同位語從句與中心詞的句法關(guān)系

閆躍

同位語從句與中心詞之間的邏輯語義聯(lián)系在結(jié)構(gòu)上的體現(xiàn)有以下兩種：

第一種是同位語從句可作以中心詞為主語，以系動詞be為謂語的表語從句。

I agree with the old saying that absence makes the heart grow fonder.

俗話說，離別增情意，我也同意這種說法。

（依句意：The old saying is that absence makes the heart grow fonder.）

第二種是同位語從句可充當(dāng)中心詞對應(yīng)動詞在主動語態(tài)中的賓語從句。

The police reported that the drugs had been found appeared in the press yesterday.

昨天某媒體報道警方報告已經(jīng)找到毒品。

（依句意：The police reported that the drugs had been found.）

對于同位語從句的語法分析固然適用于大部分情況，但同位語從句與中心詞的句法關(guān)系并不只此兩種。對于第一種情形，如果同位語從句不是由that引導(dǎo)，那么中心詞與同位語除了可以用be動詞連接外，二者之間亦存在用動詞refer to連接的情形，此時同位語從句就變成為賓語從句。

Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.

這時就產(chǎn)生了這樣一個問題：我們到哪兒去找所需要的機器。

（依句意：The question referred to where we were to get the machines needed.）

對于第二種情形，所列舉的例句僅涵蓋同位語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為中心詞對應(yīng)動詞的單一賓語從句的情況，但這種賓語從句還應(yīng)包括在雙賓語中用作直接賓語的從句。

Presidents bodyguards serve as a reminder that he is no ordinary guy out for a walk.

總統(tǒng)的保鏢們使人們意識到他不是個出來散步的普通人。

（依句意： Presidents bodyguards remind people that he is no ordinary guy out for a walk.）

作為構(gòu)成同位語從句的必要條件，除上述情形外，同位語從句與中心詞之間的邏輯語義關(guān)系還存在以下類型：

1. 同位語從句可作中心詞的對應(yīng)動詞在主動語態(tài)中作謂語的主從復(fù)合句的主語從句，如appearance，occurrence。

Critics say earnings guidance supports short-term business thinking. But others say ending it could give the appearance that a company is trying to hide bad news.

批評者說盈利預(yù)期會刺激企業(yè)短視的商業(yè)思維。但是另一些人則聲稱停止發(fā)布業(yè)績指引會使該公司看起來在企圖隱藏壞消息。

（依句意：It appears that a company is trying to hide bad news.）

Credit insurance will protect your business in the occurrence that customers fail to pay their invoices.

在出現(xiàn)有顧客未能支付采購清單款項的情況下，信用保險會對你的商業(yè)會起到保護(hù)作用。

（依句意：It occurs that customers fail to pay their invoices.）

2. 由保留疑問意義的連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，若中心詞表示一確定概念，如命令、請求、建議等，同位語從句與中心詞不能由系動詞be直接連接，也不可直接充當(dāng)中心詞對應(yīng)動詞的賓語，而要在系動詞be與同位語從句之間加入一個表示“關(guān)于”意義的介詞，或者用一個不表示“什么、是否”這一疑問概念的成分替換該連接代詞或連接副詞，使同位語從句轉(zhuǎn)化成中心詞對應(yīng)動詞的賓語從句。

The order when we should return has not reached us.

我們什么時候返回的命令還未到。

（依句意：The order is about when we should return.或They order we should return at a certain time.）

3. 介詞賓語從句略去介詞最常見的是在形容詞后面，這就使得原名詞從句取得了超出名詞性質(zhì)的狀語功能，因其表示形容詞屬性的相關(guān)方面，可稱方面狀語從句。同位語從句在某些情況下就可作由中心詞對應(yīng)的形容詞作表語的主從復(fù)合句的方面狀語從句，如awareness，eagerness。

But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough.

但人們越來越意識到這還是不夠的。

（依句意：People are growingly aware that this is not enough.）

I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.

我理解他們希望你作主要發(fā)言人的殷切心情。

（依句意：They are eager that you should be the main speaker.）

4. 還有一種從句與中心詞在語法上不存在上述三種關(guān)系，該中心詞之前一般有一個表示全部否定的限定詞，連同后面的從句構(gòu)成一種相對固定的句式，但后面的從句同樣稱為同位語從句，這類句式主要有：have no diea ...，have no doubt that ...和there is no doubt that ...。

They have no idea where they should be this afternoon.

他們一點也不知道今天下午應(yīng)該呆在什么地方。

I have no doubt that we shall be able to do something for you.

我確信我們能幫你做些什么。

There was no doubt that he was a fine scholar.

毫無疑問他是一位優(yōu)秀的學(xué)者。

綜上所述，同位語從句與中心詞的句法關(guān)系存在以上若干情況，了解二者的句法關(guān)系有助于正確區(qū)分同位語從句與其他類型的從句，進(jìn)而從語法結(jié)構(gòu)這一層面加深我們對這一名詞從句的認(rèn)知。

[練習(xí)]

選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞補全下列句子。

1. The question he was absent from the conference really puzzled us.

A. why B. that

C. where D. if

2. They expressed the hope they would come over to China soon.

A. what B. who

C. that D. when

3. The possibility the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed.

A. whether B. how

C. that D. when

4. We are not looking into the question he is worth trusting.

A. when B.that

C. where D. Whether

5. That question we need it has not been considered.

A. that B. how

C. where D. whether

6. The order we should send a few people the other groups was received yesterday.

A. that； to help

B. whether； help

C. that； helped

D. whether； helping

[參考答案]

1～6 ACCDDA