周慧婭
一、命題特點(diǎn)
1.選文特點(diǎn)
(l)以敘述文體的小故事為主;
(2)篇幅一般在250詞左右;
(3)難度略低于閱讀理解中的短文;
(4)所選短文語言地道、純正,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),層次分明,邏輯性強(qiáng)。
2.設(shè)空特點(diǎn)
(l)首句通常不設(shè)空,以便使學(xué)生清楚地了解短文的故事背景,從而盡快熟悉語境,推測文章大意。
(2)短文設(shè)空密度為每隔10至20詞設(shè)一個(gè)空。
3.選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
(l)每個(gè)小題所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)一般都屬于同一詞類,語義范疇相同。4個(gè)詞長短相宜,避免了對(duì)答案的明顯暗示,彼此之間也不會(huì)出現(xiàn)意義或用法重疊的情況。偶爾有個(gè)別小題的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)的詞類不同,但其語法功能大都一樣。
(2)單從語法角度,甚至從某一句的角度來看,干擾項(xiàng)都可以和空格前后的文字構(gòu)成某種固定搭配,從而起到一定的干擾或迷惑作用。
(3)選項(xiàng)使用詞匯沒有重復(fù),盡可能增加考查內(nèi)容的覆蓋面。
4.考查特點(diǎn)
近幾年的完形填空題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)上下文的理解,要求學(xué)生通過語境進(jìn)行選擇。“語境能力型”試題具有一定難度,因?yàn)樗o的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)往往在語法方面都能成立,極具干擾性和迷惑性。
5.短文暗示特點(diǎn)
完形填空的短文有時(shí)因?yàn)樾形牡男枰?,出現(xiàn)了對(duì)學(xué)生來說比較難理解的背景,或者有時(shí)候命題者為了有意識(shí)地控制完形填空的難度,往往會(huì)在短文的適當(dāng)之處安排暗示。但這種暗示多為“后面暗示前面”,也就是說前面的某些空格,或因線索不清,或因語境不明,學(xué)生無法填出,但只要繼續(xù)往后看,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)此空內(nèi)容在后面的某個(gè)地方有暗示。
二、解題步驟
1.通讀全文,了解大意
通讀全文時(shí),跳過空格快速閱讀,弄清文章的基本含義。通過快速閱讀全文,我們可以對(duì)文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)和中心思想有個(gè)基本的了解。這有利于進(jìn)一步把握全文所講內(nèi)容、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,為后面的答題創(chuàng)造條件。
2.重視首句的開篇啟示作用
完形填空所采用的短文一般沒有標(biāo)題,但短文的首句通常用以點(diǎn)明文章的體裁,例如敘事、議論等,這是我們探索文章全貌的“窗口”。可以以首句的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)為立足點(diǎn)進(jìn)行思考,判斷文章的體裁,推測全文的大意及主題思想。
3.抓住關(guān)鍵詞,根據(jù)上下文解題
解題時(shí),要遵循忠于全文大意和主題思想這一原則,聯(lián)系上下文展開邏輯推理分析,要迅速找出那些在短文中起重要作用的關(guān)鍵詞,了解所提問題的特定語境以及語篇中的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。
在解題過程中,應(yīng)遵循“先易后難”的原則,遇到個(gè)別難題不易判斷時(shí),可先跳過去,去解決那些靠上下文能確定的、比較直接明確的問題,隨著下文內(nèi)容的展開和深入,或許對(duì)于前面難以判斷的題,下文就有暗示,甚至有明確的提示。因此,在選擇答案時(shí),應(yīng)特別注意聯(lián)系前后句,充分利用上下文為確定答案而提供的有效信息。
4.重讀全文,驗(yàn)證答案
在補(bǔ)全空格以后,一定要根據(jù)填好的答案重讀全文,看文章是否流暢,前后邏輯是否矛盾,語法結(jié)構(gòu)是否無誤。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)哪些地方讀起來不流暢,就說明哪里有毛病,就要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)推敲、訂正。
三、實(shí)例解析
1.(2015年廣州卷試題節(jié)選)閱讀下面短文,按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求,從26-35各題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
Once,a king loved music so much that he searched the world for the best instrument.One day,a magic man26the king a harp(豎琴).
