蔣文玉
成都市雙流區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院
物質(zhì)和時空
蔣文玉
成都市雙流區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院
宇宙有限,但無邊界,認(rèn)為宇宙是自足的,什么也不缺,在無限虛時間里,宇宙處于某種量子態(tài),時空結(jié)合成閉合的曲面,就像地球的表面一樣,只是多兩維,由于某種量子態(tài)能量的微小起伏,從北極點(diǎn)開始膨脹,沿緯度周長隨時間推進(jìn),到達(dá)赤道后,開始收縮,終止于南極點(diǎn)、北南兩極點(diǎn),類似奇點(diǎn),但不奇,有大?。ú恍∮谄绽士顺?shù))球面上任何點(diǎn)等效,沒有中心,向任何方向直走可回到原點(diǎn),沒有盡頭,這樣的宇宙似手預(yù)先設(shè)計了一個模具,把宇宙所有的物質(zhì)和能量套在一個四維的球面上,有點(diǎn)像按3D打印程序完成的,而且是從外面來觀察宇宙,似乎把有限的宇宙放在一個無限的虛擬的時空中。
時間;宇宙;空間
對宇宙的認(rèn)識存在三種最基本的觀點(diǎn):1.我們現(xiàn)在能感受到宇宙的一切,已經(jīng)存在于無限久遠(yuǎn)的時間過去,并將以此繼續(xù)存在于無限久遠(yuǎn)的時間未來,宇宙是靜止的,無限的,永恒的。2.宇宙的時空是有限的、動態(tài)的、發(fā)展的、開端于有限的時間過去,大爆炸奇點(diǎn)是宇宙的開始,逐漸膨脹,到達(dá)一定限度后,將開始收縮,最后終結(jié)于大擠壓奇點(diǎn),兩個奇點(diǎn)構(gòu)成宇宙的時空邊界。
宇宙是物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的,應(yīng)該是一個基本的共識,物質(zhì)是運(yùn)動的,有兩種基本形式:運(yùn)動的間斷性和運(yùn)動的擴(kuò)展性。運(yùn)動的間斷,產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動的先后,先后就是時間的含義,先后是時間的順序,先后之間是時間值,是時間量度的基礎(chǔ),如果運(yùn)動是連續(xù)不斷的,就沒有量度時間長短的參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。由于運(yùn)動的間斷性,時間運(yùn)行不是均勻連續(xù)流淌,而是斷續(xù)的,脈動的,時間是量子化的,應(yīng)該有最小的單位。運(yùn)動的擴(kuò)展性,是指物質(zhì)運(yùn)動向各個方向擴(kuò)展延伸形成有限的三維(如果空間最多只有三維)空間,是物質(zhì)存在的直觀表現(xiàn)。宇宙空間的膨脹是物質(zhì)運(yùn)動的不斷擴(kuò)展,物質(zhì)運(yùn)動產(chǎn)生時間和空間、物質(zhì)、時間和空間是不可分割的三位一體,時間和空間是等價(或等效)的,時間和空間都是量子化的微觀上絕對均勻,平滑的宇宙是不存在的。
物質(zhì)的可分割性,引起對物質(zhì)基本單位的設(shè)想,原子作為最基本單位的觀念,早已過時,因?yàn)樵觾?nèi)部有更為復(fù)雜的組成結(jié)構(gòu)。現(xiàn)在認(rèn)定的基本粒子、包括電子、質(zhì)子、中子、光子、正電子、微中子、在實(shí)驗(yàn)室可短暫存在的基本粒子,有夸克(上、下、奇、魅、底、頂六味,每味三色——紅、綠、蘭每味都有其相等的反粒子)重失量波色子(W+、W-、Z0)交子(紅、綠、蘭三色),這些都是現(xiàn)階段所能檢測認(rèn)定的,并非就是粒子的基態(tài)。按粒子的性質(zhì)分兩類:自旋為1/2的物質(zhì)粒子和自旋為0.1.2帶力的粒子。物質(zhì)粒子帶負(fù)電荷,或正電荷,或二者兼有。光子是帶力的粒子,不顯電性,是電磁波,而電磁振蕩是電荷存在和移動的表現(xiàn),光子內(nèi)應(yīng)該有某種形式的電荷存在。質(zhì)子內(nèi)由兩個2/3正電荷的上夸克和一個1/3負(fù)電荷的下夸克組成,中子由一個上夸克和兩個下夸克組成。每味夸克都是三胞胎,有紅、綠、蘭三基色。質(zhì)子或中子的夸克組合,必須是色動力原理的三基色(紅、綠蘭)的無色組合形式。因此質(zhì)子或中子分別都有三種不同的夸克排列組合形式,即三種不同的質(zhì)子或中子。也許這反應(yīng)在元素的不同物理或化學(xué)性質(zhì)上,如同素異形,同分異構(gòu),同位素等的差異。電子的負(fù)電荷和質(zhì)子正電荷的電量值或絕對值是相等的,質(zhì)子中兩個2/3正電荷之和為4/3正電荷與1/3負(fù)電荷中和后,質(zhì)子的正電荷為3/3.質(zhì)子的電荷絕對值與電子相等因此電子的電荷值為3/3負(fù)電荷,也就是說,電子應(yīng)該是由三個1/3負(fù)電荷組成的。
黑洞被認(rèn)為是巨大質(zhì)量,極度壓縮的純引力天體,是宇宙中特殊的時空形式,任何物質(zhì)包括光都不能從黑洞逃逸。黑洞的形成認(rèn)為是巨大的質(zhì)量的恒星能量耗盡后自身坍縮的結(jié)果,但坍縮并不都成為黑洞,與恒星質(zhì)量大小有關(guān),小于強(qiáng)德拉塞卡極限(1.5倍太陽質(zhì)量)終結(jié)成白矮星,等于強(qiáng)德拉塞卡極限,終結(jié)成中子星,大于極限質(zhì)量,坍縮成黑洞。認(rèn)為黑洞的形成是由巨大質(zhì)量恒星的殘核坍縮成一個“奇點(diǎn)”(類似大爆炸奇點(diǎn)),原有恒星的內(nèi)任何物質(zhì)形式和信息完全消失。沒有物體形式,經(jīng)典力學(xué)不成立,沒有原子、分子形式,化學(xué)反應(yīng)不成立,沒有粒子、量子形式,量子力學(xué)不成立,沒有時空形式,相對論不成立,所以黑洞內(nèi)一切定律失效,黑洞內(nèi)無理可講(這應(yīng)該是奇點(diǎn)的定義,包括大爆炸奇點(diǎn)),唯一可知的是它巨大的引力效應(yīng)。
相對論有兩個基本觀點(diǎn):1、相對性原理,即自然定律,相對于觀察者而言,其原理是不變的,相同的,與觀察者的自由運(yùn)動或慣性參考系的選擇無關(guān)。2、光在真空中的傳播速度恒定為C,與光原和觀察者的相對運(yùn)動無關(guān)。這是狹義相對論,廣義相對論作了兩點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:1、自然定律的原理不變,與任意參考(慣性和非慣性)系的選擇無關(guān)。2、萬有引力是空間屬性,空間像有彈性的網(wǎng),由于質(zhì)量和能量密度分布不均,使空間彎曲變形,所有物體包括光只能沿彎曲的空間運(yùn)行??傊鄬φ撜J(rèn)為自然定律的原理是相同的,不變的,在宇宙任何時空區(qū)域,無論地球,太陽系、銀河系河外系,分子、原子內(nèi)過去現(xiàn)在或?qū)矶傻脑矶急憩F(xiàn)相同的數(shù)學(xué)形式。如物體的重量,在赤道和兩極的測值是不同的,自由落體加速度,在地球,月球或其它質(zhì)量不同的星球是不同的。