• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      洞悉干擾避陷阱 提高防范拿高分
      ——以形容詞、副詞高考命題考查為例

      2016-04-09 07:10:01廣東潘素洪
      教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2016年5期
      關(guān)鍵詞:限定詞比較級(jí)副詞

      廣東 潘素洪

      洞悉干擾避陷阱 提高防范拿高分
      ——以形容詞、副詞高考命題考查為例

      廣東 潘素洪

      形容詞和副詞作為高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法測(cè)試題型的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn),也是高考語(yǔ)法填空題的必考題型。形容詞和副詞作為詞類轉(zhuǎn)換題之一,具有內(nèi)外干擾特征。如果考生能明確考點(diǎn)特征,排除干擾,那么該題型將成為考生奪取高考最終勝利的重要基石。

      一、形容詞和副詞的內(nèi)干擾

      形容詞和副詞的內(nèi)干擾是指因所給詞自身需要變化成形容詞或副詞時(shí)存在模糊性而引起的干擾。此類干擾主要是構(gòu)詞法的記憶錯(cuò)亂,尤其是派生法的誤用而導(dǎo)致的干擾。派生法又稱詞綴法,是通過(guò)在詞根上添加后綴或前綴變化成新詞的方法。例如:humor→humorous,vary→various,self→selfish→selfless,action→active,care→careful,help→helpful,east→eastern,west→western,accept→acceptable,comfort→comfortable,centre→central,politics→political。

      (一)名詞變形容詞的內(nèi)干擾

      名詞變形容詞的內(nèi)干擾是指在名詞變成形容詞時(shí),名詞添加后綴時(shí)因其詞類的變化存在模糊、不確定性而造成的干擾。例如:以-e結(jié)尾的單詞因-e的去留問(wèn)題存在不確定性而構(gòu)成干擾。以-e結(jié)尾的形容詞變名詞時(shí)-e不用去掉(如:excite→excitement,puzzle→puzzlement,polite→politeness,gentle→gentleness);少數(shù)以-e結(jié)尾的形容詞,要去掉-e再加-ly(如:true→truth→truly,possible→possibly→possibility,value→valuable,arrive→arrival,survive→survival→survivor,approve→approval);然而也有以-e結(jié)尾的形容詞不需要去掉-e再加-ly(如:rude→rudely,wide→widely,fortune→fortunate→fortunately)。

      【例1】(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)As_69_(nature)architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

      【解析】 natural。本題考查nature的內(nèi)干擾。形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞“architects”,故填natural。

      (二)名詞變名詞的內(nèi)干擾

      名詞變名詞的內(nèi)干擾是指因所給詞需要變成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)存在不規(guī)則變化而引起的干擾。名詞變化成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)通常是在后面添加-s或-es,有時(shí)卻遵循不規(guī)則變化。例如:child→children,man→ men,build→buildings等。

      【例2】(2016·廣州一模)First it was squirrels in __44__(shirt),then rabbits with hats on,and finally birds wearing underpants!

      【解析】shirts。本題考查shirt的內(nèi)干擾。介詞后用名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。squirrels為復(fù)數(shù),須與shirt保持一致,故填shirts。

      (三)形容詞變副詞的內(nèi)干擾

      形容詞變副詞的內(nèi)干擾是指因所給形容詞需要變化成副詞時(shí)存在模糊性而引起的干擾。一般而言,形容詞變化成副詞是直接添加-ly,若以-y結(jié)尾的單詞則須將y變i,再加ly,然而還有一些不規(guī)則變化的情況。

      【例3】(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it__69__(regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

      【解析】 regularly。修飾動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用副詞,因此修飾動(dòng)詞“arranges”,應(yīng)用副詞regularly。

      【例4】(2015·廣東卷)_17_(lucky),he also had a cow which produced milk every day.

      【解析】Luckily。本題考查lucky的內(nèi)干擾。luckily為副詞,意為“幸運(yùn)的是”。luckily 在句中作狀語(yǔ),放在句首修飾整個(gè)句子??忌鷷?huì)因形容詞變化成副詞的一般規(guī)則,在lucky后添加-ly而造成失分。因此,本題考查的是以-y結(jié)尾的詞變化成副詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:happy—happily。

      (四)動(dòng)詞變形容詞的內(nèi)干擾

      動(dòng)詞變形容詞的內(nèi)干擾是指所給動(dòng)詞需要變化成形容詞時(shí)存在模糊性而引發(fā)的干擾。這類干擾主要集中于情緒使役動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞,尤其是不規(guī)則變化的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式。

      【例5】(2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)While there are_68_(amaze)stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.