The king took it to the palace,but27he played it,the harp sounded terrible.Many28people tried it.They agreed that the harp was29and the king had been fooled.The harp was thrown out as rubbish.
A poor little girl30found the harp,and even though she didn't know how31,she de-cided to have a try.She played and played,the whole day through,for months and years.The music she produced was never perfect,32each time it sounded a little better.
Then one day,suddenly,the harp started to play the most beautiful music.It was in fact33magic harp,and could only be played well bv someone who would put in the necessary effort.
The king heard the music from his window,and called the girl to the palace.When the king saw that she was playing his old harp,he was filled34joy.At that moment he made the girl his own private35,giving her and her family many riches.
26.A.offer
B.offers
C.offered
D.has offered
27.A.when
B.before
C.if
D.because
28.A.another
B.other
C.others
D.the other
29.A.used
B.using
C.useless
D.uselessness
30.A.late
B.lately
C.latest
D.later
31.A.played
B.to play
C.playing
D.to playing
32.A.so
B.and
C.or
D.but
33.A.a
B.an
C.the
D./
34.A.in
B.of
C.by
D.with
35.A.music
B.musical
C.musician
D.musically
【主旨大意】
本文是記敘文。文中講述了一把魔琴經(jīng)過很多人演奏都發(fā)出可怕的聲音,在被當(dāng)作垃圾扔掉后,被一個(gè)貧窮的小女孩撿到。小女孩日復(fù)一日地練習(xí),終于彈奏出美妙韻音樂,并被國王聘為樂師。
【答案與解析】
26.C。考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)第一句及本句中的One day可知,本句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。故選C。
27.A??疾闋钫Z從句中的從屬連詞。理解前后句意:但是當(dāng)他彈奏的時(shí)候,那把豎琴發(fā)出的聲音聽起來非常可怕。故選when。
28.B。考查不定代詞。another表示“(三者及以上中的)另一個(gè)”;other表示“其他的”,做定語修飾名詞;others表示“其他的”,其后不可接名詞;the other表示“(兩者中的)另一個(gè)”。句意為:很多(其他的)人嘗試過。由此可知選other做定語,修飾名詞people。故選B。
29.C。考查同根詞辨析。根據(jù)下文中的“…the king had been fooled.The harp was thrown out as rubbish.”可知,國王被戲弄了,豎琴被當(dāng)作垃圾丟掉了。由此得知,人們認(rèn)為那把豎琴是“沒有用的”,排除A、B兩項(xiàng);be動(dòng)詞后接形容詞useless做表語,故選C。
30.D??疾榻x詞辨析。late“遲的、晚的”;lately“最近”,副詞;latest“最新的”;later“稍后、后來”,副詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本題應(yīng)填一個(gè)副詞做狀語,首先排除A、C兩項(xiàng);結(jié)合句意“這個(gè)貧窮的小女孩后來發(fā)現(xiàn)了那把豎琴”可知,選D。
31.B??疾榉侵^語動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這里是“特殊疑問詞+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)做謂語動(dòng)詞know的賓語,故選B。
32.D??疾椴⒘羞B詞。句意為:她每次彈奏的音樂都不完美,但每次聽起來都比以前好一點(diǎn)。由此可知,前后句意構(gòu)成“轉(zhuǎn)折”關(guān)系,故選D。
33.A??疾楣谠~用法。句意為:實(shí)際上它是一把有魔力的豎琴。由此可知,這里泛指“一把魔琴”,故排除C、D兩項(xiàng);又因magic是以輔音因素開頭的單詞,其前應(yīng)用a。故選A。
34.D??疾榻樵~搭配。be filled with表示“充滿……”,為固定搭配。故選D。
35.C。考查同根詞辨析。muslc“音樂”,名詞;musical“音樂的”,形容詞;muslclan“音樂家”,名詞;musically“悅耳地、動(dòng)聽地”,副詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本空應(yīng)填一個(gè)名詞,并被形容詞private修飾。故選C。句意為:他讓小女孩成為他的私人音樂師。
2.(2015年杭州卷試題節(jié)選)閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,然后在所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中選出一個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。
Marcos was a hardworking farmer.Every day he asked his only son Paolo to26him in the fields,but Paolo seldom got out of bed before noon.Marcos was very27about his only son.