但都完全符合引力大小與質(zhì)量的乘積成正比與距離平方成反比(F=G)的萬有引力定律數(shù)學(xué)公式的計算,符合加速度與作用力成正比,與質(zhì)量成反比(a=)的牛頓第二力學(xué)定律數(shù)學(xué)公式的運(yùn)算(不同星球自由落體加速度不同是因?yàn)橘|(zhì)量不同導(dǎo)致F不同)相對論主要探討定律,觀察者和參考系三者間的相對關(guān)系,實(shí)際上是定律與參考系之間的關(guān)系,因?yàn)橛^察者是通過參考系觀測和應(yīng)用定律的。參考系是定律建立的基礎(chǔ),如光速恒定為C,是相對真空而言不同參考系之間存在一定的數(shù)學(xué)協(xié)變關(guān)系,如粗略測量地球的周長及大小,可以通過陽光在地球A點(diǎn)直射光線和B點(diǎn)的相加定理,V+C=C(V>0)顯然產(chǎn)不成立的方程。設(shè)想一列運(yùn)行的車箱上裝有一個探照燈,關(guān)閉時燈和車箱都不存在光,也就是說燈或車箱都沒有荷載光。當(dāng)開燈時發(fā)出的光也根本不在燈或車箱上,因?yàn)榘l(fā)出的每一個光子都沒有在燈或車箱有過任何短暫的停留,無論燈開或關(guān),燈或車箱對光都沒有過荷載作用。正如一個旅客,沒有在起點(diǎn)站上車,當(dāng)車在中途停留時,他從前門上,立即從后門下,車開動后,能說這位旅客乘坐過這輛車嗎。任何低于光速運(yùn)動的物體,相對于光來說都是靜止的,光不被任何低于光速的力所加速,流水中對光速相加測試是徒勞的,復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算更是畫蛇添足。
在宇宙事物中,自然法則中,社會實(shí)踐人的意識中總是存在三的組合形式。宇宙開端的大爆炸‘奇點(diǎn)’包含三個無限,無限曲率、無限密度、無限高溫?!纥c(diǎn)’理論基于三點(diǎn):宇宙在膨脹,宇宙物質(zhì)各向同性,宇宙背景輻射均一致。對宇宙認(rèn)識有三種基本觀點(diǎn):宇宙是無限的永恒的,宇宙時空是有限的,宇宙有限但無邊界。設(shè)想宇宙演化的三種模型:閉合型、開放型、平直型。物質(zhì)、時間、空間三位一體。三維空間互呈90O(三的倍數(shù))。三個時間箭頭:宇宙學(xué)箭頭、熱力學(xué)箭頭、心理學(xué)箭頭。時間分三段——過去、現(xiàn)在、將來。年、月、日分別與太陽、月球、地球三星球?qū)?yīng)。物質(zhì)三態(tài)(氣、液、固),經(jīng)典力學(xué)三大定律(牛頓力學(xué)定律),太陽系行星運(yùn)動的開普勒三大定律。愛因施坦質(zhì)能方程E=mc2和電力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)方程V=LR,都是三部分組成。電力有三種形式:庫侖力、洛侖茲力、安培力。電磁力有三種表現(xiàn):電磁力、弱核力、強(qiáng)核力。
For understanding the universe there were three arguments∶1,The universe would have been existing for infinite time past,and continually presenting as past as the same in future forever,to think that the universe would be infinite,stationary and eternal.2,The universe would be finite,dynamic and developmental starting in limited time past,from big bang singularity,expanding with time as its size getting to some limited scale,then contracting with time,eventually collapsing into the big crunch singularity that two singularities to form the boundary of the universal space-time.3,In terms of the quantum mechanics,in imaginary time that the universe would have limit but no boundary or singularity,to be self-contained with everything in some quantum state,space-time combined in closed curve-face,just like the surface of the earth.
The universe would be made by matter that should be common idea in people’s mind.Matter is motional in two basic ways∶moving interruptedly and moving extendedly,interruptive motion would produce moving in early or late that early and late implied time and formed sequence of time,between early and late is a term of time to be the base of time measured.If motion were continually,no way to divide motion in early or late and no referred standard of time measurement.For the property of moving interruptedly,time going would not be like water flowing,it should be off-on pulsed and quantized,it should be to have the least unit.
For character of matter that could be divided into smaller parts again to lead the idea of elementary unit of matter supposed.Suggested atom as the least unit of matter,it was much out of date,because,atom has its complex parts inside yet.Now,that could be firmed as the elementary particles including electrons,protons,neutrons photons positrons and neutrinos,else,as the essential particles that only in laboratory test existed very short time instantly,such as the quarks have six flavors(called,up,down,strange,charmed,bottom and top),each flavor comes in three different colors∶red,green and blue,and each flavor with its antiparticle,the massive vector bosons have three members[W+,W-,Z0],the gluons with three-color members(red,green,and blue),which all above so called the elementary particles,just now that could be firmed,not really to be the original-state particles of matter.In terms of characters of particles that could be divided into two sorts∶spin 1/2 matter particles and spin 0,1,2 force carrying particles.