      【解析】amazing。本題考查amaze的內(nèi)干擾。形容詞修飾名詞“stories”。amaze,surprise等表示情緒的使役動(dòng)詞具有兩個(gè)形容詞,即通過(guò)在動(dòng)詞后面增加后綴-ing或-ed。現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞通常說(shuō)明人,意為“(某事)令人……”或“令人……的(事物)”,而過(guò)去分詞形容詞通常說(shuō)明事物,意為“(某人)感到……”??忌氄莆涨榫w使役動(dòng)詞的用法,否則會(huì)造成失分。常見(jiàn)的情緒使役動(dòng)詞還有disappoint,puzzle,worry,annoy,bore,confuse,embarrass,excite,interest,please,relax,satisfy,shock,surprise,worry,tire等。

      【例6】(2016·廣州一模) When the_48_(injure) animals came to see Doctor Bear,he told them,“Your clothes are killing you. You don’t need them.”

      【解析】injured。考題考查injure的內(nèi)干擾。形容詞修飾名詞“animals”。

      (五)動(dòng)詞變副詞的內(nèi)干擾

      動(dòng)詞變副詞的內(nèi)干擾是指因所給的動(dòng)詞變成副詞時(shí)存在模糊性而引發(fā)的干擾。

      【例7】(2014·廣東卷)What’s worse,the hotel had been fully booked. When we were wondering what to do,the manager came out. She was_22_(surprise)helpful.

      【解析】surprisingly。本題考查surprise的內(nèi)干擾。因本句已有作表語(yǔ)的形容詞helpful,所以應(yīng)當(dāng)用副詞來(lái)修飾形容詞helpful,指“令人驚訝地,意外地”,故填surprisingly。surprise為多內(nèi)干擾詞。干擾一:surprise為情緒使役動(dòng)詞,具有兩個(gè)形容詞;干擾二:surprise具有兩個(gè)副詞,因而要詳查其含義而選擇;干擾三:surprise是以-e結(jié)尾的詞,在變化成現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)要去掉。

      (六)動(dòng)詞變名詞的內(nèi)干擾

      動(dòng)詞變名詞的內(nèi)干擾是指因所給動(dòng)詞變化成名詞不當(dāng)而引發(fā)的干擾。例如:attract→attraction,intend→intention,discuss→discussion,devote→devotion,pollute→pollution,impress→impression,admit→admission,conclude→conclusion,contribute→contribution,perform→performance,grow→growth,warm→warmth,recover→recovery,discover→discovery,vary→variety,advise→advice,fail→failure,press→pressure,arrive→arrival,survive→survival,refuse→refusal,agree→agreement,encourage→ encouragement,develop→development,differ→difference,prefer→preference等。

      【例8】(2009·廣東卷)But Jane knew from past experience that her_36_(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.

      【解析】choice??碱}考查choose的內(nèi)干擾。在that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞,或者說(shuō),在形容詞性物主代詞“her”后面應(yīng)用名詞,故填choice。

      (七)形容詞變形容詞比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)的內(nèi)干擾

      形容詞變形容詞比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)的內(nèi)干擾是指因所給形容詞需要變化成形容詞比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)時(shí)存在模糊性而引發(fā)的干擾。通常情況下,形容詞變成比較級(jí)或最高級(jí),直接在其后添加-er或-est即可。然而,有些形容詞的后三個(gè)字母具有“輔音+元音+輔音”的結(jié)構(gòu),此時(shí),需要將這些形容詞的最后一個(gè)字母雙寫,再加-er或-est,同時(shí)也存在形容詞變化成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的不規(guī)則的情況。例如:thin→thinner→thinnest,bad→worse→worst,good/well→better→best。

      【例9】(2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is_66_(clean) than ever.

      【解析】cleaner。本題考查形容詞比較級(jí)用法。本空可還原為:now the water in the river is cleaner than ever,故本空填cleaner。但考生可能會(huì)因clean以n結(jié)尾,從而雙寫n而出錯(cuò)。

      【例10】(2010·廣東卷)The teacher replied,“You tasted the water. I tasted the gift. The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be _39_(sweet).”

      【解析】sweeter。本題考查形容詞比較級(jí)。在be動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ),用形容詞,而括號(hào)中所給的sweet正是形容詞,因此無(wú)須詞性轉(zhuǎn)化,可想到用其比較級(jí);根據(jù)句意“什么也不會(huì)比這更甜”,即“這是世界上最甜的東西”,這是省略了“than the water”的隱性比較級(jí),故填sweeter。用否定詞比較級(jí)形式連用表示最高級(jí)含義。

      二、形容詞和副詞的外干擾

      形容詞和副詞的外干擾是指因所給詞變化成形容詞或副詞而存在短語(yǔ)、句型、修飾等的干擾。

      (一)句型干擾

      句型干擾是指因句子結(jié)構(gòu)而引發(fā)的干擾。

      【例11】(2012·廣東卷)It might have made it a little_21_(hard) for everybody...

      【解析】harder??忌赡軙?huì)誤認(rèn)為hard修飾have made而誤填hardly。本題中made it后面的內(nèi)容作賓補(bǔ),要用形容詞,又因a little常用來(lái)修飾比較級(jí),故應(yīng)填harder。

      (二)結(jié)構(gòu)干擾

      結(jié)構(gòu)干擾是指因句子存在平行結(jié)構(gòu)而引發(fā)的干擾。

      【例12】(2016·廣州一模)They fitted so well,and felt so_42_(comfort),that he kept them on.

