施肥對稻田溫室氣體排放及土壤養(yǎng)分的影響

郭騰飛, 梁國慶*, 周 衛(wèi), 劉東海, 王秀斌, 孫靜文, 李雙來, 胡 誠

(1中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所，北京 100081; 2 湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植保土肥研究所，湖北武漢 430064)

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施肥對稻田溫室氣體排放及土壤養(yǎng)分的影響

郭騰飛1, 梁國慶1*, 周 衛(wèi)1, 劉東海2, 王秀斌1, 孫靜文1, 李雙來2, 胡 誠2

(1中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所，北京 100081; 2 湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植保土肥研究所，湖北武漢 430064)

施肥; 稻田; 溫室氣體; GWP; GHGI; 產(chǎn)量; 土壤養(yǎng)分

已有研究表明，合理的施肥措施可以通過提高土壤碳庫或減少CH4和N2O排放來降低溫室氣體的增溫潛勢，稻田可具有較大的溫室效應(yīng)減緩潛力[9]。Zou等[10]研究指出有機物料的投入會增加全球增溫潛勢，因此不建議施肥中投入有機肥，而Zhao等[11]研究表明將秸稈轉(zhuǎn)化為生物碳可以減緩CH4排放，提高產(chǎn)量和土壤肥力。Das等[12]認為秸稈還田以及施入家禽糞肥對比單施化肥增加了溫室氣體增溫潛勢，然而在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中同樣不能忽視有機肥對產(chǎn)量和土壤肥力的積極影響[13]，本研究針對長江中下游典型的稻麥輪作區(qū)，在當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣施肥的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)置減氮和有機無機配施等不同優(yōu)化施肥措施，研究其對稻季CO2、CH4、N2O的排放及其綜合溫室效應(yīng)和土壤養(yǎng)分狀況的影響，從而為農(nóng)田可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)、溫室氣體減排提供依據(jù)。

1　材料和方法

1.1試驗地概況

1.2試驗設(shè)計

大田試驗設(shè)置5個處理: 1)不施氮肥(CK); 2) 當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣施肥，氮(尿素)施用量為225 kg/hm2(FP); 3)尿素-N 165 kg/hm2(OPT); 4)有機肥N 33 kg/hm2+尿素-N 132 kg/hm2(OPT+M); 5)秸稈N 33 kg/hm2+尿素-N 132 kg/hm2(OPT+S)。每個處理3次重復(fù)，小區(qū)面積為40 m2，隨機區(qū)組排列。小區(qū)田埂嵌入水泥磚并用覆膜覆蓋，防止灌水后小區(qū)之間串水串肥。供試磷、鉀肥分別為過磷酸鈣和氯化鉀，有機肥為江蘇田娘農(nóng)業(yè)科技有限公司產(chǎn)有機肥(C/N =21.72)，秸稈為上一季收獲麥稈(C/N =86.59)。FP處理磷(P2O5)用量為 75 kg/hm2，其他處理均為 60 kg/hm2; 鉀(K2O)用量均為 90 kg/hm2; FP處理氮肥基肥與分蘗肥比1 ∶1，其余處理均為基肥分蘗肥和穗肥比為4 ∶3 ∶3。磷肥、有機肥和秸稈全部基施，鉀肥FP處理全部基施，其他處理基肥穗肥各半。田間管理措施同當(dāng)?shù)爻Ｒ?guī)管理一致。

1.3采樣方法及測定指標(biāo)

CH4、N2O、CO2排放通量計算公式如下[16]:

F=ρ·h·dc/dt·273/(273+T)

(1)

其中，F(xiàn)為排放通量[以CH4和N2O計時為 mg/(m2·h), 以CO2計時，為g/(m2·h)]; ρ 為CH4、N2O、CO2在標(biāo)準狀態(tài)下的密度(kg/m3); h 是采樣箱高度(m); dc/dt 為采樣過程中采樣箱內(nèi)CH4、N2O、CO2的濃度變化率(ppmv/h); T 為采樣時箱內(nèi)的平均溫度(℃); 273為氣態(tài)方程常數(shù)。

1.4數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

1)全球增溫潛勢(GWP)是將各種溫室氣體的季節(jié)排放總量(kg/hm2)的增溫潛勢換算為CO2當(dāng)量，CH4和N2O在100 年尺度上為CO2的25倍和298倍[17]。計算公式為:

TCDE=CDE(CH4)+CDE(N2O)

(2)

2)溫室氣體排放強度(GHGI)是CH4和N2O總增溫潛勢同作物產(chǎn)量的比值，是綜合評價各處理的溫室效應(yīng)的指標(biāo)[18]。

GHGI=TCDE/Y

(3)

