天津美術(shù)學(xué)院百年辦學(xué)校名沿革考

劉 斌

天津美術(shù)學(xué)院百年辦學(xué)校名沿革考

劉 斌

天津美術(shù)學(xué)院的前身是北洋女師范學(xué)堂，學(xué)堂自1906年建立至今已有一百一十年的歷史。她誕生于整個(gè)中華民族都無(wú)比渴求知識(shí)與人才的歲月，經(jīng)歷了大師林立、精英輩出的學(xué)術(shù)紛爭(zhēng)，見(jiàn)證了華夏大地在危難時(shí)刻艱苦而火熱的不屈奮斗，培養(yǎng)了大量成就非凡事業(yè)的棟梁翹楚。百年辦學(xué)，她始終順應(yīng)時(shí)代的訴求，在歷史積淀中形成了深厚的人文底蘊(yùn)并滋養(yǎng)了她的教學(xué)體系，成就了其位列中國(guó)八大美術(shù)學(xué)院的獨(dú)特學(xué)術(shù)地位。從北洋女師到河北女師，從河北師范學(xué)院到天津美術(shù)學(xué)院，在這近百年的悠長(zhǎng)記憶里，她先后經(jīng)歷了十八次更名，使用校名十六個(gè)，每一次名稱的更迭并不只是稱謂的改變，而是被時(shí)代賦予了新的歷史使命和教學(xué)任務(wù)，同時(shí)也見(jiàn)證了她從女子師范教育向高等美術(shù)教育發(fā)展的滄桑歷程。

中等女子師范教育階段

1901年，內(nèi)憂外患的清政府為了維護(hù)其統(tǒng)治地位力行“新政”，在教育上提出“興學(xué)育才實(shí)為當(dāng)務(wù)之急”的主張，通令各省大力創(chuàng)辦新式學(xué)堂，并于1902和1904兩年分別頒布了“壬寅學(xué)制”和“癸卯學(xué)制”。這兩部學(xué)制的頒布與實(shí)施最終促成科舉制度的廢除，全國(guó)學(xué)制漸趨規(guī)范統(tǒng)一，新式教育得以迅速推展，奠定了民國(guó)學(xué)制改革與教育發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，實(shí)為晚清教育改革重大成就之一。這一時(shí)期直隸地區(qū)的新式教育呈飛速發(fā)展的態(tài)勢(shì)。當(dāng)時(shí)，隸屬于直隸省的天津府主辦女子教育，之所以注重對(duì)女子的教育，主要是基于如下認(rèn)識(shí)：“因孩提之童，日依母?jìng)?cè)，熏陶漸染，習(xí)慣自然”；且從歷史來(lái)看，“古今圣賢豪杰，建大功、立大業(yè)者，往往承幼時(shí)之母教，定一生之志趣”。因此，他們認(rèn)為“女子一端尤為家庭教育之根源，培植人才之基礎(chǔ)”。也正是在這樣的背景下，我國(guó)近代教育家，時(shí)任清朝天津女學(xué)事務(wù)總理的傅增湘創(chuàng)辦了我國(guó)最早的公立女子師范學(xué)校——“北洋女師范學(xué)堂”。學(xué)堂堂址初設(shè)天津河北三馬路三才里西口。女師學(xué)堂屬于中等師范性質(zhì)，主要以培養(yǎng)初等小學(xué)和高等小學(xué)師資及普及女學(xué)為目的。初創(chuàng)時(shí)規(guī)模較小，僅設(shè)簡(jiǎn)易科，學(xué)制一年半。1906年6月1日開(kāi)始招生，6月13日（清光緒三十二年閏四月二十二日）正式開(kāi)學(xué)，入學(xué)新生共113人。1906年至1910年間傅增湘親自擔(dān)任學(xué)堂總理（校長(zhǎng)），在學(xué)堂的課程設(shè)置、制定規(guī)章制度以及擴(kuò)大招生、籌集資金、聘請(qǐng)教師等方面均是盡心竭力，為女師日后的發(fā)展壯大打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

1912年1月9日，清末學(xué)部改為教育部，強(qiáng)調(diào)了政府的教育管理服務(wù)職責(zé)。教育部成立不久，于1912年1月19日，頒布了第一個(gè)教育法令——《普通教育暫行辦法》，旨在改革封建教育?！掇k法》主要內(nèi)容包括：“學(xué)校管理上，統(tǒng)一名稱為學(xué)校，初小階段允許男女同校，中學(xué)校廢止文、實(shí)分科，廢止畢業(yè)生獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)出身；修習(xí)年限上，中學(xué)及初級(jí)師范學(xué)校均由五年改為四年……”①

