伊拉斯謨醫(yī)學院學習中心，鹿特丹，荷蘭

建筑設計：卡恩建筑事務所

Architects: KAAN Architecten

伊拉斯謨醫(yī)學院學習中心，鹿特丹，荷蘭

建筑設計：卡恩建筑事務所

Architects: KAAN Architecten

一次光與空間的介入

伊拉斯謨醫(yī)學院學習中心作為伊拉斯謨醫(yī)學院的教研區(qū)域，以一個通透的屋頂，營造了一個充滿自然光的利于學習的大空間。在改造以前此空間位于室外三層。原建筑師意圖將它打造成一個具有吸引力的入口區(qū)域。然而，美好的意愿并沒有實現(xiàn)。經(jīng)過改造后，此室外空間成為了一個連接多個教學區(qū)域的大中庭。

整個鹿特丹伊拉斯謨醫(yī)學院園區(qū)由荷蘭本地建筑事務所OD205與法國建筑師讓·普魯韋于1965年合作而成。園區(qū)包括了一座白色塔樓和裙房建筑群。園區(qū)坐落在鹿特丹市區(qū)與馬斯河的老河堤之間，與博物館區(qū)和公園毗鄰。曾經(jīng)前衛(wèi)的建筑在改造前已經(jīng)垂垂老矣。

在改造前，59個教學室缺乏新鮮空氣和自然光，長長的封閉內(nèi)走廊讓人感到壓抑。另外，根據(jù)原建筑師的初衷，一個廣闊的與河堤同高的平臺為建筑群提供易達的入口空間——這在1960年代是非常流行的設計手法。然而使用者發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種無限制的流線帶來了諸多問題。僅僅在竣工交付數(shù)月后，院方不得不關閉一些入口，加入了到達三層的扶梯。這些措施影響了建筑的人流路線和平面組織，為建筑帶來了很多諸如死胡同的問題。

改造后的中庭包含數(shù)個房間大小的學習區(qū)域，為學生提供了圍合私密感。紅色地毯和深色胡桃木地板為整個公共空間帶來了平和的氛圍?？臻g以一個長35m、高4層的書架為終結。而在另一邊，數(shù)個報告廳向下鑲嵌入空間中。這是一個學習的廣場，圍合的學習空間、服務前臺、舒適醒目的沙發(fā)散落其中。一片玻璃幕墻為室內(nèi)帶來城市的景色，幕墻外的大平臺是室內(nèi)空間的延伸。學習廣場四周圍繞著上層走廊，連接著報告廳。數(shù)座原本處于室外的具有雕塑感的樓梯突出于走廊，成為了室內(nèi)的一部分。

怎樣從現(xiàn)存建筑中營造新的空間是設計的核心研究。為此，原有建筑的精神和特質(zhì)被仔細地研究了一遍。雖然看似矛盾，但只有對原有建筑有徹底而全面的認識，建筑師才能創(chuàng)造出能為建筑帶來新機的改造。通過利用原有的垂直結構，新的學習中心成為一個開放無阻的空間，同一屋頂下幾個不同的醫(yī)學學科在此融合交流。建筑的外部形象也同樣氣質(zhì)非凡。在外部，建筑體量從下層平臺中凸起，大片的玻璃幕墻提供了室內(nèi)外的視線交流。

學習中心包括內(nèi)科、外科、全科醫(yī)學和助產(chǎn)科。新的設計并沒有選擇將不同的教學部門安排到不同的部分中。相反地，這些部門被安排到了同一個大空間內(nèi)。不同科目的學生在此交流。所有辦公室被安排到北部新的中心一翼。改造前的室外區(qū)域以一個無柱的壯觀的屋蓋結構覆蓋，成為新的學習區(qū)域。屋蓋結構延續(xù)了原設計的對角線結構。通過增加屋蓋結構，此空間恢復了生機，同時流線明確，可謂是對原設計概念的致敬。

新建的屋蓋結構為室內(nèi)帶來了自然光。屋蓋本身也因真人大小的內(nèi)凹天窗被照得明亮。屋蓋以10m×10m的預制件組成。這是設計時技術可達的最大尺寸，以確保屋蓋干凈利落。從室內(nèi)看，整個屋頂天花鋪滿了被光照亮的三角形。屋頂明確了空間感，為室內(nèi)帶來自然光和人工照明，同時散射了噪音。原建筑具有50年歷史的混凝土大梁成為新屋蓋結構的支撐。

