名師支招 提分法寶
——書面表達中高級詞匯和復雜結(jié)構(gòu)的運用

甘肅 段生榮

名師支招 提分法寶
——書面表達中高級詞匯和復雜結(jié)構(gòu)的運用

甘肅 段生榮

高考英語書面表達的評分標準鼓勵考生“盡力使用較高級詞匯和較復雜結(jié)構(gòu)”，并對由此產(chǎn)生的錯誤采取寬容態(tài)度。很多同學在寫作時，總認為高級詞匯和復雜結(jié)構(gòu)過于“高大上”，可望而不可即。筆者通過研讀歷年高考書面表達的范文和學生的優(yōu)秀習作后發(fā)現(xiàn)，所謂的高級詞匯，就是用地道的、一般人又想象不到的詞匯替代那些“地球人都知道”的第一反應詞，而復雜結(jié)構(gòu)，其實就是語法正確、結(jié)構(gòu)靈活、搭配合理的句子表達，二者均為平時反復講練的內(nèi)容而已。

一、高級詞匯的運用應遵循四個“優(yōu)先”的原則

1.短語優(yōu)先

is being built→under construction

sometimes→from time to time

consider→take...into consideration

long/wide/deep→in length/width/depth

2.晚詞優(yōu)先

and→as well as

surprise→amaze

clear→obvious/evident/apparent

be very important→be of great importance/play a vital role （part） in

as soon as→no sooner...than.../hardly...when.../immediately/the moment

3.地道優(yōu)先

wait→expect

find→discover

learn→gain/obtain （a lot of knowledge）

meeting→conference

buy→purchase

make/produce→manufacture

4.變化優(yōu)先

like doing→enjoy doing/prefer doing/be fond of doing/ feel like doing

many→a（n）large/growing/increasing number of，hundreds/thousands/millions of

very...→more than/not a little/a most ...

I think→in my opinion/from my point of view/ I hold the view that/as far as I’m concerned

二、復雜結(jié)構(gòu)的使用宜遵循四個“不如”的原則

1.肯定不如雙否好

①一切皆有可能。

Everything is possible.→

Nothing is impossible. （沒有什么不可能。）

②所有的父母都擔憂孩子的前途。

All parents are anxious about their children’s future.→

No parents are not anxious about their children’s future.

③我出門旅行時經(jīng)常要帶本書，因為火車上打發(fā)時間的最好辦法就是看書。

I often go traveling with a book because reading is the best way to pass time on the train. →

I never go traveling without a book because reading is the best way to pass time on the train.

2.從句不如分詞高

①聽到令人興奮的消息，少婦欣喜若狂。

When she heard the exciting news，the young lady jumped with joy.→

Hearing the exciting news，the young lady jumped with joy.

②與世界一流的俱樂部相比，中國足球仍然有很大的差距。

When it is compared with other first-class clubs in the world，Chinese football still has a long way to go.→

Compared with other first-class clubs in the world，Chinese football still has a long way to go.

③來這兒的游客都渴望觀看一場有關(guān)古敦煌方面的精彩演出。

Visitors who come here are all eager to watch the wonderful play about ancient Dunhuang. →

Visitors coming here are all eager to watch the wonderful play about ancient Dunhuang.

④由于按時完成了項目任務，員工們周末再也不用加班了。

Since they had completed the project on time，the staff didn’t have to work extra hours at weekends.→

Having completed the project on time，the staff didn’t have to work extra hours at weekends.

⑤英語是一門由數(shù)種多元文化共享的語言。

English is a language that is shared by several diverse cultures.→

English is a language shared by several diverse cultures.

3.主動不如被動巧

①關(guān)于這個話題，眾說紛紜。

Different people have different opinions on this topic.→

Opinions are divided on this topic.

②最糟糕的是，他們有時在考試中用手機作弊。

What’s worst，they sometimes use mobile phones to cheat in the examinations.→

What’s worst，mobile phones are sometimes used to cheat in the examinations.

③志愿者們在為瀕危物種項目籌集錢款。

The volunteers are raising money for the endangered species project.→

Money for the endangered species project is being raised by the volunteers.

4.陳述不如倒裝妙

①直到上網(wǎng)查詢之后，他才知道自己在演講比賽中奪冠了。

He didn’t know he came first at the speech contest until he searched on the Internet. →

Not until he searched on the Internet did he know he came first at the speech contest.

②雖然對薪酬不滿意，但他還是接受了那份工作以獲得工作經(jīng)驗。

Though he was unsatisfied with the pay，he took the job just to get some work experience.→

Unsatisfied as/though he was with the pay，he took the job just to get some work experience.

