伯克利市圖書館西區(qū)分館，加利福尼亞州，美國

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：哈雷·埃利斯·德弗羅建筑事務(wù)所Architects: Harley Ellis Devereaux

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伯克利市圖書館西區(qū)分館，加利福尼亞州，美國

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：哈雷·埃利斯·德弗羅建筑事務(wù)所
Architects: Harley Ellis Devereaux

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1 外景/Exterior

作為4個(gè)公立圖書館更新項(xiàng)目的一部分，伯克利市政府希望能將規(guī)模過小的西區(qū)分館重建為一座社區(qū)中心，服務(wù)其文化多元的居民群體，同時(shí)作為可持續(xù)性設(shè)計(jì)的示范項(xiàng)目。大約也在項(xiàng)目開始的時(shí)候，伯克利市發(fā)布了《氣候行動(dòng)計(jì)劃書》，力求在2020年前將溫室氣體排放縮減到2000年的67％以下。

任務(wù)書的首要要求是建造一座具有強(qiáng)烈社區(qū)存在感的圖書館，將街區(qū)中多元化的人口吸引到這里。西區(qū)分館將會(huì)成為社區(qū)的安全及社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)，舉辦英語學(xué)習(xí)課程、成人教育項(xiàng)目、詩歌朗誦、兒童故事會(huì)等。因此，在建筑的街道立面上加強(qiáng)圖書館的存在感就變得十分重要。

為了同時(shí)滿足社區(qū)需求及可持續(xù)性目標(biāo)，HED事務(wù)所提出了一座新型零能源建筑方案：它不僅為城市《氣候行動(dòng)計(jì)劃書》的執(zhí)行樹立了有力的標(biāo)桿，而且加強(qiáng)了街道立面以及大學(xué)路的城市特色。

讓圖書館成為零能源建筑和社區(qū)聚會(huì)地點(diǎn)的雙重設(shè)計(jì)要求并行發(fā)展，相互啟發(fā)。為了在極為緊張的城市用地中實(shí)現(xiàn)這些需求，就需要整體性、合作式的設(shè)計(jì)流程。

我們細(xì)致協(xié)調(diào)了建筑的自然通風(fēng)、采光和光電太陽能策略，從而將建筑的耗能降到最低。建筑最具獨(dú)特性和創(chuàng)新性的特征之一就是一種風(fēng)煙囪的設(shè)計(jì)，它能夠?qū)敕€(wěn)定的海風(fēng)，進(jìn)而推動(dòng)整座建筑的自然通風(fēng)。建筑管理系統(tǒng)中的CO2檢測器連接了窗戶開啟裝置，保證在室內(nèi)需要新鮮空氣時(shí)自動(dòng)開窗。

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)也最大化利用了地段上的可再生能源，在緊湊的屋頂上安裝了太陽能光伏板。依靠自然的熱輻射及冷卻裝置，建筑不需要傳統(tǒng)的空調(diào)設(shè)備就可以確保舒適性。

鑒于圖書館的功能需求，適當(dāng)?shù)娜照帐直匾?。正立面上采用了一塊大面積玻璃幕墻，寬度與主要藏書閱覽空間相當(dāng)，幕墻上裝有水平遮陽系統(tǒng)。室內(nèi)天光來自北面，有效避免了眩光。玻璃幕墻及天窗使室內(nèi)空間獲得足夠的自然光線，以至于圖書館97％的區(qū)域都只需依靠自然采光。

通過設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的努力，這座圖書館成為了加利福尼亞州第一座得到“居住建筑挑戰(zhàn)”零能源認(rèn)證的公共圖書館，同時(shí)獲得LEED鉑金級(jí)認(rèn)證，并獲選2016年美國建筑師協(xié)會(huì)環(huán)境委員會(huì)評(píng)選的十佳建筑。

當(dāng)伯克利市提出建造一座新圖書館的任務(wù)時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)所呈現(xiàn)的這座建筑細(xì)致考量了地段的地理和氣候條件，以及它的公共使命。簡而言之，這是一個(gè)在各方面都扎根于地段獨(dú)特性的解決方案。它不僅為建筑帶來充沛的光線，也賦予它永恒的價(jià)值。□（黃華青 譯）

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2 原圖書館及用地示意/Original Library and site constraints

