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      例析定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) 解讀關(guān)系詞之考點(diǎn)

      2016-04-09 07:10:01甘肅董耀忠
      教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2016年5期
      關(guān)鍵詞:中作限制性省略

      甘肅 董耀忠

      例析定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) 解讀關(guān)系詞之考點(diǎn)

      甘肅 董耀忠

      定語從句是貫穿整個(gè)高中階段的語法學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn),也是高考考查的熱點(diǎn),是一種形容詞性從句,有限制性和非限制性從句之分??v觀歷年各地高考考題的特點(diǎn),根據(jù)先行詞確定關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞是考查的重點(diǎn),概括起來主要有以下幾個(gè)方面。

      考點(diǎn)1:定語從句先行詞為物

      定語從句中先行詞為物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用which/that。如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語,且前無介詞時(shí),可以省略;但在非限制性定語從句中只用which,且不可省略。如:

      A dictionary is a book which/that gives the meanings of words and phrases.(作主語,不可省略)

      The dictionary(which/that) you need is sold out in the bookshop.(作賓語,可省略)

      【高考鏈接】(2016上海卷,27)She was taking the food to the refugee camp,in_______she distributed it to children.

      【試題分析】which。句意為“她把食物送往難民營,在難民營里分發(fā)給孩子們?!眎n which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,which指代前面的“the refugee camp”。

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】定語從句的先行詞不論是人還是物,均為清晰可見的概念名詞,諸如man,girl,book,school等,此題中“the refugee camp”為疑難詞匯且確定先行詞時(shí)容易受簡單詞food的干擾。因此,要特別做好對(duì)主從句句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析,找到共有詞,并確定其在從句中的位置。此題中,camp就是共有詞,即為先行詞。此外,還須注意:從句中先行詞是everything,something,nothing等以及指物的all,one,little,few,much,none等時(shí),關(guān)系代詞常用that。如:

      Something (that) we heard was of great truth.

      All that glitters (閃光) is not gold.

      考點(diǎn)2:定語從句先行詞為人

      定語從句中先行詞為人時(shí),關(guān)系代詞常用who/whom/ that。如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語,且前無介詞時(shí),可以省略;但在非限制性定語從句中只用who/whom,不用that,且不可省略。如:

      His mother won’t let him marry the girl who/that doesn’t get a job. (限制性,作主語,不可省略)

      The old man (whom) I spoke to yesterday is inhospital now.(限制性,作賓語,可以省略)

      His father,who likes painting ,is a teacher.(非限制性,作主語,不可省略)

      Mr. White,whom I talked with you about just now,is from Canada. (非限制性,作賓語,不可省略)

      【高考鏈接】(2013重慶卷,24)John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of________are family members.

      【試題分析】whom。非限制性定語從句,先行詞為“people”,用whom來代替people置于介詞of后,連接主從句。

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】在介詞提前的定語從句中,用代入法確定關(guān)系詞最為有效。此題后半句可還原為“most of people are family members”。此外,還須注意:從句中先行詞是somebody(-one),anybody (-one),nobody(-one)等以及指人的one,all,few,none等不定代詞,且在從句中充當(dāng)非狀語成分,尤其是關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語時(shí),常優(yōu)先用who,也可用that。如:

      Anyone who agrees may come with me.

      考點(diǎn)3:定語從句先行詞為that/those

      定語從句中先行詞為that/those時(shí),若代指人,關(guān)系代詞用who,代指物則用which。如:

      We need to take care of that,which is useful for us.(先行詞that代指物)

      【高考鏈接】(2013湖南卷,21)Happiness and success often come to those________are good at recognizing their own strengths.

      【試題分析】who??崭袂暗拇~those指代“人”,為先行詞,且在定語從句中作主語,故用who引導(dǎo)定語從句。句意為“幸福和成功往往降臨到那些善于認(rèn)識(shí)到自己優(yōu)點(diǎn)的人身上。”

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】先行詞為that或those時(shí),理清句意,判定其代指人還是物為關(guān)鍵。此外,類似于此的還有:先行詞用one還是the one有區(qū)別,如:It is the one we want to buy.(為限制性定語),The best job is one that uses your skills with your interesting.(為描述性定語);從句中先行詞為人稱代詞時(shí),常用關(guān)系代詞who,如:He who knows others is learned,and he who knows himself is wise.(知人者智,自知者明)

      考點(diǎn)4:先行詞在定語從句中作定語

      定語從句中不論先行詞為人還是物,如果代替它的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作定語,用whose。如:

      The boy whose father is an engineer is called Tom.