One evening Marcos's old friend Luigi28."Marcos,why aren't your fields ready for plant-ing?"Marcos explained that he was old and his back hurt.He said that Paolo was29and did not help him with the farming."Marcos,you need to use your30as much as your back.I have an idea for you."Luigi said.
Early the next morning Marcos rushed into Paolo's bedroom."I found your grandfather's map!"he cried."We may find31he buried(埋)his gold coins!"Paolo jumped out of bed."I'll start over here."Paolo told his father.Paolo32to the field all day.Wliile Paolo dug,his fa-ther33along,dropping something from his bag into the ground.When they went in for dinner that night,a very tired Paolo said,"I think Grand-father was old when he made his map.I don't think I'll dig tomorrow."
Paolo34to his lazy way and slept all morning.One day Marcos rushed into Paolo's room and cried."Paolol I found the treasure in the fields!"Paolo35went out to look.He said."There is36here but lines and lines of vegetables."
Marcos smiled."Paolo,it is all around you.You have enough food to make it37the win-ter,with plenty more to sell!"Paolo was embar-rassed(尷尬的)to see that his father was38His one day of hard work had provided with real treasure.He leamed an important39.He could make a good living with a little hard work.He be-came a good40and made his father proud.
26.A.feed
B.help
C.save
D.watch
27.A.sad
B.happy
C.proud
D.bored
28.A.stood up
B.moved in
C.started out
D.stopped by
29.A.busy
B.excited
C.lazy
D.free
30.A.hands
B.feet
C.brain
D.face
31.A.how
B.where
C.when
D.why
32.A.dug
B.planted
C.played
D.arrived
33.A.got
B.ate
C.sang
D.followed
34.A.listened
B.returned
C.talked
D.led
35.A.quietly
B.suddenly
C.sleepily
D.easily
36.A.everything
B.something
C.anything
D.nothing
37.A.through
B.without
C.since
D.before
38.A.sure
B.right
C.rich
D.kind
39.A.plan
B.meeting
C.lesson
D.opinion
40.A.student
B.actor
C.friend
D.farmer
【主旨大意】
本文是一篇記敘文。文中敘述了農(nóng)民Marcos一直為他懶惰的兒子Paolo發(fā)愁,在老朋友Luigi的提醒下,他用巧妙的辦法改變了懶惰的兒子,并使之成為一個(gè)讓他感到驕傲的好農(nóng)民。
【答案與解析】
26.B。考查動(dòng)詞辨析。feed“飼養(yǎng)”;help“幫助”;save“節(jié)省、救”;watch“觀看”。句意為:每天他要兒子Paolo到田地里幫他干活,但Paolo很少在中午之前起床。由句意可知四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中B項(xiàng)最合適。
27.A。考查形容詞辨析。sad“憂愁的”;happy“快樂的”;proud“自豪的”;bored“無聊的”。根據(jù)前一句“但Paolo很少在中午之前起床”可知,Marcos對(duì)兒子很發(fā)愁。故選A。
28.D??疾閯?dòng)詞短語辨析。stand up“站起來”;move in“遷入”;start out“出發(fā)”;stop by“訪問、拜訪”。句意為:一天晚上Marcos的老朋友Luigi到訪。故選D。