      【解析】 comfortable。本題考查comfort的結(jié)構(gòu)干擾。felt為“感官動(dòng)詞”,后接形容詞作表語(yǔ)。本題提供了結(jié)構(gòu)類似的“fitted so well”和“felt so_42_(comfort)”,考生可能會(huì)誤將comfort理解成平行結(jié)構(gòu),因前者為so+well,故而后者應(yīng)是so+comfortably。

      【例13】(2014·遼寧卷)The_68_(hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit. He controls you!

      【解析】harder。本題考查comfort的外干擾??疾椤皌he+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)。因the為冠詞,冠詞后接名詞??忌赡軙?huì)將hard 變成hardship。

      (三)修飾干擾

      修飾干擾是指因修飾關(guān)系判斷失誤而引發(fā)的干擾。

      【例14】(2016·廣州一模)Even the raccoon,thanks to his__47_(bright)coloured socks,slipped into the river and almost died.

      【解析】brightly。考題考查bright的外干擾。本題存在多個(gè)形容詞排序與副詞修飾形容詞的修飾干擾。多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其排序規(guī)律是:(限定詞+程度副詞+)描繪性形容詞+表示大?。ㄩL(zhǎng)短、高低)、形狀、年齡(新舊)的形容詞+表顏色的形容詞+表國(guó)籍或產(chǎn)地的形容詞+ 表物質(zhì)材料的形容詞+表類別或用途的形容詞+名詞。限定詞的排序:前位限定詞( 指量限定詞all,both等;倍數(shù)詞double,twice等;分?jǐn)?shù)詞one-third,two-fifths 等)+中位限定詞(冠詞,指示代詞,形容詞性物主代詞,名詞所有格)+后位限定詞( 序數(shù)詞及l(fā)ast,next等;基數(shù)詞及few,several等)。本題因?yàn)閎right修飾coloured,修飾形容詞應(yīng)使用副詞,即brightly。

      【例15】(2013·深圳一模) Soon he disappeared in the Men’s. I stood there_24_(puzzle).

      【解析】puzzled。本題考查形容詞修飾干擾。我們可以將“I stood there_24_(puzzle).”還原成最初的兩句話:① I stood there.②I was puzzled.這樣,就能夠清晰地知道本空所填詞是作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),故應(yīng)填puzzled。

      【小試牛刀】運(yùn)用所給詞的正確形式填空。

      1. In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their________(able)to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.

      2. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that hea____t____(slow) during cool nights,thus warming the house.

      3. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done,and the crowd of strangers_______(sudden)became friendly to one another.

      4. The benefits and________(advantage)of ability grouping can be listed as follows.

      5. He got_______(patient)as the first hour passed and then another.

      6. To most young children,being laughed at by others is an________(pleasant) experience.

      7. Some of the________(village) had noted the number of the truck.

      8. The audience warmly clapped to welcome the worldfamous________(violin),one of the best in the world.

      9. Nowadays borrowing money is the quickest way to end a good_______(friend).

      10. In a good________(marry),both husband and wife work hard to solve any problems that arise.

      11. He has devoted all his whole life to_______(science)research.

      12. In the neighbour’s opinion,she is a good wife and a ________(devote) mother.

      13. Honours were________(automatic) awarded to senior officials just because they were senior.

      14. If you are________(willing) to go,don’t hesitate to say no.

      15. He failed his maths examination because of his _______(care) work.【參考答案】

      1. ability 2. slowly 3. suddenly 4. advantages 5. impatient 6. unpleasant 7. villagers 8. violinist 9. friendship 10. marriage 11. scientific 12. devoted 13. automatically 14. unwilling 15. careless

      (作者單位:廣東省中山市東升高級(jí)中學(xué))

      猜你喜歡
      限定詞比較級(jí)副詞
      The Wheels on the Bus
      副詞“好容易”及其詞匯化成因
      Tips on finding summer jobs for teens
      Comparative Adjectives (形容詞比較級(jí))
      限定詞之功能視角研究
      ——以英漢為例
      關(guān)系限定詞which用法初探
      法語(yǔ)中限定詞的分析
      副詞和副詞詞組
      英語(yǔ)限定詞研究的兩個(gè)維度
      新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)(下)Units?。薄簿渥咏饷?/a>
      平度市| 安宁市| 积石山| 临邑县| 晋州市| 屏东县| 汕尾市| 巧家县| 麦盖提县| 霍林郭勒市| 大悟县| 靖边县| 精河县| 多伦县| 和林格尔县| 海宁市| 江都市| 密山市| 台安县| 鹤岗市| 巴林左旗| 河北区| 宜川县| 正安县| 茂名市| 横峰县| 漳浦县| 侯马市| 白水县| 宁陵县| 江山市| 淮南市| 英吉沙县| 慈溪市| 佛坪县| 宁城县| 峨眉山市| 宁都县| 广水市| 白沙| 宁阳县|