“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”思想在七選五閱讀中的應(yīng)用

吳榮華

起承轉(zhuǎn)合既是漢語的一種篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，也是英語的語篇模式之一，體現(xiàn)了人們對文章內(nèi)容和形式和諧統(tǒng)一的追求?！捌稹?是開端，或開門見山提出主題，或吸引讀者注意引出主題，起到領(lǐng)起全篇的作用。“承”是承接上文加以闡述。“轉(zhuǎn)”指轉(zhuǎn)折，說到事情的對立面?！昂稀笔菤w結(jié)全文。這種“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”思想在高考閱讀填空題中的滲透十分常見。

一、真題解析

1.（2016全國Ⅱ卷）

A garden thats just right for you

Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you， where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum（總和）of its parts？ 36 . But it doesnt happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.

B. Find a good place for your own garden

F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden， too

解題指導(dǎo)：此段有四句話，第一句是起始句，開門見山提出問題：“你是否參觀過那些讓你感覺非常好的花園？”第二句是承接句，應(yīng)選F項(xiàng)，“你也可以搞一個屬于你自己的花園”。第三句是轉(zhuǎn)折句，“但這并非偶然發(fā)生的”。第四句是合并句，歸結(jié)上文并引出自己建設(shè)花園的兩個具體建議。

2.（2015全國Ⅰ卷）

Building Trust in a Relationship Again

Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 That is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

Unfortunately， weve all been victims of betrayal. Whether weve been suffer from， lied to， misled， or cheated on， there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply cant trust any more， 37 Its understandable， but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again， we have some steps you can take to get you there.

B. It is putting confidence in someone.

E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.

解題指導(dǎo)：首段有四句話，第一句是起始句：信任是我們從以往經(jīng)歷中獲得的習(xí)得性行為。第二、三、四句構(gòu)成承接句，36題應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。It指代上文出現(xiàn)的trust，繼續(xù)解釋trust的含義（它是對某人寄托信任），指出trust的重要性（在人際關(guān)系中如果缺乏信任就不能成功）。

第二段第一句是由Unfortunately引出的轉(zhuǎn)折句：不幸的是，我們曾經(jīng)都是背叛的受害者。有時候人們就是不能再信任別人。其原因是：他們曾經(jīng)受過嚴(yán)重傷害，不能容忍這種事情再次發(fā)生，故37題選E。最后一句是合并句，歸結(jié)上文并引出下文再次建立信任的兩個方法。

3. （2016廣州二模）

Alone But Not Lonely

In todays fast-paced society， weve become uncomfortable with silence. We try to find different types of activities that can help us escape feelings of laziness or boredom. 36 Solitude（獨(dú)處） does not have to be uncomfortable or lonely. In fact， solitude and loneliness are very different things.

C. The problem of loneliness can be easily solved in a modern world.

D. But， when doing so， the main thing we are trying to avoid is loneliness.

解題指導(dǎo)：本文首段有五句話。第一句是起始句，提出主題：在今天快節(jié)奏的社會里，我們對沉默感到不舒服。第二句承接句：我們試圖找到不同類型的活動來幫助我們逃避懶惰和無聊的感覺。第三句是轉(zhuǎn)折句，36題應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)：但是，這么做，我們試圖逃避的主要問題是孤獨(dú)。第四、五兩句是合并句：獨(dú)處和孤獨(dú)是兩碼事。

4. （2014全國Ⅰ卷）

The jobs of the future have not yet been invented.

36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

F. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that dont yet exist？

解題指導(dǎo)：在有些語篇中，也會出現(xiàn)“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”的變式：“起承合”或“起轉(zhuǎn)合”。如本題中就是“起承合”模式。故36題應(yīng)選F項(xiàng)。

二、即時練習(xí)

1.（2016全國Ⅲ卷）

Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 36 But it seems that many people dont cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year， but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying， storing， and cooking fish isnt difficult. 37 This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.

D. It just requires a little knowledge.

F. When buying fish， you should first smell it.

G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.

2.（2016北京卷）

The Science of Risk-Seeking

Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward， the risk seems worth taking. 71 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why？ Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

D. Thus， these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.

F. However， we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.

G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

3.（2016四川卷）

Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries. 36 In general， they can expect to live six or seven years more than men. One reason for this is biological.

A. However， women， on average， live longer.

F. Therefore， women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.

G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious body functions.

4.（2016深圳一模）

Researchers have shown that your talent for happiness is， to a large degree， determined by your genes（基因）. 36 We can do this by overcoming negative emotions and developing positive emotions.

C. Yet， psychologists believe we can pursue happiness.

D. To get more out of life， we need to put more into it.

E. Happiness is decided by a good many aspects.

答案：1. GD 2. F 3. A 4. C

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青