考情速遞 近年高考對(duì)于特殊句式的考查涉及倒裝句、祈使句、感嘆句、反義疑問(wèn)句、省略句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句等。這些特殊句式與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、主謂一致、連詞、it用法、代詞、副詞等知識(shí)關(guān)系密切,因此成為重要考點(diǎn)。本文結(jié)合部分考題解讀高考熱點(diǎn)句式。
熱點(diǎn)一、祈使句
祈使句表示請(qǐng)求、命令、建議、祝愿、邀請(qǐng)或要求,句首的動(dòng)詞要用原形,不能用其他形式。主語(yǔ)通常為第二人稱(chēng)(you),但一般都省略,只有在特殊的情況下才把主語(yǔ)(you)補(bǔ)充出來(lái)。副詞never和always有時(shí)可用于祈使句句首,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。否定式是在動(dòng)詞原形前加don't?!捌硎咕?and/or+陳述句”為??季湫?。
【考例】(改編自2015年湖南卷)Always______(keep) in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
【解析】keep。這是一個(gè)完整的句子,而that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句,因此主句只能是祈使句。句意:永遠(yuǎn)記住,你的主要任務(wù)就是讓這個(gè)公司平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行。
【考例】(改編自2014年天津卷) Give me a chance,______ I'll give you a wonderful surprise.
【解析】and。前面是祈使句,后面是陳述句,而且前后句子是“條件→結(jié)果”,因此是并列句。根據(jù)肯定意思,確定用表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的and。相當(dāng)于:If you give me a chance,I'll give you a wonderful surprise。
熱點(diǎn)二、感嘆句
表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情時(shí)用感嘆句。感嘆句分為兩種,一種以形容詞what引導(dǎo),一種以副詞how引導(dǎo)。句型:(1)What+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ));(2)What+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ));(3)How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ));(4)How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))。
例如:Fortunately,people are beginning to realize just how serious the whole situation is.
幸運(yùn)的是,人們開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到整個(gè)情況有多么嚴(yán)重。
【考例】(改編自2007年上海卷) The little boy came riding full speed down the motorway on his bicycle.______ a dangerous scene it was!
【解析】What。根據(jù)感嘆號(hào)看出是感嘆句,再根據(jù)a dangerous scene看出名詞是中心詞,用形容詞what修飾。
熱點(diǎn)三、反義疑問(wèn)句
反義疑問(wèn)句由兩部分組成,兩部分的人稱(chēng)時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。即:(1)陳述部分肯定式+疑問(wèn)部分否定式;(2)陳述部分否定式+疑問(wèn)部分肯定式。注意以下要點(diǎn):
1.(1)當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是不定代詞everything, nothing, anything, something時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)一般用it;(2)當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是指示代詞this, that或these, those時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)分別用it和they;(3)當(dāng)陳述句為there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)也用there。
【考例】(改編自2012年江蘇卷)There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent,is______?
【解析】there。there be 句中含有否定意義的詞little,所以反義疑問(wèn)句用肯定形式,其附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)部分用there。
2.(1)陳述部分帶有seldom,hardly,never,rarely,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)部分的動(dòng)詞用肯定形式;(2)陳述部分為I (We)+ think(believe,suppose,consider)+that從句時(shí),問(wèn)句部分與從句動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)保持一致,同時(shí)要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移;(3)在“祈使句+附加疑問(wèn)句”中,附加疑問(wèn)部分一般用will you,won't you,would you,有時(shí)也可用can you,can't you,could you等;(4)let's和let us的反義疑問(wèn)句分別用shall we和will you;(5)陳述部分帶有推測(cè)意義的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句要根據(jù)主要?jiǎng)釉~意義確定。
【考例】(改編自2014年重慶卷)—I spent two weeks in London last summer.
—Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay,______ you?
【解析】didn't。根據(jù)上句的spent看出,must have visited是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事實(shí)進(jìn)行肯定的推測(cè),所以附加疑問(wèn)句用過(guò)去式,且用否定形式,即用didn't。
【典例】You and I could hardly work together,______we?
【解析】could。陳述部分中含有否定詞hardly,故疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式。
熱點(diǎn)四、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“It+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+句子其余部分”,用法如下:
1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子成分通常為主語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,不能用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))、讓步狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)等。連接詞一般用that,如被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分指人時(shí),可用who(m)/that,其他一律用that。
2.如果把句子中的“It is/was...that”去掉,稍加調(diào)整語(yǔ)序,能還原成完整的句子,且句子意思依然完整,則為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型;否則,為其他句式。
【考例】(改編自2015年重慶卷)Bach died in 1750,but it was not until the early 19th century______ his musical gift was fully recognized.
【解析】that。把it was和橫線(xiàn)部分去掉,句子可以還原成:His musical gift was not fully recognized until the early 19th century.因此是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。
熱點(diǎn)五、倒裝句
倒裝句可分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝兩種形式。
1.“部分倒裝”指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前,而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞無(wú)變化。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,則需添加助動(dòng)詞do,does或did,并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。分四種情況:(1)否定詞有not,never,no,neither,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,nowhere,no more,no longer,at no time,on no account,in no respect,in no sense,by no means,in no way,under no circumstances(決不)等置于句首;(2) 以only置于句首修飾狀語(yǔ);(3) if引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句中若有were,should,had,在可省略 if 時(shí),應(yīng)把were,should,had置于句首;(4) So adj./adv...that...句型的so...置于句首時(shí),so引導(dǎo)的句子用部分倒裝,而that引導(dǎo)的句子不倒裝。
2.“全部倒裝”是指將句子中的謂語(yǔ)全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。分三種情況:(1)以地點(diǎn)副詞here,there,時(shí)間副詞now,then,以及thus,hence開(kāi)頭,后面的動(dòng)詞是be,come,exist,fall,follow,go,lie,live,remain,seem,stand等,而主語(yǔ)又是名詞時(shí);(2)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的down,up,in,out,away 等副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首,謂語(yǔ)是表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí);(3)(表語(yǔ))adj./v-ing/v-ed+(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))+ be(或其他動(dòng)詞形式)+主語(yǔ)……的結(jié)構(gòu)。
【考例】(改編自2013年上海卷)Among the crises that face humans______(be) the lack of natural resources.
