覆膜對長江中游春玉米氮肥利用效率及土壤速效氮素的影響

葛均筑， 徐 瑩， 袁國印， 田少陽， 李淑婭， 楊曉妮，

曹湊貴1， 展 茗1*， 趙 明2*

(1農(nóng)業(yè)部長江中游作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點實驗室，華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物科技學(xué)院，湖北武漢 430070; 2農(nóng)業(yè)部作物生理生態(tài)重點實驗室，中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物科學(xué)研究所，北京 100081; 3天津農(nóng)學(xué)院農(nóng)學(xué)與資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，天津 300384)

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覆膜對長江中游春玉米氮肥利用效率及土壤速效氮素的影響

葛均筑1,2,3， 徐 瑩1， 袁國印1， 田少陽1， 李淑婭1， 楊曉妮1，

曹湊貴1， 展 茗1*， 趙 明2*

(1農(nóng)業(yè)部長江中游作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點實驗室，華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物科技學(xué)院，湖北武漢 430070; 2農(nóng)業(yè)部作物生理生態(tài)重點實驗室，中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物科學(xué)研究所，北京 100081; 3天津農(nóng)學(xué)院農(nóng)學(xué)與資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，天津 300384)

春玉米; 覆膜; 施氮量; 產(chǎn)量; 氮素積累; 氮肥效率

nitrogen use efficiency

1　材料與方法

1.1試驗設(shè)計

表1　不同土層深度基礎(chǔ)地力

表2　長江中游試驗區(qū)春玉米生育期及相應(yīng)降雨量

注(Note): SD—播種期Sowing date; VE—出苗期Seedling stage; V6—拔節(jié)期Jointing stage; R1—吐絲期Silking stage; R6—成熟期Maturity stage.

試驗采用裂區(qū)設(shè)計，主區(qū)為地膜覆蓋(film mulching, F)和無地膜覆蓋(no film mulching, NF); 副區(qū)為施氮水平，5個水平分別為每公頃施氮 0 kg(N0)、135 kg(N135)、202.5 kg(N202.5)、270 kg(N270)和337.5 kg(N337.5)。因覆膜玉米生育期內(nèi)不能進(jìn)行追肥，肥料于播種時一次性基施，全生育期P2O5用量為150 kg/hm2，K2O為180 kg/hm2，復(fù)合肥料為山東金正大生態(tài)有限公司生產(chǎn)的沃夫特玉米專用緩控釋肥(N ∶P2O5∶K2O為22 ∶8 ∶12)，以氮肥為計算單位，P2O5和K2O用量分別用過磷酸鈣(P2O512%)和氯化鉀(K2O 60%)補足。春玉米品種為宜單 629，定苗密度為 60000 plant/hm2。2013年3月15日播種。

圖1　春玉米播種廂溝模式及取樣點(O、N和B點)示意圖Fig.1　The sketch of spring maize sowing with ditch-degeneration and the sample spots in plot

1.2測定項目與計算

1.2.1 籽粒產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素在玉米籽粒生理成熟后，選取小區(qū)中間無破壞行4行寬，連續(xù)4 m長，統(tǒng)計穗數(shù)折合成公頃穗數(shù)(EN)，取代表性植株5株，測定干物質(zhì)積累，剩余穗子全部收獲測鮮重，計算平均穗鮮重，選取接近于平均穗鮮重的樣穗20穗，自然風(fēng)干后進(jìn)行室內(nèi)考種脫粒。產(chǎn)量=20穗樣穗籽粒重(折算按籽粒含水量為14%)×EN/20，籽粒含水量用PM8088谷物水分測定儀測定。

1.2.2 氮素積累量與利用的效率于拔節(jié)期(V6)、吐絲期(R1)和生理成熟期(R6)，各小區(qū)取代表性樣株3株，V6期分為鞘和葉2部分，R1期分為莖、鞘和葉三部分，R6期分為莖、鞘、葉、苞葉、穗軸和籽粒六部分，105℃殺青30 min，75℃烘干至恒重，稱重后計算干物質(zhì)積累量。樣品采用微型植物樣品粉碎機粉碎(過0.45 mm篩)留樣備測。

采用H2SO4-H2O2聯(lián)合消煮—覬氏定氮法測定氮素含量，參照文獻(xiàn)計算氮素積累量與利用效率[31-33]:

氮素積累量(total nitrogen accumulation amount in plant, TNAA, kg/hm2)=60000 plant/hm2×∑[植株各部位干物質(zhì)積累量(g/plant)×含氮量(mg/g)]

氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率(agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, ANUE, kg/kg)=(施氮區(qū)玉米產(chǎn)量-空白區(qū)玉米產(chǎn)量)/施氮量