式中，TCDE為CH4和N2O綜合增溫潛勢(CO2kg/hm2); Y為該處理單位面積平均產(chǎn)量(t/hm2)。

所有試驗數(shù)據(jù)運用Excel 2010進行統(tǒng)計，Origin9.0作圖，SAS 9.0進行方差分析。

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1稻田CH4、N2O、CO2排放特征

對甲烷排放特征分析得出，各處理CH4排放通量變化趨勢均呈先升高后降低的單峰曲線，除FP處理在移栽后第12 d達到最大峰值外，其余處理均在移栽后的第8 d達到最大峰值(圖1)。其中CH4平均排放通量大小順序為OPT+S>OPT+M> FP> OPT>CK，平均排放通量依次為6.65、5.75、5.69、4.94和4.58 mg/(m2·h)(表1)。就整個生育期的排放特征而言，不同處理CH4排放均主要集中在水稻生長前期，在中期復(fù)水后第38 d有小的排放峰值，生長后期幾乎沒有CH4排放，這與眾多關(guān)于稻麥輪作農(nóng)田CH4排放規(guī)律的研究結(jié)果一致[19-21]。

水稻季CO2排放呈現(xiàn)多峰趨勢，主要排放分布在水稻生長返青期和孕穗期，主要由于水稻移栽前的耕作，使得土壤通氣性良好，有利于CO2的產(chǎn)生和排放[24]，而且孕穗期水熱條件良好促進了稻田呼吸作用。不同施肥處理下水稻生長季CO2平均排放順序為OPT+S > OPT+M>FP >OPT >CK，這與CH4排放大小順序一致。對比FP處理，有機肥及秸稈還田均增強CO2的排放，其中秸稈還田增加最為明顯，表明投入有機物料增加稻田土壤有機質(zhì)積累促進土壤呼吸[25]。

圖1　不同施肥處理對稻田CH4、N2O和CO2排放的影響Fig.1　Effects of different fertilizer treatments on CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions from the paddy field

2.2稻田溫室氣體排放季節(jié)總量

稻田是甲烷的主要排放源。由表1可知，不同處理的CH4季節(jié)總排放量順序為OPT+S>OPT+M> FP>OPT> CK。與CK相比，四種不同施肥處理的CH4季節(jié)總排放量均顯著提高，無論化肥還是有機肥均增加了稻田CH4的排放，其中秸稈還田OPT+S顯著高于其余處理。伴隨秸稈還田，土壤中有機碳增多，產(chǎn)生CH4前體增加，有效促進CH4排放[26]。OPT處理CH4的排放小于FP處理，說明稻田CH4排放隨氮肥用量增加而增加。

稻田N2O的排放量很少，整個生育期總排放順序為: FP>OPT+M>OPT> OPT+S >CK。N2O的排放量隨施氮量的增加而增加。不同于增加CH4排放，秸稈還田減少了稻田N2O的排放并且減排效果顯著，這同Vanlauwe等[27]研究結(jié)果一致。然而有機肥替代比單施化肥增加了稻田N2O排放，這可能與投入土壤有機物料的C/N比及其腐熟程度有關(guān)[26]。

另外，不同處理稻田CO2排放大小順序為OPT+S>OPT+M> FP>OPT> CK，同CH4趨勢一致。相比化肥，有機肥以及秸稈還田提高了CO2排放量。

表1　不同施肥處理CH4, N2O和CO2平均排放量與排放總量

注(Note): CK—無氮肥對照 No N fertilizer; FP—習(xí)慣施肥Farmer’s customary fertilization; OPT—推薦氮量 Optimum N rate; OPT+M—推薦氮肥+豬糞 OPT plus manure; OPT+S—推薦氮肥+秸稈OPT plus wheat straw return. 同列數(shù)值后不同字母表示差異達到5%顯著水平Values followed by different letters are significantly different among fertilizer treatments at 5% level.

2.3稻田溫室氣體的綜合溫室效應(yīng)

由表2可以看出，在100 a尺度下不同處理的增溫潛勢大小同其CH4季節(jié)總排放量順序相同，由于稻田排放N2O的量非常少，因此稻季CH4對溫室氣體綜合增溫潛勢影響明顯，稻田減緩溫室氣體增溫潛勢的主要目標(biāo)就是減少CH4排放。對比當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣施肥，OPT、OPT+M和OPT+S三種優(yōu)化施肥措施中，單施化肥OPT處理同時減少CH4和N2O的排放，增溫潛勢顯著降低了9.1%，OPT+M處理同時增加CH4排放減少N2O的排放，增溫潛勢基本相同，而秸稈還田由于顯著增加了CH4排放，同時顯著減少N2O的排放，其增溫潛勢增長幅度較小僅為0.72%。