29.C??疾樾稳菰~辨析。busy“繁忙的”;ex-cited“激動(dòng)的”;lazy“懶惰的”;free“空閑的”。根據(jù)后半句意思和上文“Paolo很少在中午之前起床”可知,Paolo生性懶惰,故選C。
30.C。考查名詞辨析。hands“手”;feet“腳”;brain“腦”;face“臉”。根據(jù)后一句“我給你出一個(gè)主意”和下文Marcos的做法可知,這里要用brain(大腦”),故選C。
31.B??疾橘e語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。how“怎樣”;where“哪里”;when“什么時(shí)候”;why“為什么”。句意為:我們可以找到他把金幣埋在了什么地方。把四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別代入句子,可知B項(xiàng)最為合適。
32.A。考查動(dòng)詞辨析。dig“挖”;plant“種植”;play“玩”;arrlve“到達(dá)”。根據(jù)后面一句“While Paolo dug…”提示可知,Paolo在地里挖了一整天,故選A。
33.D??疾閯?dòng)詞辨析。句意為:當(dāng)Paolo挖地時(shí),他父親跟在后面,從包里拿出一些東西撒到地里。把四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別代人句子,比較意義后可知,D項(xiàng)最為合適。
34.B??疾閯?dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)后面一句“睡了整整一個(gè)上午”可知,Paolo又變懶了。故選B。
35.C??疾楦痹~辨析。quietly“安靜地”;suddenly“突然地”;sleepily“懶散地、瞌睡地”;easily“容易地”。結(jié)合上下文可以推出本句意為“Paolo懶散地走出去看看”。故選C。
36.D??疾椴欢ù~的用法。本句為“There is nothing…but…”句型結(jié)構(gòu)。句意為:這里除了一壟壟的蔬菜,其他什么都沒有。故選D。
37.A??疾榻樵~辨析。through“穿過”;without“沒有”;since“自從”;before“以前”。句意為:只有賣出去更多的(蔬菜),你才會(huì)有足夠的食物過冬。通過句意分析可以看出,只有A項(xiàng)符合句意。
38.B??疾樾稳菰~辨析。sure“肯定的”;right“正確的”;rich“富裕的”;kind“仁慈的”。根據(jù)后面一句“他一天的辛苦工作帶來了真正的寶藏”可知,父親的做法是對(duì)的。故選B。
39.C??疾槊~辨析。plan“計(jì)劃”;meeting“會(huì)議”;lesson“教訓(xùn)、課程”;opinion“看法”。本文指Paolo得到了教訓(xùn)。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)意義不符。故選C。
40.D。考查名詞辨析。句意為:他成為一個(gè)讓他父親感到驕傲的好農(nóng)民。所以選D。
3.(2015年安徽卷試題節(jié)選)閱讀下列短文,從每小題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。
A
Sitienei,a 90-year-old Kenyan grandmother,has become the world's oldest primary school stu-dent.She is studying at the local primary school to learn to read and write.She is from a small46in Kenyan.She has spent most of her life47as a midwife(接生婆),helping women to give birth to babies. She wants to pass on her mid-wife skills to the young.She said she didn't have a chance to go to school when she was48.So she wants all the children in her village to49.
The head teacher at the school said,"I'm proud50her.She is loved by every pupil.They all want to learn and play with51.”He also said,“She is doing well considering her52.I can say I have seen a big difference in this school53she came."
Sitienei often said,“I want to tell children,54girls in poor areas,that55will be your wealth."She added,"With education,you can be whatever you want to be-a doctor,a teacher,a scientist and so on."