新的伊拉斯謨醫(yī)學院學習中心以一個大屋頂，把醫(yī)學院的研究、教學、病人護理等內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一收納其中。學習中心以一個公共的大走道與余下的園區(qū)建筑群連接。走道內(nèi)兩座醒目的樓梯強調(diào)了學院區(qū)內(nèi)部到達學習中心的入口。樓梯的顏色及苗條曲線呼應了學習中心的敞亮和建筑語言。

1鳥瞰/Aerial view

2總平面/Site plan

3改造前/Before renovation

4 改造后/After renovation

An Enlightened Intervention Introduces Light and Space

The Medical Studies Center in the academic section of Erasmus MC is a beneficent sea of space and light under a high ceiling with lots of glass.This used to be "level 2"， a paved exterior courtyard intended by the original designers to guide the user on an attractive route through the complex. The connecting space never really worked. It has now been converted into a much used atrium that connects various new educational spaces.

In history， the white high- and low-rise complex that houses Rotterdam's academic hospital was designed in 1965 by local architect OD205 in partnership with Jean prouvé. It is situated in between the Rotterdam city and the old dike of the river Maas neighbouring the museum district and park. The once advanced building had become wornout and out-dated.

Fifty-nine colloquium rooms were lacking fresh air and natural light， long hallways in between closed walls made you feel lost and the interior design of the lecture halls was spartan. Of more importance however were the effects of a major intervention on the building concept only months after the building initially opened. Originally at dike level， a large deck gave entrance to various building parts， applying the philosophical no-border idealism of the 1960's into a spatial building concept. Soon after opening， the limitless accessibility proved to be problematic. The deck entrances were closed and an escalator to the third floor was added to give access to the building. It disrupted the layout and created many dead-end areas.

The atrium contains ensconced study areas，with furniture scaled to the size of a room for study groups to settle into. The red carpet has been rolled out and together with dark walnut woods create a subdued ambience throughout the public space，which is bordered by a 35-meter long and fourfloor high bookcase. Opposite this， lecture halls protrude into the space. The study square spills over into the foyer， complete with a service counter，robust chesterfields， a window onto the city and an extensive outdoor terrace. Beyond the window，passageways that run round the edge of the square's upper reaches allow access to the lecture halls. Sculptural concrete staircases cascade from the passageways， remnants of the previous construction，once outside and now part of the interior.

Excavating new space out of existing buildings is the ultimate architectural exercise. The characteristics of the original building were thoroughly researched. While it may seem contradictory， this knowledge was strategically used to germinate a design that creates a new atmosphere. Concurrent with the pattern of the existing complex and by employing existing supports， the study Center presents itself as an open，unbound space. Various academic disciplines within the Faculty of Medicine have been brought under one roof here. The exterior view of the Center is equally imposing. Rising from the anonymous substructure is an articulated cube with an enormous window that offers a view out and a look in.

Rather than placing the different programmes，which include medicine， surgery， general medical practice and midwifery， in separate， adjacent wings，this design merges all student related programmes into one central square， where students from all of the medical disciplines meet. All back-office is located in the renovated north Center wing. The extra area needed to create the square has been gained by covering the existing enclosed outdoor area at the deck on the second floor with a monumental， column-free roof， which continues the diagonal construction lines found in the existing design. By embracing the original concept of accessibility into an indoor environment， the deck floor is rehabilitated and clear routes and easy wayfinding are guaranteed.

The idea of superimposing a new roof over part of the existing complex is an enlightened intervention. The roof itself is equally as enlightened with its man-sized hollow rafters and glass roofing. An underlying ten-by-ten meter grid structure， the maximum prefabricated size， give the ceiling a clean look along with the pattern of day-lit triangles. The roof creates a feeling of space， provides daylight and general lighting and diffuses noise. Concrete beams， a gift of the fifty year old construction， were integrated to bear the load.

The Erasmus Medical Center houses the separate entities of academic education， research and patient care facilities together under one roof. They are now connected by a wide communal corridor through the complex. Two monumental staircases designate the interior entrance to the study Center. The slim white spirals presage the sea of space and light inside.

