非限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞which，as，what

秘力軍

摘 要：關(guān)系代詞which，as，what在非限制性定語從句中被廣泛使用，弄懂它們?cè)诰渲行揎椀氖鞘裁?；它們引?dǎo)的從句與主句的各種關(guān)系以及它們本身在句中的位置和從句中的作用，對(duì)正確理解和翻譯原句起至關(guān)重要的作用

關(guān)鍵詞：which；as；what；d非限制性定語從句；用法；辨析

一、由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，which除了代表名詞或名詞短語外，還常可代表前面的形容詞，主句的請(qǐng)語部分或整個(gè)分句或主句，甚至前面的一系列的句子；也可在從句中作定語，修飾名詞或相當(dāng)名詞的其他東西.

which本身無任何含義，僅作代詞，例如：

（1）He is rich，which I am not.

（1）句中which代表前面的形容詞rich。

（2）They say he plays truant，which he doesnt.

（2）句中which代表主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。

（3）Things then improved，which surprised me.

（4）Tom married my sister and I married his brother，which makes Tom and me double in-laws.

（3）句中which的先行詞是一個(gè)句子，（4）中which的則是兩個(gè)相連的句子。

（5）...，which is how the kangaroo came to have a pouch. which指前面省去了的整個(gè)故事。

有時(shí)，which引出的非限制性定語，which本身在從句中作定語，如：

（6）I called him by the wrong name，for which mistake I apologized.

which所引導(dǎo)的從句常置于句末，偶爾也有放在被修飾的句子之前的，如：

Moreover，which you may hardly believe，the examiners had decided in advance to fail half of the candidates.

二、由as單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)的非限制性的定語從句位置靈活，置于句首、句中、句末均可，含插人語性質(zhì)，除修飾主句外，尚含強(qiáng)調(diào)意味，相當(dāng)于which fact.

（1） As you know，Tommy is the tallest in his school.

（2） To shut your eyes to facts，as many of you do，is foolish.

（3） There will be a meeting this evening，as the teacher had told you.

（1）（2）（3）旬中，as在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，as引導(dǎo)這樣的從句常見的還有：as you may remember，as l can see，as I have said，as Im told，as we agreed，as you suggest 等。

as的先行詞的情況頗為復(fù)雜，大致可歸納為四種情況：

1.代表相關(guān)句子的整個(gè)概念，如：

（1） As had been said before，grammar is not a set of dead rules.

（2） As was too often the case，he arrived later than the appointed time.

2.代表相關(guān)句子中的一種行為（多為不定式短語），如：

（3） It is wrong to think English learning useless，as quite a few persons did before.

（4） To write a dull novel，as any poor writer could do，was unworthy of you.

3.代表相關(guān)句子中的一個(gè)形容詞，如：

（5） She was not ill，as some of her classmates were.

（6） Tom thought Marys reply correct，as it probably was.

4.代表相關(guān)句子中的名詞或名詞詞組，如：

（7） He seems an Englishman，as in fact he is.

（8） Mary wishes to be a TV star，as it is quite possible for her to be.

三、what引導(dǎo)的從句多居句中，也含插人語性質(zhì)。如：

She wore，what was very uncommon in the country， a scarlet coat.

He happened to be at home and，what was rarer，disengaged.

Its a useful book and，what is more，not an expensive one.

若將as和what引導(dǎo)的從句作比較，就能發(fā)現(xiàn)as從句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主句所述是一個(gè)眾所周知的事實(shí)或一件意料之中的事；反之，what從句卻用以表達(dá)對(duì)主句所述的意外驚奇和始料不及。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]張道真.實(shí)用英語語法[M].北京：商務(wù)印書館，1979.

[2]夸克等.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M]，1985.

[3]現(xiàn)代高級(jí)英漢雙解詞典[M].牛津大學(xué)出版社，1970.

[4]高等教育出版社.教材編寫組.《新編實(shí)用英語》綜合教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2014.

（作者單位：湖南勞動(dòng)人事職業(yè)學(xué)院）