      The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.

      【高考鏈接】(2015四川卷,3)The books on the desk,_______covers are shiny,are prizes for us.

      【試題分析】whose。先行詞為“the books”,和covers之間存在所有關(guān)系。句意為“桌上的書是給我們的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),那些書的封面閃閃發(fā)光?!?/p>

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】whose在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)定語,和其后的名詞之間存在所有關(guān)系,還是比較容易判斷的。此題中如果在covers之前加上定冠詞the,則需要用of+which結(jié)構(gòu),即此題變?yōu)椋篢he books on the desk,of which the covers are shiny,are prizes for us。此外,還須注意:

      “whose+n.”結(jié)構(gòu)常在考查中體現(xiàn)為:the+n.+of which...(表物),或the+n.+of whom...(表人)。如:There are seventy students in our class ,whose backgrounds / the backgrounds of whom are various.

      考點(diǎn)5:先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)、不定代詞或序數(shù)詞等修飾

      定語從句中先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí),any,some,only,all,every,no,some,much,few,little等或the only,the last,the very等表示唯一概念的序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞常用that。如:

      That is the best film (that) I have ever seen.(被最高級(jí)修飾)

      The first book (that) he wrote is about population.(被序數(shù)詞修飾)

      You’re the only friend (that) I have.(被the only修飾)

      【高考鏈接】(2014陜西卷,13)Please send us all the information_______you have about the candidate for the position.

      【試題分析】that。從句里have 是及物動(dòng)詞,缺少賓語。當(dāng)然,關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當(dāng)賓語成分時(shí)也可省略不填。但是雖缺少賓語可絕不能為what,因?yàn)椴皇敲~性從句。

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】確定了定語從句的先行詞之后,看清先行詞的被修飾詞也很重要。又如so,as,the same,such等修飾先行詞或such,the same等直接充當(dāng)先行詞時(shí),關(guān)系代詞由固定搭配詞as來引導(dǎo)。如:It wasn’t such a good dinner as she has promised us。此外,還須注意:the same或其修飾的名詞充當(dāng)先行詞時(shí),隨著語境、語意的變化,有時(shí)也可用that來引導(dǎo)定語從句,如:He made the same mistakes as I made yesterday. (用as,意為“與……類似”,指同類中的人或物);It’s just the same pen that I lost yesterday.(用that,意為“與……一樣”,指同一個(gè)人或物)。

      考點(diǎn)6:定語從句先行詞表示某種情況

      定語從句中先行詞為表示某種“情況、境況”抽象概念的state,point,case,situation等時(shí)(實(shí)為從句的狀語成分),其后定語從句常由where引導(dǎo),相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”。如:

      I think you have got to the point,where change is needed,or you’d fail.

      【高考鏈接】(2012重慶卷,29)Sales director is a position_______communication ability is just as important as sales.

      【試題分析】where?!皃osition”為先行詞,后面是其定語從句,關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,因此,應(yīng)該使用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)定語從句。

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】代入法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析是選擇關(guān)系詞的最好技巧。又如(2015浙江卷,19)Creating an atmosphere in which employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.將先行詞“atmosphere”代入從句應(yīng)為“in the atmosphere”。

      考點(diǎn)7:非限制性定語從句

      在非限制性定語從句中,如果先行詞為表示人或物的一個(gè)詞時(shí),??捎脀ho,whose,whom或which引導(dǎo)從句,但不用that,且從句必須置于主句后;如果先行詞為一個(gè)句子,且從句位置靈活,關(guān)系代詞在從句中有“正如……就像……”的語意,常只用as來引導(dǎo)定語從句,反之當(dāng)從句只置于主句后,且關(guān)系代詞無語意,只有語法連接作用,整個(gè)句子所表示的先行詞不論說人還是事,均由which來引導(dǎo)定語從句。如:

      The meeting,which was held in the park,was a success.(先行詞為meeting)

      My brother,who now lives in ShangHai,is a teacher.(先行詞為my brother)

      He married her ,which (as) was natural .(先行詞為“He married her”整個(gè)句子)

      As I explained on the phone ,your question will be considered.(定語從句在前,先行詞為“your question will be considered”整個(gè)句子)

      【高考鏈接】(2015湖南卷,29)It is a truly delightful place,________looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.