氮肥回收率(nitrogen recovery efficiency, NRE,%)=(施氮區(qū)作物氮素積累量-不施氮區(qū)作物氮素積累量)/施氮總量×100。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計與分析

用Microsoft Excel 2003進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)計算和作圖，用SPSS16.0 統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行方差和相關(guān)性分析，采用Duncan’s新復(fù)極差法進(jìn)行多重比較。

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1覆膜對不同施氮梯度下長江中游春玉米產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素的影響

由表3可知，覆膜、施氮量及二者互作極顯著地提高長江中游春玉米產(chǎn)量。覆膜極顯著地增加穗粒數(shù)和粒重，施氮僅對穗粒數(shù)影響達(dá)極顯著水平，二因素互作對穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、百粒重的影響均達(dá)極顯著水平。

與不覆膜相比，隨施氮量增加覆膜增產(chǎn)幅度顯著減小(表3)，同等施氮水平下分別增產(chǎn)45.89%、45.68%、32.79%和23.54%。相同施氮量時，覆膜對穗粒數(shù)的影響未達(dá)顯著水平。與不覆膜相比，隨施氮量增加覆膜對穗粒數(shù)的影響程度呈先升高后降低趨勢，覆膜時穗粒數(shù)分別增加7.77%、30.63%、37.04%、34.74%和21.49%(P<0.05)。與不施氮相比，施氮后覆膜提高春玉米百粒重，但施氮水平間差異未達(dá)顯著水平。

由表3可以看出，與N135處理相比，覆膜后N202.5、N270和N337.5產(chǎn)量分別提高6.21%、13.36%和23.67%; 不覆膜分別增產(chǎn)6.36%、24.5%和46.3%。N135與N202.5間無顯著差異，但與N270和N337.5差異達(dá)顯著水平，N337.5產(chǎn)量顯著高于N202.5和N270。施氮量對穗數(shù)的影響無明顯規(guī)律，覆膜時N202.5穗數(shù)最高，但不覆膜時N0處理最高。同等條件下，穗粒數(shù)隨施氮量增加而顯著增加，且覆膜時各施氮量間差異均達(dá)顯著水平，但不覆膜時表現(xiàn)為N337.5>N135≈N202.5≈N270(P<0.05)。覆膜后，春玉米百粒重表現(xiàn)為N337.5>N270>N202.5≈N135(P<0.05)，不覆膜時N135與N270、N337.5差異達(dá)顯著水平。

表3　覆膜對不同施氮梯度下長江中游春玉米產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同等條件下不同施氮處理間P<0.05水平下的差異顯著 Values followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different between N treatments atP<0.05 level at the same condition.**表示處理因素間差異性達(dá)0.01顯著水平 Mean significantly different between treatments atP<0.01 level.

2.2覆膜對不同施氮梯度下長江中游春玉米氮素積累與利用效率的影響

由表4可以看出，春玉米植株氮素累積量(TNAA)隨生育時期顯著增加，覆膜和施氮顯著提高各生育時期TNAA，但二因素互作僅對吐絲期TNAA影響顯著。與N0相比，施氮顯著提高成熟期TNAA。覆膜下，施氮水平間TNAA隨施氮量增加而提高，但幅度降低，N135與N270、N337.5差異顯著，N202.5僅與N337.5差異顯著。不覆膜時，施氮量間TNAA表現(xiàn)為N135≈N202.5

覆膜顯著提高春玉米氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率(ANUE)，但對氮肥回收率(NRE)無顯著影響; 增施氮肥顯著降低ANUE和NRE; 二因素互作對ANUE和NRE均無顯著影響(表4)。同等施氮水平下，與覆膜相比，不覆膜ANUE分別降低89.08%(P<0.01)、164.23%(P<0.01)、62.47%(P<0.05)和45.31%(P<0.05)，同時NRE降幅為13.13%(P<0.05)、17.64%(P<0.05)、10.58%(P<0.05)和2.34%。與覆膜N135處理相比，隨施氮量增加，ANUE顯著降低，降幅分別為26.21%、38.50%和43.71%，NRE降幅為10.45%、11.05%和16.73%(P<0.05); 無覆膜處理N202.5、N270和N337.5ANUE比NFN135顯著降低47.20%、28.43%和26.75%，而NRE降幅為15.09%(P<0.05)、8.44%和6.39%。

表4覆膜對不同施氮梯度下春玉米氮素積累與利用效率的影響

Table 4N accumulation in different stages of spring maize and N use efficiency under different treatments