3 可持續(xù)的設(shè)計(jì)策略/Sustainable design strategies

1-基地選擇：城市用地，無停車場，促進(jìn)公共交通

2-防洪技術(shù)：花園選用喜干植物

3-當(dāng)?shù)貥浞N與植物：具有生態(tài)性的品種

4-保溫建筑材料：選用高效的雨幕系統(tǒng)-R31

5-保溫建筑材料：高效的涼爽屋頂-R40

6-建筑材料：FSC認(rèn)證木材-97％

7-自然通風(fēng)：便于空氣滲入的可調(diào)節(jié)窗

8-自然通風(fēng)：排氣天窗

9-自然通風(fēng)：用于排氣的風(fēng)煙囪

10-自然采光：可調(diào)節(jié)天窗

11-自然采光：通過三層釉面低輻射玻璃幕墻實(shí)現(xiàn)南向直射光的遮陽

12-太陽能：熱輻射采暖地面

13-太陽能：散熱器

14-太陽能：熱水管道

15-能源發(fā)電：PV管-通過格網(wǎng)計(jì)算法反饋

16-潮汐的應(yīng)用：在正立面后方創(chuàng)造負(fù)向壓力波-將空氣吸出建筑

As part of a bond program to renew its four public branch libraries， the City of Berkeley sought to update its undersized West Branch Library to act as a community hub for its culturally diverse neighborhood and serve as a model of sustainable design. Around that time， the City of Berkeley published its Climate Action Plan seeking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 33％ below the 2000 levels by 2020.

Foremost of the programmatic requirements was the desire to build a strong civic presence for the library， drawing in the neighborhood's diverse populations. The West Branch serves as a critical safety net and social network for the community，providing English learning classes， an adult literacy program， poetry readings and children's story time. Advertising the library's presence on the street then became an essential building feature.

To meet both the community and sustainable goals， Harley Ellis Devereaux （HED） proposed the construction of a new net zero energy （NZE）facility， which would set an important precedent for compliance with the City's Climate Action Plan goal as well as reinforce the street front and the urban character of University Avenue.

The design requirements for the library to be both NZE and act as a community gathering space go hand in hand-each of these goals inspired the other. To fulfll these needs in a tight urban setting demanded an integrated and collaborative design process.

Carefully coordinated strategies for natural ventilation， day lighting， and photovoltaics minimized the building's energy footprint. Among the building's unique and innovative features is a wind chimney that was designed to pull in the steady ocean breeze and act as an engine to draw natural ventilation through the building. The building management system's CO2sensors connected to window motors ensure windows are open when fresh air is needed.

The team also optimized onsite renewable energy production with solar panels on a compact roof. By relying on radiant heating and cooling， thebuilding is comfortable without a conventional air handling system.

Given the function of a library， proper day lighting was a primary goal. The front fa?ade received a large window-wall over the full width of the main library space， with a horizontal solar shading system. Skylights face north to minimize glare. Interior glazed walls and clerestory windows allow internal spaces to connect to the natural light creating a library that is 97 percent daylit.

As a result of the design team's work， the library is the frst certifed Living Building Challenge NZE public library in California， is LEED Platinum certified and is a 2016 American Institute of Architects （AIA） Committee on the Environment （COTE） Top Ten winner.

When the City set out to construct a new library，the design team responded with a building rigorously tuned to the geography and climate as well as to its public mission， in short a solution derived from the specifcity of place in all its dimensions. Such is the source of delight and lasting value.

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平面圖

書庫

兒童區(qū)

多功能廳

咨詢臺(tái)

辦公區(qū)

洗手間及盥洗室

青少年用房

員工區(qū)

公共區(qū)域

卷簾門

總平面示意

有橡樹和當(dāng)?shù)刂参锏幕▓@庭院

有棚頂?shù)娜肟?/p>

自行車停放區(qū)

當(dāng)?shù)刂参锕喔葏^(qū)

備用停車

入口臺(tái)階

安全門

非辦公時(shí)間公共接待

新植入的皂莢木

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4 平面圖/Floor plan

5 外部入口/Exterior entry

6-8 閱讀區(qū)/Reading space

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)/Project Designers: Michael Bulander，Sylvia Wallis項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理/Project manager: Edward Dean

景觀設(shè)計(jì)師/Landscape Architects: John Northmore Roberts & Associates

結(jié)構(gòu)工程師/Structural Engineers: Tipping Mar

機(jī)電工程師/MEP Engineers: Timmons Design

土木工程師/Civil Engineers: Moran Engineering

機(jī)械工程師/Mechanical Engineers: Harley Ellis Devereaux電子工程師/Electrical Engineers: Harley Ellis Devereaux聲學(xué)/Acoustical: Rosen Goldberg Der & Lewitz， Inc.