【解析】is。句中主語(yǔ)是the lack of natural resources,所以be動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),再根據(jù)前面face看出是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),故用is。
【典例】For a moment nothing happened.Then______(come) voices all shouting together.
【解析】came。副詞then位于句首,且句子的主語(yǔ)是名詞,句子用全部倒裝,根據(jù)前句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞happened看出用其過(guò)去式came。
【考例】(改編自2015年湖南卷)______ after talking to two students did I discover that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.
【解析】Only。根據(jù)部分倒裝did I discover和作狀語(yǔ)的after短語(yǔ)確定是only置于句首,強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)。
【考例】(改編自2012年浙江卷)______ (have) they known what was coming next,they might have had second thoughts.
【解析】Had。根據(jù)might have had提示可知是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,由從句沒(méi)有if看出是倒裝句,可還原為:If they had known what was coming next,they might have had second thought.
【考例】(改編自2013年遼寧卷)______ no time did they actually break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.
【解析】At。根據(jù)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)did they actually break看出句首應(yīng)該是否定意義的介詞短語(yǔ),at no time意思是“決不”。
【典例】______ little did they agree with each other that the neighbouring countries could not settle their differences.
【解析】So。在so...that句型中,當(dāng)“so+形容詞/副詞”置于句首時(shí),主句部分用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)題干的連詞that和部分倒裝的謂語(yǔ)部分did they agree,再結(jié)合前面的副詞little確定用副詞so。
熱點(diǎn)六、省略句
省略是為了避免重復(fù)、突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接的一種語(yǔ)法修辭手段。尤其在對(duì)話(huà)中十分常見(jiàn)。
1.省略小品詞的:
(1)省略介詞:have trouble/difficulty/bother/a problem /a hard time (in) doing sth.;be busy (in) doing sth.;prevent/stop sb.(from) doing sth.;there is no use (in) doing sth.;sb.spend/waste time/money (in) doing sth.;have fun/a good time (in) doing sth.;there is no point (in) doing sth.;have luck (in) doing sth.等。
【考例】(2015年四川卷)We've been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.
【解析】“sing”改為“singing”。本句屬于句型sb.spend time (in) doing sth.。
【考例】(改編自2013年湖北卷)Carbon dioxide,which makes a barrier between us and the sun,prevents heat______ (get) out of the atmosphere easily,so the earth is becoming warmer.
【解析】getting。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞prevents和句意看出是prevent sb.(from) doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu),此處from省掉,但是依然用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
(2)省略連詞that:如that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句一般可以省略,但是多個(gè) that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句并列時(shí)最后的and that中的that不可以省略。例如:
He said (that) it wasn't his business and that the government should do something about it.
他說(shuō)這不關(guān)他的事,而是政府應(yīng)該對(duì)這事想點(diǎn)辦法。
(3)省略關(guān)系代詞:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省掉,如果是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”則不可以省掉。
【典例】Is this the reason______(his) explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?
【解析】he。定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞that/which在從句中作及物動(dòng)詞explain的賓語(yǔ),在題干中被省掉,從句缺主語(yǔ),用主格代詞he。
(4)省略不定式的標(biāo)志to:使役動(dòng)詞let,have,make和感官動(dòng)詞listen to,hear,see,watch,look at,notice,observe,feel等跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中to要省掉。
【典例】(改編自2013年陜西卷)Let those in need?搖______(understand) that we will go all out to help them.
【解析】understand。根據(jù)let看出是let sb.do sth.結(jié)構(gòu),其中need的干擾性強(qiáng),考生可能會(huì)誤以為是need to do或need doing結(jié)構(gòu)。使役動(dòng)詞let跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)要省掉to。
2.省略句子成分,有:(1)省略主語(yǔ);(2)省略謂語(yǔ);(3)省略表語(yǔ);(4)省略賓語(yǔ);(5)省略定語(yǔ);(6)省略狀語(yǔ)
He spent part of the money,and the rest he saved.(the rest后面省略了定語(yǔ)of the money)
He was not hurt.Strange! (Strange前面省略了狀語(yǔ)how)
【考例】(改編自2006年湖北卷)—I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend.
—______(sound) good.
【解析】Sounds。答句省掉了主語(yǔ)it,即It sounds good。
3.在以if,when,though,as if(好像)等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句中,如從句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~是be ,常將主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞be 省略;如果從句與主句主語(yǔ)一致,則省略為“連詞+分詞等”結(jié)構(gòu)。
While cycling,don?蒺t forget the traffic lights.騎車(chē)時(shí),不要忘記看紅綠燈。
【考例】(改編自2015年北京卷)If (accept) for the job,you?蒺ll be informed soon.
【解析】accepted。本句if條件狀語(yǔ)從句中省略了主語(yǔ)you,與accept構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用過(guò)去分詞accepted。
4.由固定詞組引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句省略結(jié)構(gòu),如:What about+n/doing,How come+句子,Why not+動(dòng)詞原形,What if+句子等。
How come they left you alone here? 他們?cè)趺磿?huì)把你一個(gè)人留在這里呢?
What if it?蒺s raining?如果天下雨怎么辦?