處理Treatment氮積累量TotalNaccumulation(kg/hm2)拔節(jié)期Jointing吐絲期Silking成熟期MaturityANUE(kg/kg)NRE(%)覆膜N010.3d44.1e91.6dFilmN13512.1d87.7d176.7c31.8a63.0amulchingN202.516.7c110.6c205.8bc23.5b56.4ab(F)N27019.6b125.1b242.9ab19.6c56.0abN337.522.1a164.2a268.6a17.9c52.4b無覆膜N09.6d30.6d63.9dNofilmN1359.8d49.8c137.8c16.8a54.7amulchingN202.512.7c67.7b158.0c8.9c46.0b(NF)N27017.2b72.2b199.2b12.0b50.1abN337.520.5a109.5a236.8a12.3b51.2abFvaluesF66.4**354.8**68.0**7.67**1.03N17.2**532.9**27.4**63.7**13.5*F×N1.0517.9**0.262.90**0.308

注(Note): ANUE —氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen; NRE—氮肥回收率Nitrogen recovery efficiency. 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同等條件下不同施氮處理間P<0.05水平下的差異顯著 Values followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different between N treatments atP<0.05 level under the same condition.*,**表示處理因素間差異性達(dá)0.05、0.01顯著水平 Mean significantly different between treatments atP<0.05 andP<0.01 levels.

2.3覆膜對不同施氮水平下長江中游春玉米田土壤硝態(tài)氮含量的影響

表5　覆膜對不同施氮水平的土壤硝態(tài)氮含量(mg/kg)的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同等條件下不同施氮處理間5%水平下差異顯著 Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different between N treatments atP<0.05 level under the same condition.*,**表示處理因素間差異性達(dá)0.05、0.01顯著水平 Mean significantly different between treatments atP<0.05 andP<0.01 levels.

2.4覆膜對不同施氮水平下長江中游春玉米田土壤銨態(tài)氮含量的影響

表6　覆膜對不同施氮水平的土壤銨態(tài)氮含量動態(tài)(mg/kg)的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同等條件下不同施氮處理間5%水平下差異顯著 Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different between N treatments atP<0.05 level under the same condition.*,**表示處理因素間差異性達(dá)0.05、0.01顯著水平 Mean significantly different between treatments atP<0.05 andP<0.01 levels.

3　討論與結(jié)論

本研究結(jié)果表明，施氮和覆膜均極顯著地提高了長江中游春玉米不同生育時期的氮素積累量，但二因素互作僅對吐絲期氮素積累量具有極顯著的效應(yīng)。吐絲前的營養(yǎng)生長階段是春玉米穗粒數(shù)形成的關(guān)鍵時期，吐絲后的籽粒灌漿期是粒重形成的關(guān)鍵時期。吐絲期氮素積累量差異說明覆膜促進(jìn)了春玉米不同施氮梯度下氮素的吸收積累，為增加穗粒數(shù)奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ); 成熟期氮素積累量無明顯差異，說明覆膜顯著促進(jìn)了籽粒灌漿期不同氮肥水平下籽粒氮素的積累，彌補吐絲期營養(yǎng)器官氮素積累量的差異，優(yōu)化籽粒灌漿過程，提高春玉米百粒重。增施氮肥顯著降低春玉米的氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率，覆膜顯著提高同等施氮量春玉米氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率，但二因素互作對氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率無顯著影響; 增施氮肥春玉米氮肥回收率顯著降低，但覆膜及二因素互作對氮肥回收率無顯著影響。

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Effects of film mulching on nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize and soil available nitrogen variations in the middle reaches of Yangtze River

GE Jun-zhu1,2,3, XU Ying1, YUAN Guo-yin1,2, TIAN Shao-yang1, LI Shu-ya1,2, YANG Xiao-ni1,CAO Cou-gui1, ZHAN Ming1*, ZHAO Ming2*

(1MOAKeyLaboratoryofCropEcophysiologyandFarmingSystemfortheMiddleReachesoftheYangtzeRiver/CollegeofPlantScienceandTechnology,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity,Wuhan,Hubei430070,China; 2MOAKeyLaboratoryofCropPhysiologyandEcology/InstituteofCropSciences,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China; 3CollegeofAgronomy,ResourcesandEnvironment,TianjinAgriculturalUniversity,Tianjin300384,China)

spring maize; film mulching; nitrogen application rate; grain yield; nitrogen accumulation;

2014-09-24接受日期: 2015-05-25網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2015-09-29

國家科技支撐計劃項目(2012BAD04B12); 國家公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項經(jīng)費項目(201503122); 農(nóng)業(yè)部作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點實驗室開放課題(201306)資助。

葛均筑(1982—)，男，山東莒縣人，博士，講師，主要從事玉米高產(chǎn)生理生態(tài)研究。E-mail: gjz0121@126.com

E-mail: zhaomingcau@163.net; zhanming@mail.hzau.edu.cn

S147.35

A

1008-505X(2016)02-0296-11