精確噴灌技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品2014年度課題技術(shù)總結(jié)報告

袁壽其 李久生 李紅 錢一超

摘 要：通過課題4年的實施，完成高比轉(zhuǎn)速多工況自吸噴灌機組開發(fā)，設(shè)計新型射流自吸結(jié)構(gòu)，采用最新的多工況水力設(shè)計方法，突破了高比轉(zhuǎn)速泵較難實現(xiàn)自吸功能的難題。采用噴頭內(nèi)部流道CFD數(shù)值模擬與外流場水滴運動力學計算的新方法，創(chuàng)新設(shè)計了特殊流道、異型噴嘴、散水齒等關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)，首次研發(fā)成功新型低壓均勻噴灑噴頭，突破了現(xiàn)有噴頭低壓噴灑均勻性較差的行業(yè)難題，降低了噴灌系統(tǒng)能耗，進行了小批量生產(chǎn)和示范。開發(fā)出高均勻性射線噴頭，發(fā)明了旋轉(zhuǎn)射線噴頭的角度調(diào)節(jié)裝置，并開展了再生水灌溉性能考核，初步制定了再生水噴灌運行管理規(guī)程。成功研制出低壓阻尼噴頭，建立了關(guān)鍵部件的設(shè)計理論，繼續(xù)擴大示范推廣應(yīng)用面積。研制出一種多功能輕小型灌溉機組和流量可調(diào)式噴頭，并對產(chǎn)品進行了室內(nèi)和大田試驗。開發(fā)出文丘里施肥器、柱塞式注肥泵、注射噴嘴和精準施肥控制系統(tǒng)，完成了樣機的加工和小批量生產(chǎn)，進行了性能考核試驗和田間測試試驗，并進行了水肥一體化示范應(yīng)用。開發(fā)快速連接管件，構(gòu)建出一種固定移動兩用軟管噴灌系統(tǒng)。針對現(xiàn)有泵不能滿足噴滴灌兩用機組各種組合模式的運行工況要求，成功研制出噴滴灌兩用自吸泵，實現(xiàn)了噴灌、滴灌兩種工況的系統(tǒng)需求。首次開發(fā)出噴滴灌兩用灌溉機組，解決了作物輪作、間作所需的噴滴灌要求，滿足了不同經(jīng)濟條件與灌溉條件地區(qū)的選擇。一種多功能輕小型灌溉機組成型。首次建立了太陽能離心泵關(guān)死點功率預(yù)測技術(shù)，解決了太陽能離心泵關(guān)死點功率的控制問題，發(fā)明了離心泵多工況水力優(yōu)化與設(shè)計技術(shù)以及匹配性更好地控制器算法，解決了太陽能灌溉系統(tǒng)在沒有蓄電池的條件下高效運行的問題，成功開發(fā)出1 kW可移動式太陽能智能灌溉系統(tǒng)。開展了兩年的大型噴灌機水肥運移特征與夏玉米水肥高效利用模式試驗，并通過與作物模型的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用，明確了大型噴灌機噴灌水肥運移特征，確定了適用于集約化農(nóng)田的低能耗精確噴灌水肥管理模式；完成了圓形噴灌機變量精準灌溉系統(tǒng)建設(shè)和變量施肥裝置測試平臺搭建，基于土壤可利用水量分布圖進行了管理分區(qū)變量灌溉田間試驗，明確了分區(qū)變量灌溉管理對作物生長、產(chǎn)量、深層滲漏量和作物耗水量的影響規(guī)律，提出了基于土壤可利用水量的分區(qū)變量灌溉水分管理模式。

關(guān)鍵詞：精確噴灌裝備 低能耗多功能噴灌機組 高效太陽能抽水灌溉系統(tǒng) 適用于集約化農(nóng)田的低能耗精確噴灌技術(shù)

Precision Irrigation Technology and Product of the Year 2014 Project Technical Report

Yuan Shouqi1 Li Jiusheng2 Li Hong1 Qian Yichao3

（1.Jiangsu University； 2.China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research； 3.Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences）

Abstract： The development of pump which was high specific speed with multi conditions was completed. The new type self-priming irrigation pump parameters were put forward. The optimization design of new spraying nozzle with low pressure for special flow， unshaped nozzle， rotating apron plate was completed. The technical scheme of new typed sprinkler of high uniformity in low pressure was developed. The reclaimed water irrigation performance appraisal was carried out， and the management rules of water sprinkler operation regeneration were initially formulated. The low damping nozzle was developed as well as the design theory of key components was established. The multifunctional light and small irrigation unit as well as a flow adjustable nozzle was developed.The indoor and field test of the products was carried out. The Venturi injector， plunger type injection fertilizer pump， injection nozzle， and precision fertilization control system were developed. The integrated management of water and fertilizer were demonstrated. To overcome the problem of requirements for different operating conditions， the dual-purpose self-priming pump was developed. Two conditions of sprinkling irrigation， drip irrigation were achieved by this system. Then， the problem of crop rotation， spray irrigation as needed to meet the requirements， different economic conditions and the selection of irrigation area was solved. The solar water pump test system and a water demand forecast model were established. The hydraulic optimization method of algorithms for solar centrifugal pump was proposed. The 1kW mobile solar intelligent irrigation system was developed. The migration characteristics of water and fertilizer irrigation machine have been carried out for 2 years. The relationship between water and fertilizer， migration characteristics and soil properties for the large sprinkler irrigation system was initially clear. The low energy precision irrigation water and fertilizer management mode which was suitable for intensive agricultural was determined. The construction of variable rate irrigation facilities for large-scale sprinkler irrigation system was completed. Based on the field experiments of variable irrigation management zones， the affections on crop growth， yield， deep percolation and crop water consumption were investigated. The variable amount of irrigation water management mode was put forward.

Key Words： Precision irrigation equipment； Low energy consumption and multifunctional sprinkler irrigation system； High efficiency solar pumping irrigation system； Low energy precision irrigation technology is suitable for intensive farming

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