我國主要麥區(qū)小麥氮素吸收及其產(chǎn)量效應(yīng)

車升國， 袁 亮， 李燕婷， 林治安， 沈 兵， 胡樹文， 趙秉強*

(1農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營養(yǎng)與肥料重點實驗室，中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所，北京 100081;2中海石油化學股份有限公司，北京 100029; 3 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學資源與環(huán)境學院，北京 100193)

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我國主要麥區(qū)小麥氮素吸收及其產(chǎn)量效應(yīng)

車升國1， 袁 亮1， 李燕婷1， 林治安1， 沈 兵2， 胡樹文3， 趙秉強1*

(1農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營養(yǎng)與肥料重點實驗室，中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所，北京 100081;2中海石油化學股份有限公司，北京 100029; 3 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學資源與環(huán)境學院，北京 100193)

小麥產(chǎn)量; 氮素吸收; 需氮量; 響應(yīng)特征

近年來在小麥產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)、氮效率、氮平衡等方面已開展了大量的研究工作[13-16]。曹承富等[13]在安徽砂漿黑土的研究表明，施氮量為225 kg/hm2時皖麥38和皖麥44產(chǎn)量最高，分別為5.91 t/hm2和6.22 t/hm2，再增施氮肥(75 kg/hm2)小麥產(chǎn)量不升反降。徐鳳嬌等[14]研究表明，小麥產(chǎn)量與蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量在施氮量為N 270 kg/hm2時達最高，再增施氮肥N 90 kg/hm2，小麥產(chǎn)量和蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量均下降。黨廷輝等[15]在陜西黑壚土上的研究表明，麥田土壤中硝態(tài)氮數(shù)量、氮素盈余值與氮肥用量成正比。目前的研究主要集中于田塊尺度，或小樣本數(shù)的氮吸收規(guī)律，尚缺乏區(qū)域間大尺度、大樣本數(shù)量的深入探索[17]。因此，本文在收集2000年以后大量文獻數(shù)據(jù)和田間試驗數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上，系統(tǒng)分析我國黃淮海冬麥區(qū)、長江中下游冬麥區(qū)和西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)小麥主產(chǎn)區(qū)的小麥產(chǎn)量、籽粒氮含量、秸稈氮含量、地上部吸氮總量和生產(chǎn)100 kg小麥籽粒需氮量的區(qū)域差異，探索不同小麥產(chǎn)量水平下籽粒氮含量、秸稈氮含量和100 kg籽粒需氮量的變化特征，以期為我國小麥推薦施肥模型等提供科學的區(qū)域參數(shù)，為指導(dǎo)小麥區(qū)域合理施肥提供理論依據(jù)與科學參考，實現(xiàn)我國小麥增產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)，提高氮肥利用效率。

1　材料與方法

1.1研究區(qū)域概況

在參考我國小麥種植業(yè)區(qū)劃、中國化肥區(qū)劃等資料的基礎(chǔ)上[18-19]，根據(jù)2013年我國小麥區(qū)域生產(chǎn)布局和產(chǎn)量情況，選擇3個主要的小麥生產(chǎn)區(qū)作為研究對象，分別為黃淮海冬(秋播)麥區(qū)(HH)、長江中下游冬(秋播)麥區(qū)(YR)和西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)(NW)。2013年3個小麥產(chǎn)區(qū)小麥的播種面積為21783千公頃，占我國小麥總播種面積的90.32%; 小麥產(chǎn)量11485萬噸，占我國小麥總產(chǎn)量的94.20%[2]。

黃淮海冬(秋播)麥區(qū)主要包括山東、河南、河北、北京、天津及江蘇和安徽北部。本區(qū)地處暖溫帶，氣候溫和，屬半濕潤性或半干旱季風氣候，土壤類型以褐土和潮土為主，小麥主要為冬小麥(冬小麥—夏玉米輪作)。2013年本區(qū)小麥播種面積和產(chǎn)量占全國的57.44%和66.64%[2]。

長江中下游冬(秋播)麥區(qū)包括浙江、湖北、湖南、江西及安徽和江蘇南部等。本區(qū)位于北亞熱帶季風區(qū)，氣候溫暖濕潤，熱量豐富，土壤類型主要為水稻土、棕壤等，小麥主要為冬小麥(冬小麥—水稻或其他作物輪作)。2013年本區(qū)小麥播種面積和產(chǎn)量占全國的14.53%和13.74%[2]。

