRNA expression of group D and E were significantly lower than group B(P<0.05).Psammosilene tunicoides,Golden Lotus capsule and glucosamine have different levels of protection effect for IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in the articular cartilage of medial malleolus of femur.Compared with control group,the difference between Psammosilene tunicoides and Golden Lotus capsule groupthe was statistically significant (P<0.05).ConclusionPsammosilene tunicoides and Golden Lotus capsule could decrease the expression of IL-1β,TNF-α and IL-6 in different degree.
osteoarthritis;Interleukin-1β;Interleukin-6;tumor necrosis factor alpha-α;golden lotus capsule
貴州省科技廳社發(fā)攻關(guān)基金資助項(xiàng)目(黔科合SY[2010]3091號(hào));碩士啟動(dòng)基金項(xiàng)目(院字[2013]20號(hào))。作者簡介:王勝民(1988-),碩士,主要從事骨關(guān)節(jié)炎及關(guān)節(jié)鏡的研究?!?/p>
,E-mail:13308529536@163.com。
R684.3
A
1671-8348(2016)26-3611-05
2016-03-05
2016-05-26)