To think black hole would be with huge mass,extremely contracted and pure gravitational body,it would be special form of space-time in the universe.It is said that the black hole would be from star collapsed as its energy exhausted.But not all stars collapsed to form black holes,it would be relation to the star with how much mass.If the star’s mass to be less than the Chandrasekhar limit(1.5 times of sun’s mass),it collapsed into white dwarf,the equal collapsed neutron star and the much larger one might be to collapse into black hole to be as a singularity(similar with the big bang singularity)of the star’s residual collapsed.In black hole that the star’s all information before vanished completely,all the laws of nature broke down.Because in black hole without the form of object that the classical mechanics could not be established,without the form of atom and molecule that he chemistry could not be established,without the form of particle or quantum that the quantum mechanics could not be established and without the form of space-time that the relativity theory could not be established as well.In brief,in black hole would not be to have any reasoning to say,only it could be felt to be its vast gravitational effect.
The relativity theory has two basic points of view∶1,Relativity principle,that the principle of natural law should be the same for any observer no matter how much motion velocity to be,any position to be at,or any inertial reference frame to choose.2,In vacuum the light speed C would be a constant never changed certainly,whatever the light source or observer moving each other freely.Which both would be definition of the special relativity,and the general relativity added two points to it.First,the natural law for any observer should be the same,no matter any reference frame(inertial or non)to choose.
In the universal events,natural laws,social practice or in daily life people’s mind which would be always presenting joint form of three numbers,such as the three infinites of infinite curvature,infinite density and infinite heat of the big bang singularity.For supposing the big bang based on three proofs of the universe expanding,from every direction to see the same of universal matter distributed and uniformity of the universal background radiation.There were three points of view for the universe,to be stationary and infinite,the universal space-time to be finite,and the universal space-time to be finite but no boundary.To suggest the universe developing three models of opening model,closed model and straight model,three in one of matter,space and time,three dimensions of space,time’s three periods of past,present and future,three time-arrows of thermodynamic arrow,astronautic arrow and psychological arrow,three dates of year.