對不同處理產(chǎn)量進行分析得出，OPT、OPT+M和OPT+S三種優(yōu)化施肥措施相對于FP處理都增加了水稻產(chǎn)量，增產(chǎn)率分別為3.6%、14.3%和8.5%，均在減少化肥施用的情況下獲得增產(chǎn)，其中OPT+M處理增產(chǎn)最明顯。

表2　不同處理綜合增溫潛勢和溫室氣體排放強度

注(Note): E-CH4—100年尺度下排放的甲烷相當(dāng)?shù)腃O2當(dāng)量 CO2equivalent of CH4emitted on a scale over 100 years; E-N2O—100年時間尺度下排放的N2O相當(dāng)?shù)腃O2當(dāng)量CO2equivalent of N2O emitted on the scale over 100 years. 同列數(shù)值后不同字母表示差異達到5%的顯著水平 Values followed by different letters are significantly different among fertilizer treatments at 5% level.

溫室氣體排放碳強度(GHGI)是一項可綜合溫室效應(yīng)與產(chǎn)量而評價溫室效應(yīng)的指標(biāo)[28]。不施氮肥不僅降低作物產(chǎn)量，而且不斷消耗土壤肥力(表2、表3)，因此在本研究中不考慮其溫室氣體排放強度。由表1可知，溫室氣體排放碳強度順序為FP(0.56)>OPT+S(0.52)> OPT(0.50)>OPT+M(0.49)，其中OPT和OPT+M顯著低于當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣施肥處理，OPT+M溫室氣體排放強度最低，是綜合溫室效應(yīng)評價下最佳處理。

2.4不同處理對土壤養(yǎng)分狀況影響

表3　不同施肥處理下土壤養(yǎng)分狀況

注(Note): 表中數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標(biāo)準誤Data are means ± SE,n=3; 同列數(shù)值后不同字母表示差異達到5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters are significantly different among fertilizer treatments at 5% level.

3　討論與結(jié)論

目前針對不同施氮量及不同施肥措施對溫室氣體排放影響已有較多報道，結(jié)論尚不一致[34-36]。本研究結(jié)果顯示，調(diào)控氮磷施肥OPT處理較當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣施肥減少了CH4和CO2排放，同時顯著降低N2O排放，鄔剛等[34]報道了調(diào)控施肥配比與當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)施肥相比可顯著降低N2O排放量，此外劉運通等[37]也得出了優(yōu)化施肥可以顯著降低N2O排放的結(jié)論。本試驗中有機肥無機肥配施(OPT+M)和秸稈還田(OPT+S)都促進了CH4和CO2的排放，有研究指出施用有機肥可以改善土壤有機質(zhì)來促進植物根系的生長和活力以及土壤微生物活性，從而促進CO2的排放[25]，并且有機肥和秸稈中含有比較容易被分解的易礦化碳，這樣就為CH4排放提供大量前體[38]。

有機肥施用對稻田N2O排放的影響結(jié)果尚不一致，有研究[39-40]表明施用有機肥能夠減少稻田N2O的排放，原因可能是化學(xué)肥料適合硝化和反硝化反應(yīng)作用，使氮素隨著水稻生育期分解較為徹底，從而導(dǎo)致N2O排放較高; 同時也有施用有機肥可以增加N2O排放的報道[41-42]，鄒建文等[19]研究得出N2O排放不但受到土壤的供氮水平和外源碳氮供應(yīng)的影響、土壤微生物對有機碳的分解作用及對氮的競爭、作物對氮利用等因素制約，而且跟有機肥料的類型和腐熟程度有關(guān)。土壤C/N是影響N2O排放的重要因素，在稻田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中投入有機物料的C/N，數(shù)量和種類是影響氮素礦化與固定的主要環(huán)境因子[43]。在我們的研究中投入C/N為86.59的小麥秸稈進入稻田，異養(yǎng)微生物對氮的利用起主導(dǎo)作用并且和硝化細菌競爭氮源，從而促進了植物可利用氮的固定，因此減少了反應(yīng)生成N2O的底物[12，44]。而施用有機肥(C/N=21.72)，有機物料的分解產(chǎn)生了大量易礦化碳，促進反硝化細菌的生長，最終產(chǎn)生更高的N2O的排放[45]。