      【試題分析】which。此句是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,先行詞是place,在定語從句中作主語,故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。句意為“這真是一個(gè)令人愉快的地方,這里蜿蜒的小路和美麗的小村莊一定和100年前看起來是一模一樣的。”

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】考生要掌握在什么情況下用關(guān)系副詞,什么情況下用關(guān)系代詞以及各自的意義。非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞,對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾,這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,如:The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year。關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

      考點(diǎn)8:先行詞為表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等的名詞

      定語從句中先行詞為表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等的名詞,且在從句中作狀語成分時(shí),要用when/where/why等關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句,當(dāng)然也可以用“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)替換使用。

      【高考鏈接】(2014江蘇卷,22)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work ________a good impression is a must.

      【試題分析】where。先行詞是“work”,后面的定語從句“a good impression is a must”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整,所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞where在從句中作狀語。句意為“在日常交流中這本書幫助了我很多,尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作之中。”

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】當(dāng)先行詞為表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等的詞或直接為time,place,reason等時(shí),定語從句也不一定用when,where和why引導(dǎo)。還須注意:

      ①當(dāng)先行詞為the reason且在從句中作狀語時(shí),常用why/for which引導(dǎo)定語從句;而在充當(dāng)其他成分時(shí),常用that/which/不填來引導(dǎo)從句。如:

      Tell me the reason why you were late.

      Tell me the reason (that) you were told.

      ②當(dāng)先行詞為the way且在定語從句中作狀語時(shí),用that/in which/省略不填的方式引導(dǎo)定語從句;而在充當(dāng)賓語等其他名詞性成分時(shí),常用that/which/省略的方式連接從句。如:

      The way,that/which/不填he explained to us,was quite simple.

      The way,that/in which/不填 he explained the sentences,was quite simple.

      ③當(dāng)先行詞為time 時(shí),若表示“次數(shù)”,用that引導(dǎo)定語從句;否則用when,during/in which (在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語成分),或用that/不填(在從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語成分)。如:

      This was a time when/during which there were no radios.

      This is the second time that the president has visited the country.

      考點(diǎn)9:先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語

      先行詞/關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí),該介詞可前置在which,whom之前;但如果該介詞在后面從句中與其他成分搭配十分緊密或?yàn)楣潭ㄔ~組(動(dòng)詞短語、介詞短語等)時(shí),該介詞不可提前,否則須將整個(gè)介詞短語提前(常為“介詞+名詞+of which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu);“名詞+ of which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)和“不定代詞/數(shù)詞+of which/ whom”結(jié)構(gòu));如果該介詞在從句中表示所屬關(guān)系,則必須提前。如:

      He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(介詞though提前)

      This is the key (which) you are looking for.(look for為固定詞組,介詞for未提前)

      He works in a factory,at the back of which there is a river.(at the back of為“介詞+名詞+of”結(jié)構(gòu))

      The names,of which he remembered some,were all strange to me.(相當(dāng)于“some of which he remembered”)

      【高考鏈接】(2015重慶卷,14)He wrote many children’ s books,nearly half of_______were published in the 1990s.

      【試題分析】which。先行詞是“books”,定語從句中of缺少賓語。句意為“他寫了許多兒童書籍,幾乎一半在1990年左右出版?!?/p>

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】定語從句用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞,不及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語,應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞或“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”;而及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語,則用關(guān)系代詞。如:

      Do you know the girl to whom he was speaking?

      Do you know the girl (that) he was speaking to?

      考點(diǎn)10:定語從句為間隔式或從句中有插入語

      間隔式定語從句即為先行詞與定語從句被其他句子成分隔開的定語從句,確定關(guān)系詞之前應(yīng)找準(zhǔn)先行詞。定語從句中,有時(shí)有插入語,答題分析時(shí)應(yīng)刪去插入語,再利用相關(guān)法則選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞。如:

      The film brought the hours to me when I was in my hometown with my family.(hours為先行詞)

      The wrong you’ve done him is terrible ,for which I think you should make an apology to him.(“I think”為插入語)

      【高考鏈接】(2012江蘇卷,22)After the flooding,people were suffering in that area,________urgently needed clean water,medicine and shelter to survive.

      【試題分析】who。根據(jù)對(duì)空格前后分句的分析可知,此處為定語從句,從句中缺少主語,依句意可知先行詞為people,而非area。句意為“洪水過后,那個(gè)地區(qū)的人們正遭受著苦難,他們急需干凈的水、藥物及避難所才能生存下來?!?/p>

      【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛】分析間隔式定語從句和含有插入語的定語從句,關(guān)鍵在于理順句子前后意思并確定先行詞。如:He may win the competition,according to the present situation,in which case he is likely to get into the national team.(非限制性定語從句,“in which case”指代前面的“he may win the competition”)

      (作者單位:甘肅省漳縣第一中學(xué))

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