46.A.school
B.village
C.town
D.city
47.A.reading
B.writing
C.playing
D.working
48.A.young
B.old
C.famous
D.free
49.A.study
B.work
C.leave
D.listen
50.A.for
B.with
C.of
D.in
51.A.her
B.me
C.him
D.you
52.A.chance
B.age
C.skills
D.ways
53.A.after
B.when
C.since
D.before
54.A.naturally
B.especially
C.luckily
D.certainly
55.A.friendship
B.future
C.competition
D.education
【主旨大意】
本文是一篇記敘文。文章描述了一位90歲的老人上小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的故事。文章告訴我們,學(xué)無止境,活到老,學(xué)到老,只要你接受教育,你就能成為你想成為的任何人。
【答案與解析】
46.B??疾槊~辨析。school“學(xué)校”;village“農(nóng)村”;town“城鎮(zhèn)”;city“城市”。根據(jù)下文in her village可推知,Sitienei來自Kenyan的一個(gè)村莊。故選B。
47.D??疾閯?dòng)詞辨析。reading“讀書”;writ-ing“寫”;playing“玩耍”;working“工作”。根據(jù)句中as a midwife推知,她一生中的大部分時(shí)間都做著接生婆的工作。故選D。
48.A??疾樾稳菰~辨析。young“年輕”;old“年老的”;famous“有名的”;free“空閑的”。根據(jù)文章第一句“Sitienei,a 90-year-oldKenyan grandmother,has become the world's old-est primary school student.”推知,當(dāng)她年輕時(shí)沒有機(jī)會(huì)去上學(xué)。故選A。
49.A??疾閯?dòng)詞辨析。由上文“她小時(shí)候沒機(jī)會(huì)上學(xué)”推知,她想讓村莊里的所有孩子都能學(xué)習(xí)。故選A。
50.C??疾榻樵~搭配。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本句中含有詞組be proud of,意為“感到自豪或驕傲”。故選C。
51.A??疾榇~辨析。根據(jù)上句“我為她感到驕傲,她被每一個(gè)學(xué)生喜歡”可知,這里指代的是Sitienei。句意為:他們都想和她一起學(xué)習(xí),一起玩耍。故選A。
52.B??疾槊~辨析。chance“機(jī)會(huì)”;age“年齡”;skills“技術(shù)”;ways“方法”。由上文“一位90歲的老奶奶與小學(xué)生一起學(xué)習(xí),一起玩耍”及下文“在學(xué)校產(chǎn)生很大的影響”可知,鑒于她的年齡,她在學(xué)校做得很好。故選B。
53.C。考查連詞辨析。after“在……之后”;when“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”;slnce“自從……”;before“在……之前”。從“I have seen a big difference in this school…”一句可知,后一分句應(yīng)該是由slnce引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。句意為:自從她來以后,可以說我已經(jīng)看到在這個(gè)學(xué)校有很大改變。故選C。
54.B??疾楦痹~辨析。naturally“自然地”;especially“尤其”;luckily“幸運(yùn)地”;certainly“一定”。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)揣測句意:我想告訴孩子們,尤其是貧困地區(qū)的女孩。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)了“貧困地區(qū)的女孩”。故選B。
55.D??疾槊~辨析。friendship“友誼”;future“未來”;competition“競爭”;education“教育”。根據(jù)下一句“接受教育,你就能成為你想成為的人”可知,這里Sitienei說的是“教育將是你的財(cái)富”。故選D。
B
The plane took off.A passenger needed a cup of water to take his medicine.An air hostess(空姐)told him that she would bring him the56. But the air hostess was57busy that she forgot to bring him the water.58,the pas-senger couldn't take his medicine on time.About half an hour later,she hurried over to him with a cup of water,but he59it.
In the following hours,each time she60the passenger,she would ask him with a smile whether he needed help or not.But the passenger61paid notice to her.
When it was time to get off the62,the passenger asked her to hand him the passen-gers' booklet (留言簿).She was very63.She thought that he would64bad words in it,but with a smile she handed it to him.
Off the plane,she opened the booklet and then65.The passenger put it,"In the past few hours,you have asked me whether I needed help or not for twelve times in all.How can I refuse your twelve faithful(真誠的)smiles?"