溫室氣體排放強度是溫室效應(yīng)綜合評價指標(biāo)，其將溫室效應(yīng)與作物經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)出相結(jié)合，用于評價稻田綜合溫室效應(yīng)。本研究中，OPT+M處理增溫潛勢最小，即單位產(chǎn)量的產(chǎn)出所排放溫室氣體產(chǎn)生的增溫潛勢最小，為本試驗的評價體系下的最優(yōu)處理。本試驗中，秸稈還田對比習(xí)慣施肥和OPT處理均增加了稻田產(chǎn)量，但由于顯著增加了CH4排放量使其GHGI大于其它處理，因此秸稈還田處理增溫潛勢不能作為最佳發(fā)展可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)的選擇，目前相關(guān)的報道只是按照嚴格施肥類型來加以對比，如果考慮到將其它處理的秸稈因飼料、焚燒或丟棄于田間，最終以溫室氣體計算的話，結(jié)果還有待深入研究。本試驗中秸稈還田對改善土壤養(yǎng)分的趨勢明顯(表3)，秸稈還田可以穩(wěn)定甚至提高土壤的有機碳貯量，增加農(nóng)田總固碳量[49]; Pan等[50]認為，稻作農(nóng)業(yè)的土壤固碳潛力十分突出。因此，綜合農(nóng)學(xué)效應(yīng)，環(huán)境效應(yīng)及經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)，對秸稈還田還需進一步研究。

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Effect of fertilizer management on greenhouse gas emission and nutrient status in paddy soil

GUO Teng-fei1, LIANG Guo-qing1*, ZHOU Wei1, LIU Dong-hai2, WANG Xiu-bin1, SUN Jing-wen1, LI Shuang-lai2, HU Cheng2

(1InstituteofAgriculturalResourceandRegionalPlanning,CAAS,Beijing100081,China;2InstituteofPlantProtectionandSoilFertilization,HubeiAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Wuhan430064,China)

【Objectives】 The impact of greenhouse gas caused by the agricultural activities on global warming has been recognized broadly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different fertilizer treatment on greenhouse gas emissions, crop yield and soil fertility of paddy soil. 【Methods】 The fertilization treatments were designed under the rice-wheat rotation system in Yangtze River as follows: no nitrogen fertilizer (CK), farmer’s customary fertilization (FP), optimum N fertilization (OPT), OPT plus manure (OPT+M), and OPT plus wheat straw return (OPT+S). Static opaque chamber method was used to measure the CH4, N2O and CO2flux during the rice-growing season and the global warming potential (GWP). The crop yield, carbon emission intensity and soil chemical property of rice production (GHGI) were comprehensively evaluated and a fertilizer management system was proposed.【Results】 1) The cumulative emission of CH4in different treatments was in order of OPT+S>OPT+M>FP>OPT>CK (99.02-143.69 kg/hm2), that of NO2was FP>OPT+M>OPT>OPT+S >CK (0.95-3.57 kg/hm2), and that of CO2showed the same trend as CH4’s, ranging from 7231.64 to 13715.24 kg/hm2. 2) Calculated as the CO2-equivalents on the scale over 100 years, the GWP from the CH4and N2O emissions in different treatments were in order of OPT+S>OPT+M> FP> OPT> CK. The contribution of N2O to the total GWP were only 10.31%，26.39%，21.51%，22.91%, and 11.58%, and that of CH4were 89.69%，73.61%，78.49%，77.09% and 88.42% in CK, FP, OPT, OPT+M and OPT+S respectively. The overall assessment of the GWP was dominated by CH4emissions and much lower by N2O. The rice yield in treatment of OPT, OPT+M and OPT+S was 3.6%, 14.3% and 8.5% more than in FP. The most significant yield increase was obtained in treatment of the combined application of organic manure with chemical fertilizer. 3) The GHGI was in order of FP(0.56)>OPT+S(0.52)> OPT(0.50)>OPT+M(0.49). The GHGI in treatment OPT and OPT+M were significantly lower than in FP, and the lowest value was in OPT+M. 4) The highest soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium content were all appeared in the OPT+S treatment. 【Conclusion】 Fertilization influence the emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2. The application of manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer increase the emissions of all the three greenhouse gases, the straw return increases the emissions of CO2and CH4, but reduces that of N2O. Mitigation of CH4emissions should be considered in the paddy soil with priority. As the chemical fertilizer plus manure (OPT+M) produces the lowest GHGI, the pattern is recommended as relatively better fertilizer management in this region. Although the straw return will increase the emission of CO2from soil, it is still a prosperous management as it could reduce the total CO2emission from possible burning of straw. Further research on proper amount of straw return should be conducted.

fertilization; paddy soil; greenhouse gas; GWP; yield; GHGI; soil nutrient

2014-12-10接受日期: 2015-01-20網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2015-02-13

國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(31471943); 國家重點基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計劃項目(2013CB127401)資助。

郭騰飛(1991—)，男，河南寶豐人，碩士研究生，主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)利用方面的研究。E-mail: tracygtf@163.com

E-mail: liangguoqing@caas.cn

S506.2; X16

A

1008-505X(2016)02-0337-09