照明/Lighting: Minuscule Lighting

可持續(xù)發(fā)展顧問/Sustainability Consultants: Harley Ellis Devereaux

項(xiàng)目造價(jià)（除土地成本外）/Total Cost （Land Excluded）: $7，900，000.00

建成時(shí)間/Completion: 2013.12

攝影/Photos: Kyle Jeffers （fig.1）， Harley Ellis Devereaux （fg.2-4）， David Wakely （fg.5，8）， Mark Luthringer （fg.6，7）

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評(píng)論

朱穎心：加州具有四季氣候溫和、太陽輻射強(qiáng)烈的特點(diǎn)。其零能耗策略首先以被動(dòng)式設(shè)計(jì)，充分利用當(dāng)?shù)貧夂虻挠欣麠l件來降低建筑物的能源需求。由于氣候溫和適宜，熱環(huán)境的控制策略以自然通風(fēng)、避免強(qiáng)烈日射為主，故設(shè)計(jì)了很多屋頂熱壓通風(fēng)煙囪，以及垂直窗水平遮陽板，無論是空調(diào)還是供暖季都采用自然通風(fēng)來保障室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量。由于夏季空氣干燥，故盛夏可以采用地板供冷配合自然通風(fēng)而不會(huì)出現(xiàn)結(jié)露。圖書館對(duì)室內(nèi)照度要求高，該建筑采用了大面積側(cè)窗和天窗來提供天然采光，有效地降低了照明能耗。由于當(dāng)?shù)靥柲苜Y源豐富，該建筑又是單層建筑，有充足的屋面面積，因此不足的能源部分以大面積的太陽能光伏電池來提供，從而達(dá)到零能耗的目的。

劉晨：房子外觀并無標(biāo)新立異之處。在更高理想和更大挑戰(zhàn)的激勵(lì)下，設(shè)計(jì)師把它打造成了一個(gè)內(nèi)秀的作品。圖書館滿足求知欲，設(shè)計(jì)要彰顯存在感，技術(shù)需實(shí)現(xiàn)零能耗，三者看似各自為政，實(shí)則有共通之處：智性。求知欲自不待言。此地特有的存在感只有建立在對(duì)自我和他者的認(rèn)知上才能得到恰當(dāng)?shù)囊曈X表達(dá)。至于零能耗，更是對(duì)技術(shù)與環(huán)境之關(guān)系的深層思辨，這在耗能巨大的美國尤為難得。加利福尼亞的陽光、海風(fēng)和紅杉是這棟建筑的靈感之源，它們?cè)陂_啟智性的同時(shí)又為圖書館平添了一種親切的詩意。

Comments

ZHU Yingxin: California is featured with mild climate and strong solar radiation. Te building is constructed with the strategy of zero energy-consumption， namely to primarily make full use of the favorable conditions of the local climate to reduce the energy demand of the building. Tanks to the temperate climate， the construction applies to the control strategy of thermal environment， which prioritizes natural ventilation and avoids strong solar radiation. In this connection， we design a lot of roof thermal-pressured ventilation chimneys and horizontal sunshades for vertical windows. Whether it is the season that needs air-conditioning or heating supply， natural ventilation is adopted to ensure indoor air quality. As it is dry in mid-summer， floor cooling with natural ventilation can be adopted against dew formation. Because the library has a high demand for indoor illumination， extensive side windows and sun roofs are built to provide natural lighting to effectively reduce energy consumption of lighting. Owing to the affluent local solar energy，single-storey structure and abundant roof area， part of the shortage of energy is compensated by large-sized solar photovoltaic batteries to achieve zero energy consumption.

LIU Chen: If there is nothing unconventional about the building's appearance， it is because the architect has a higher purpose to fulfll and a greater challenge to meet，and so the result is an intelligent work. A library is where one pursues knowledge，the design must exhibit a strong civic presence， and technology is to help realize a net zero energy facility-these seemingly independent aspects converge at one point: intelligence. Intellectual curiosity is self-evident in this regard； the visual expression of civic presence can only be founded on an intelligent perception of the self and the diverse community； while net zero energy involves pondering on the dialectic relation between technology and environment， especially in the U.S. where energy consumption is exceptionally high. Te project draws inspiration from Californian characteristics such as sunshine， sea wind， and redwood， which contribute to an intelligent design while endowing it with a genially poetic quality.

West Branch Berkeley Library， California， USA， 2013