劉克玲
考綱要求考生書面表達應(yīng)能:“清楚、連貫地傳遞信息,表達意思;有效運用所學語言知識。”閱卷老師打分遵循的原則是語言第一位(語言高級),內(nèi)容第二位(要點齊全),結(jié)構(gòu)第三位(文章分段),即閱卷老師最看重的是語言,也就是“亮點”。處于四、五檔的考生,要盡力使用比較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)和較高級詞匯,增加“亮點”,展示較強的語言運用能力;有效地使用語句間的連接成分,使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊等方能獲取高分。
一、運用高級詞匯使文章表達生動形象,語言精練,文字優(yōu)美,從而給文章添彩增色
很多同學在寫作時,總認為高級詞匯很神秘,高不可及。其實,未必如此!通過研讀一些優(yōu)秀的學生習作和歷年高考書面表達的范文,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),很多所謂的高級詞匯正是高中階段我們反復(fù)記憶和使用的重要單詞、詞組和習語?!傲咙c詞匯”,并不等于使用一些偏詞、怪詞,而是要使用一些生動、具體、形象的詞語,并且要運用得準確得體。如:
1. This is a hard job.→This is a challenging job.
2. After supper, the man went to his bedroom.(一般)
After arichmeal, the fatman slowly made his wayto his bedroom.(高級表達——生動形象)
選詞原則:高中詞匯優(yōu)先;短語,習語優(yōu)先;具體詞匯優(yōu)先。
二、運用高級句式,展示較強的語言運用能力
(一)It句型
It句型有很多,作文中常用的有:
It is+adj./ n. (+for / of sb./sth.)+ to do sth/ doing sth./ that clause.(It做形式主語)。
2. find/ think/ consider/ make/ feel…+ it + adj./ n.+ to do sth./ doing sth / that從句。(It做形式賓語)
3.like/ love/ enjoy/ prefer/ appreciate/ hate…+ it + if/when從句。
4. It is (high) time that sb.did / should do sth.該句型表示“某人早該做某事了”(虛擬語氣)。
(二)非謂語動詞,with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
用非謂語動詞比使用復(fù)合句會使句子顯得更簡潔,更緊湊,更高級,更有文采。必能吸引閱卷老師的眼球。
1. With more and more cars coming into ordinary families, our environment will be polluted seriously.(with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))
2. Everything done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people. (獨立主格——高級)
(三)被動句
根據(jù)文章的需要適當使用被動句能夠使語言更豐富,表現(xiàn)力更強,必能使看膩了主動句的閱卷老師眼前一亮。例如:
We are now living in an information age, in which TV, cells and the Web are widely used.
(四)并列句
兩個簡單句分別表達會令句子讀起來缺乏連貫性和邏輯性,而加上并列連詞改造成并列句后邏輯嚴密得多,句式也高級得多。常用并列連詞或短語有:and, but,or, so,for,while, when, either…or,neither…nor, not only… but also等。
(五)復(fù)合句
使用定語從句,狀語從句,名詞性從句,使句子和句子之間自然地、巧妙地連接起來,避免文章平淡無味,從而使語言流暢,內(nèi)容飽滿,邏輯嚴密。
(六)特殊句式
倒裝句、感嘆句、強調(diào)句、省略句等特殊句式和虛擬語氣的運用,能夠增強文章的節(jié)奏感和韻律美。
1. Only by working hard can we make contributions to our society in the future.
2. As is shown in the picture, between two closely-located buildings grows a big tree.
(七)運用諺語,名言,警句能起到畫龍點睛的表達效果
1. As a saying goes, every coin has two sides.
2. Just as the proverb puts it,“Actions speak louder than words”, so please take action right away to save resources.
三、運用過渡性詞語使文章過渡自然,流暢連貫,條理清晰
1.在一個句子內(nèi)部插入過渡性詞語或句子。
2.在兩個簡單句之間加上過渡性詞語,使其邏輯更嚴密,過渡更自然。
3.在表達觀點的陳述句前加過渡性插入語:in my opinion, from my point of view, personally speaking,as far as I'm concerned, as we all know等往往使句式更豐滿,邏輯更嚴密,說理更充分,從而增強了文章的表達效果。
4.在句首常用一些副詞使句子更連貫,更高級。
常用過渡性詞語:
(1)表示時間關(guān)系:first/ first of all/ firstly, second / secondly, finally/ at last/ in the end, then, afterwards, later,meanwhile/ at the same time, so far, immediately, recently;
(2)表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對稱關(guān)系:but, while, however/ nevertheless, instead, otherwise, on the contrary, though,on one hand, on the other hand;for one thing, for another;
(3)表示因果關(guān)系:because (of), thanks to, for, as a result/ consequence, consequently,therefore, thus;
(4)表示遞進關(guān)系:besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, whats worse, worse still;
(5)表示陳述事實:in fact, in reality, as a matter of fact, actually, to tell the truth;
(6)表示總結(jié)性: in general, in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, in conclusion, to conclude,to sum up.
不能把簡單問題復(fù)雜化,不能刻意追求復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象而過多使用較復(fù)雜的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和句式,從而使語言生澀難懂,甚至錯誤百出,所以要記住“流暢為好,高級為妙”。