③來到校門口，我才意識到我把課堂筆記落在家里了。

I realized that I had left my notebook at home only as I got to the school gate.→

Only as I got to the school gate did I realize that I had left my notebook at home.

三、其他復雜結(jié)構(gòu)的使用

1.虛擬語氣，提分絕招

①早該到采取有效措施助推中國足球的時候了。

It is high time effective measures were taken to help Chinese football team perform better.（定語從句中）

②校長建議每位老師每天安排一些時間鍛煉身體。

The headmaster advised every teacher （should） set aside some time for sports every day.（賓語從句中）

③假如你做了充分的準備，就不會再次面試失敗。

If you had made full preparations，you wouldn’t have failed the job interview again.（狀語從句中）

2.with結(jié)構(gòu)，利劍出鞘

①爺爺晚飯后常去公園遛彎，我家狗狗緊隨其后。

Grandpa often takes a walk after supper in the park with our pet dog following him. （現(xiàn)在分詞表主動）

②由于越來越多的森林被砍伐，某些動物瀕臨滅絕。

With more and more forests cut down，some animals are facing the danger of dying out. （過去分詞表被動）

③沒有快件投送了，快遞員就停在路邊歇口氣。

With no other parcels to deliver，the courier stopped at the roadside to take a break.（不定式表將來）

3.固定句式，彰顯奇效

①不久以后，月球上將會建起一座太空站。

It won’t be long before a space station is built on themoon.（it引導的句式）

②英國人見了面總愛“聊天”，而中國人卻喜歡提一些私人問題以示關(guān)心。

Meeting each other，English people talk a lot about the weather while we Chinese feel like asking private questions to show our care. （while作并列連詞，表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比）

③昨天她剛寫完作業(yè)，媽媽就讓她練鋼琴。

She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday. （when作并列連詞，表示動作的突發(fā)性，意為“正在這時，突然”）

④還真是幫助了別人，快樂了自己??！

How delighted I was to have helped someone in trouble!（感嘆句）

4.主語形式，各領風騷

①是否應該幫助受傷的陌生人已然成為當今的熱門話題之一。

Whether we should help an injured stranger has become one of the hot topics today.（主語從句）

②利用媒體不失為學習中文的一種好方法。

Taking advantage of the media is a good way of learning Chinese.（動名詞短語）

③明年將是我們學校建校六十周年。

It will be the 60th anniversary of the founding of our school next year. →

Next year marks the 60th anniversary of the founding of our school. （無靈名詞）

5.省略成分，不落俗套

①小時候，我看電視想看到何時就看到何時。

When I was a child，I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.→

As a child，I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.

②如果可能的話，外出就餐時自帶水杯和餐盒，菜也不要點得太多。

If it is possible，take your own cups and containers when eating out，and never order too much.→

If possible，take your own cups and containers when eating out，and never order too much.

③我父母深深地愛著我，并想方設法讓我接受良好的教育。

My parents love me dearly and do all that they can do to make sure that I get a good education. →

My parents love me dearly and do all they can to make sure that I get a good education.

6.加強語氣，以示強調(diào)

①使他難以適應國外生活的是文化而不是語言。

It was the culture rather than the language that made it hard for him to adapt to the life abroad. （強調(diào)句型）

②眾所周知，全球氣候變暖的確與人類活動有關(guān)。

It is well known that global warming does have something to do with human activities. （強調(diào)動詞）

③你長大后到底想干什么？

What on earth are you going to be when you grow up? （加強疑問語氣）

④垃圾食品根本不含任何營養(yǎng)素。

Junk food doesn’t contain any nutrients at all. （加強否定語氣）

7.經(jīng)典格言，語言瑰寶

①（圖片）傳遞的信息很清楚：“百說不如一干。”

The message conveyed here is clear： “Actions speak louder than words.”

②任何事物都是一分為二的。這項舉措目前似乎深受我和同學們的歡迎，可如果我們的學習掉隊了怎么辦？

Each coin has two sides. The reform seems to be popular with my classmates and me for the moment，but what if our lessons fall behind others?

③俗話說：“冰凍三尺，非一日之寒?！蔽覀€人認為，只有這些問題解決了，中國足球才會有更美好的未來。

Just as the saying goes，“Rome was not built in one day.”Personally，only by solving these problems can Chinese football have a brighter future.

諸如此類，舉不勝舉。事實證明，在書面表達過程中，如果注重精心包裝、深度潤色，巧妙地使用高級詞匯和復雜結(jié)構(gòu)，就可以超凡脫俗、不落窠臼，避免那種單調(diào)的令閱卷老師生厭的千人一面的呈現(xiàn)方式，從而大大增強文章的語言表達效果。

（作者單位：甘肅省蘭州市第六中學）