56.A.medicine
B.water
C.cup
D.coffee
57.A.very
B.too
C.quite
D.so
58.A.With her help
B.As a result
C.On the one hand
D.To tell the truth
59. A.drank
B.acceptec-J
C.refused
D.received
60.A.looked at
B.listened to
C.talked about
D.passed by
61.A.usually
B.never
C.sometimes
D.often
62.A.plane
B.train
C.ship
D.bus
63.A.interested
B.happy
C.excited
D.sad
64.A.break down
B.get down
C.write down
D.go down
65.A.smiled
B.cried
C.wondered
D.worried
【主旨大意】
本文是一篇記敘文。文中講述了一位空姐由于忘記給乘客倒水而使乘客不悅,不過后來她的微笑服務(wù)最終還是得到了乘客的認(rèn)可。由此,作者提示我們:不懈的努力,終會(huì)給我們帶來成功。
【答案與解析】
56.B。考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)上一句“一位乘客需要一杯水去服藥”及下一句“空姐忘記給他送水”可知,該空格處指的是“水”。句意為:那位空姐告訴他,她將會(huì)很快為他取水。故答案為B。
57.D??疾楦痹~辨析。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本句中含有so…that句型,意為“如此……以至于”。句意為:但是,空姐太忙而忘記送水給他。故選D。
58.B??疾槎陶Z辨析。With her help“在她的幫助下”;As a result“結(jié)果是”;On the one hand“一方面”;To tell the truth“說實(shí)話”。從上一句“空姐太忙而忘記為他取水”及下一句“這位乘客無法服藥”可知,“沒取水”造成的結(jié)果是“不能服藥”。故選B。
59.C??疾閯?dòng)詞辨析。drink“喝”;accept“接受”;refuse“拒絕”;receive“接收”。前一分句意為:她匆忙地拿一杯水來到他旁邊。由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but可知,這位乘客拒絕了這杯水。故選C。
60.D??疾閯?dòng)詞短語辨析。look at“看”;listen to“聽”;talk about“談?wù)摗?;pass by“經(jīng)過”。句意為:在接下來的幾個(gè)小時(shí)里,每次她經(jīng)過這位乘客身邊,都會(huì)微笑地詢問他是否需要幫助。故選D。
61.B??疾轭l度副詞辨析。usually“通?!保籲ever“從不”;sometimes“有時(shí)候”;often“經(jīng)?!?。結(jié)合上一句可知,她每次從這位乘客身邊經(jīng)過,都會(huì)微笑地詢問他是否需要幫助,但這位乘客卻無視她。故選B。
62.A??疾槊~辨析。上文談?wù)摿嗽陲w機(jī)上所發(fā)生的事。由此可知,該空格處應(yīng)指“飛機(jī)”。句意為:該下飛機(jī)了,這位乘客叫她將留言簿拿給他。故選A。
63.D??疾樾稳菰~辨析。interested“感興趣的”;happy“開心的”;excited“興奮的”;sad“難過的”。根據(jù)下句中的bad words in it可推知,這位空姐當(dāng)時(shí)應(yīng)該很難過。故選D。
64.C??疾閯?dòng)詞短語辨析。break down“打破”;get down“拿來”;write down“寫下”;go down“下來”。根據(jù)下文描述乘客在留言簿中所寫的內(nèi)容可推知,這里應(yīng)是這位乘客所寫下的留言。句意為:她想到他可能會(huì)寫下批評(píng)的意見,但她還是微笑地將留言簿遞給了這位乘客。故選C。
65.A??疾閯?dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)下一句乘客的留言“在過去的幾個(gè)小時(shí)里,你一共十二次微笑地問我是否需要幫助,我怎能拒絕你真誠的微笑呢?”可知,這位空姐看到這些留言應(yīng)是在“微笑”。句意為:下飛機(jī)后,她打開留言簿,然后笑了。故選A。