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Erasmus MC Directie Huisvesting

項目團隊/project team: Allard Assies， Luca Baialardo，Timo Cardol， Sebastian van Damme，Luuk Dietz， paolo Faleschini， Raluca Firicel， Michael Geensen， Renata Gilio，Walter Hoogerwerf， Michiel van der Horst， Kees Kaan，Giuseppe Mazzaglia， Eric van Noord， Hannes Ochmann，Vincent panhuysen， Antonia Reif， Dikkie Scipio， Shy Shavit，Koen van Tienen， Aldo Trim， No?mi Vos

項目管理/project Management: KAAN Architecten

主要承建商/Main Contractor: J.p. Van Eesteren

建筑面積/Floor Area: 34，000m2

設計時間/Design period: 2006 - 2009

建造時間/Construction period: 2010.11 - 2013.03

攝影/photos: Airophoto Schiphol/Marco van Middelkoop（fig.1）， KAAN Architecten（fig.3）， Bart Gosselin（fig.4，13-15）， Sebastian van Damme（fig.10，11）

5三層平面/Floor 2 plan

6四層平面/Floor 3 plan

7縱剖面/Longitudinal section

8概念/Concept

9屋頂-樓梯-圖書借閱區(qū)/Roof stairs library

10.11屋頂建造過程/Roof under construction

12屋頂剖面/Roof section

13學習區(qū)/Education square

14圖書借閱區(qū)/Library

15內(nèi)景/Interior view

評論

龍灝：在一個加建的延續(xù)了原設計的對角線結構的中庭“大屋頂”下，充沛的陽光、尺度適宜的圍合空間、舒適醒目的白色沙發(fā)和空間盡頭高達4層的書架墻鑲嵌在紅色地毯、深褐色胡桃木地板和白色天窗與墻面之中，為所有不同醫(yī)學科室的學生構建了充盈著自由交流氛圍的新空間，而數(shù)個原本處于室外、頗具雕塑感的樓梯凸顯于新構筑的中庭空間中，不僅繼續(xù)履行了其垂直交通、連接上下的功能作用，同時也連接了過去數(shù)十年在此求學與工作過的人們的記憶。在以小型、居住、休閑、歷史等關鍵詞為主的舊建筑改造領域，本項目給出了一個另類范例——或者說，建筑師用當代的審美與同樣是現(xiàn)代主義的設計手法為曾經(jīng)前衛(wèi)而今卻落伍的“傳統(tǒng)的”現(xiàn)代主義建筑指出了一種重生的可能性。當然，技術的進步與支撐也是項目得以實現(xiàn)的重要基礎。

張利：卡恩建筑事務所在將伊拉斯謨醫(yī)學院中心庭院改造成新的學習中心的設計中采取了一種清晰的態(tài)度：比發(fā)掘新舊之間戲劇性更重要的，是一個連貫的被人喜愛的空間。在這種態(tài)度作用下，舊的構件被漆白并納入到新的系統(tǒng)之中，舊講堂與樓梯在參與新空間定義方面的潛力得到了最大的發(fā)揮，新的透光屋頂與圖書架的加入則徹底把空間帶入了21世紀。有人會擔心屋頂對正、斜兩種網(wǎng)格系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)是否有點夸張，而對另一些人來說，這也許恰恰是新空間的焦點所在。

Comments

LONG Hao： Under the daylight cast from the added "big roof" atrium， which continued the diagonalline structure of the original design， proper-sized enclosed space， cozy and eye-catching white sofa，as well as the 4-storey-high bookshelf at the end of the space， are among the red carpet， dark-brown walnut floors， and white skylight and walls. This has provided the students from different disciplines of the Medicine Facultywith a new space full of the vigor of free communications； and a number of exterior and sculptural staircases are now in the atrium space of the new construction， while performing the original function of vertical transportation， they also retained the memory of people who used to study and work here in the past decades. In the field of architecture renovation featuring small-scaled， residential，recreational and historical buildings， this project has made an example， or in other words， the architect used the contemporary aesthetics and modernistic design methods to re-point out a possibility for the former avant-garde and now so-called "traditional" modernistic architecture. Certainly， technical progress and support are the foundations of this project's realization. ZHANG Li： KAAN takes a rather relaxed and clear attitude on the transforming of the old courtyard into a new learning centrer: the coherence of the new space is more important than the usual drama between the new and the old. This results in a space that is remarkablypopular. Old components are painted white and integrated into the new system. The spatial potential beneath the old auditoriums and above the staircases are explored in full. The new translucent roof and library are character makers that take the space into the 21st century. For some， the interplay of the two grids in the roof might be a little bit exaggerated，for others， that is exactly the key of the new space.

Erasmus Medical Studies Center， Rotterdam， the Netherlands， 2013