西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)包括陜西、山西、新疆、寧夏、甘肅和內(nèi)蒙古東部區(qū)域。本區(qū)處于中溫帶內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，屬大陸性氣候，冬季寒冷，夏季炎熱，土壤以棕鈣土、灰鈣土、灌漠土、灰漠土等為主。小麥有冬小麥和春小麥。2013年本區(qū)小麥播種面積和產(chǎn)量占全國的18.35%和13.82%[2]。

1.2數(shù)據(jù)來源

本研究所涉及數(shù)據(jù)包括小麥產(chǎn)量、籽粒氮吸收量、秸稈氮吸收量、地上部氮吸收總量、籽粒含氮量、秸稈含氮量等。數(shù)據(jù)來自于課題組“十一五”、“十二五”國家科技支撐計劃課題的試驗數(shù)據(jù)等，以及2000年后公開發(fā)表的文獻資料，包括期刊文獻、碩博畢業(yè)論文、書籍等。選擇研究區(qū)域的樣點數(shù)，其中產(chǎn)量數(shù)據(jù)為5484組、籽粒氮含量3456組、秸稈氮含量2460組、植株氮積累量4962組和生產(chǎn)100 kg籽粒需氮量數(shù)據(jù)5073組。詳細樣點分布見圖1和表1。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理

利用Excel (2003) 進行數(shù)據(jù)的預(yù)處理; 應(yīng)用Sigmplot10.0軟件制作小麥籽粒氮含量、小麥秸稈氮含量、100 kg籽粒需氮量與產(chǎn)量變化的關(guān)系圖，同時分析小麥產(chǎn)量與地上部吸收氮總量的相互關(guān)系并制圖。黃淮海冬麥區(qū)、長江中下游冬麥區(qū)、西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)及全國樣點的小麥產(chǎn)量與小麥吸收氮總量進行模擬分析時，模型選試指數(shù)函數(shù)、線性函數(shù)、多項式、乘冪函數(shù)等，經(jīng)多次調(diào)試選用R2最高、顯著性最好的乘冪函數(shù)Y=aXb(a、b為常數(shù))。

圖1　我國小麥產(chǎn)區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)樣點分布圖Fig.1　Distribution map of the sample points for wheat in China

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1小麥主產(chǎn)區(qū)的氮素吸收規(guī)律

黃淮海冬麥區(qū)小麥產(chǎn)量最高，達7.06 t/hm2(n=3027)，西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)最低，僅為4.71 t/hm2(n=1398)，長江中下游冬麥區(qū)居中，為5.60 t/hm2(n=1059)。區(qū)域間小麥產(chǎn)量水平的不同，氮素吸收量也存在差異。黃淮海冬麥區(qū)籽粒氮含量、秸稈氮含量、地上部吸氮總量較高，分別為2.24%、0.56%、211.1 kg/hm2; 長江中下游冬麥區(qū)籽粒氮含量、秸稈氮含量、地上部吸氮總量分別為1.92%、0.5%、146.7 kg/hm2; 西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)籽粒氮含量、秸稈氮含量、地上部吸氮總量分別為2.14%、0.53%、138.0 kg/hm2(表1)。

圖2　黃淮海冬麥區(qū)(HH)、長江中下游冬麥區(qū)(YR)、西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)(NW)及全國(All)小麥產(chǎn)量與地上部氮吸收總量的相關(guān)關(guān)系Fig.2　Relations between the aboveground plant N uptakes and wheat yields for Huang-Huai-Hai winter wheat planting region(HH), Yangtze River winter wheat planting region(YR), Northwest China winter-spring wheat planting region(NW) and the whole China(All)

2.2小麥氮素吸收特征及其產(chǎn)量效應(yīng)

圖3　黃淮海冬麥區(qū)(HH)、長江中下游冬麥區(qū)(YR)、西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)(NW)及全國(All)小麥籽粒與秸稈氮素含量Fig.3　The N concentrations in grains and straw in Huang-huai-hai winter wheat planting region(HH), Yangtze River winter wheat planting region(YR), Northwest China spring-winter wheat planting region(NW) and the whole China(All)

[注(Note): 盒狀圖中箱體中部的實線和虛線分別代表中值和平均值，箱體上下邊代表75%和25%位點，上下橫線代表90%和10%位點，上下圓點代表95%和5%位點Solid and dashed lines in this box figure indicate median and mean, respectively. The box boundaries indicate the 75th quartiles and 25th quartiles, the whisker caps indicate 90th and 10th percentiles, and the circles represent the 95th and 5th percentiles.]

圖4　黃淮海冬麥區(qū)(HH)、長江中下游冬麥區(qū)(YR)、西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)(NW)及全國(All)100 kg小麥籽粒需氮量Fig.4　The N requirement amounts per 100 kg grains in Huang-huai-hai winter wheat planting region(HH), Yangtze River winter wheat planting region(YR), Northwest China spring-winter wheat planting region and the whole China(All)

[注(Note): 盒狀圖中箱體中部的實線和虛線分別代表中值和平均值，箱體上下邊代表75%和25%位點，上下橫線代表90%和10%位點，上下圓點代表95%和5%位點Solid and dashed lines in this box figure indicate median and mean, respectively. The box boundaries indicate the 75th quartiles and 25th quartiles, the whisker caps indicate 90th and 10th percentiles, and the circles represent the 95th and 5th percentiles.]

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N uptake and yield response of wheat in main wheat production regions of China

CHE Sheng-guo1, YUAN Liang1, LI Yan-ting1, LIN Zhi-an1, SHEN Bing2, HU Shu-wen3, ZHAO Bing-qiang1*

(1KeyLaboratoryofPlantNutritionandFertilizer,MinistryofAgriculture/InstituteofAgriculturalResourcesandRegionalPlanning,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China; 2ChinaBlueChemicalLtd.,Beijing100029,China;3CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China)

【Objectives】 Investigating the regional variation in N use efficiency and yield is helpful to guild regional fertilization and planning of wheat all over the country. This differences of N absorption among wheat-planting regions and their grain yields response of wheat were compared in this paper. 【Methods】 Based on mass data published in journals and field experiments in China after 2000, the wheat yield, N concentrations in grains and straw, and N uptake among Huang-huai-hai winter wheat planting region (HH), Northwest China winter-spring wheat planting region (NW) and Yangtze River winter wheat planting region (YR) were summerized, and 100 kg grain N absorption by wheat under different yield levels was proposed. 【Results】The results show that wheat grain yield, N contents in grains and straw, above-ground N uptake and N needed per 100 kg-grains have significant regional variations. The mean grain yield in China is 6.18 t/hm2with a variable coefficients of 34.37%. The highest grain yield is 7.05 t/hm2in whinter wheat area in HH and the lowest is 4.71 t/hm2in mixed spring and wheat area in NW, and the yield in whinter wheat area in midle and lower area of YR is 5.60 t/hm2. The N needed per 100 kg grain in China is 2.87 kg with a variable coefficient of 25.43%. The highest N needed per 100 kg-grains production is 2.98 kg in HH and the lowest is 2.60 kg in YR, and mid is 2.84 kg in NW. The mean N concentrations in grains and straws and the plant N uptake are 2.17%, 0.55% and 180.9 kg/hm2, with the corresponding variable coefficients of 23.96%, 38.18% and 44.50%, respectively. The N concentrations in grains and straw and the plant N uptake are all the highest in HH with values of 2.24%, 0.56% and 211.1 kg/hm2, following is in YR with values of 1.92%, 0.5% and 146.7 kg/hm2and in NW 2.14%, 0.53% and 138.0 kg/hm2, respectively. The N requirement per 100 kg grain, N concentrations in grains and straw increase with increasing wheat yields. The N requirement amounts are 2.79 kg, 2.80 kg, 2.91 kg, 3.03 kg and 3.05 kg for wheat yields <4.5 t/hm2, 4.5-6.5 t/hm2, 6.5-8.5 t/hm2, 8.5-10.5 t/hm2, and >10.5 t/hm2, respectively. The N concentrations in grains are 2.01%, 2.11%, 2.27%, 2.26% and 2.40% and the N concentrations in straw are 0.46%, 0.53%, 0.58%, 0.61% and 0.63% for the corresponding wheat yields, respectively. 【Conclusions】 The differences of temperature, water and soil among the wheat-planting regions cause the differences of N absorption characteristics. The difference should be taken into account for improving wheat yield and N use efficiency, and wheat grain yield and N absorption for special regions.

wheat yield; N uptake; N requirement; response characteristic

2015-01-26接受日期: 2015-04-01

國家“十二五”科技支撐計劃項目(2011BAD11B05, 2013BAD05B04) 資助。

車升國(1983—)，男，山東臨沂人，博士生，助理研究員，主要從事農(nóng)田土壤肥力研究。

Tel: 010-82108664, E-mail: cheshengguo@caas.cn。*通信作者 Tel: 010-82108658, E-mail: zhaobingqiang@caas.cn

S512.1.01

A

1008-505X(2016)02-0287-09