《普通教育暫行辦法》的頒布對(duì)民初教育的除舊布新以及維護(hù)教育系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定、保障教育實(shí)施質(zhì)量起了立竿見(jiàn)影的效果。也正是由于該《辦法》中明文規(guī)定了“學(xué)校管理上，統(tǒng)一名稱為學(xué)?！保蚀?，1912年春，“北洋女師范學(xué)堂”正式更名為“北洋女師范學(xué)校”。

1913年5月，學(xué)校改歸省立，遂更名為“直隸女子師范學(xué)?！?。1916年1月奉省令學(xué)校再次更名為“直隸第一女子師范學(xué)?！?。

“北伐革命”勝利后，國(guó)民政府為打破舊的分裂勢(shì)力盤踞于直隸的局面，于1928年6月20日決定將直隸省改稱河北省，省會(huì)設(shè)在天津。京兆尹公署撤銷，所屬二十縣劃歸河北省。由此，“直隸第一女子師范學(xué)?！庇指麨椤昂颖笔×⒌谝慌訋煼秾W(xué)?！薄?/p>

110 years have passed since the founding of Beiyang Girls’ Normal School,the predecessor of Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts (TAFA), in 1906. Born in an era when the whole Chinese nation had a thirst for knowledge and talents, it has experienced academic disputes between masters or elites who came forth in large numbers, has witnessed the hard and unyielding struggles in China in times of crisis, and has nurtured a large number of outstanding and talented people, who have made remarkable achievements in their career. Over the past 100 years,TAFA, including its predecessors, always complying with the demands of the times, has formed a profound cultural accumulation, developed its teaching system,and earned itself a unique academic position in China’s top eight academies of fi ne arts. In the long history of over a hundred years, it has undergone eighteen changes of name, and has used 16 school names, from Beiyang Girls’ Normal School to Hebei Provincial Girls’ Normal College, and from Hebei Normal College to Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts. Each renaming was not merely a change of name. Instead,it meant new historical missions and teaching tasks entrusted to it by the era. At the same time, the changes of name were also a witness of the vicissitudinous course of its development from a girls’ normal college to an institution of higher art education.

The Stage of Girls’ Secondary Normal Education

In 1901, the Qing government, confronted with domestic troubles and foreign invasions, tried to carry out “New Policies” in an effort to safeguard its ruling status. In the field of education, asserting that “it is imperative to set up schools and cultivate talents”, it issued a general order to all the provinces to vigorously found new-style schools, and promulgated “Ren-Yin Schooling System”and “Gui-Mao Schooling System” in 1902 and 1904 respectively. It is indeed one of the major achievements of education reform in the late Qing dynasty that the promulgation and implementation of the two educational systems eventually led to the abolition of the imperial examination system and the gradual nation-wide standardization and unity of educational system, and as a result, the new-type education rapidly developed, laying a foundation for school system reform and educational development in the republican period. During this period, the new-type education in Zhili (the present Hebei) region showed a trend of rapid development.At that time, Tianjin Prefecture under the jurisdiction of Zhili Province advocated girls’ education. Attention was paid to girls’ education mainly based on the following consideration: “Ignorant children, under the care of their mothers every day, naturally tend to get accustomed to their mothers’ daily edification, and develop certain habits accordingly.” And from a historical point of view, “the sages and heroes, ancient or present, who have made extraordinary merits and great achievements, usually received their mothers’ instruction in their childhood, which would determine their lifetime ambition and interests”. Therefore, they believed that “women, in particular, are the root of family education and the foundation of talent cultivation”.

It is right in this context that Fu Zengxiang, a modern educationist in China and then the director of Tianjin girls’ education affairs of the Qing dynasty, foundedthe earliest girls’ public normal school in China—“Beiyang Girls’ Normal School”.At fi rst, the school was located at the west end of Sancaili, Hebei Sanmalu, Tianjin.It was a secondary normal school, with cultivating junior and senior primary school teachers and popularizing girls’ education as its main purpose. It was initially small in size, only offering junior courses with a schooling of one and a half years. It began enrolling students on June 1, 1906, and school officially opened on June 13 (22, leap fourth month, the 32th year of Emperor Guangxu’s reign in the Qing dynasty). A total of 113 students were enrolled. Fu Zengxiang personally served as the director (schoolmaster) of the school from 1906 to 1910. He did his best in courses offering, rules and regulations making, enrollment expanding, fund raising and teacher recruitment, in an effort to lay a solid foundation for the future development and expansion of the school.

On Jan. 9, 1912, the Imperial Educational Ministry of the late Qing Dynasty was replaced by the Ministry of Education, which laid stress on the government’s responsibility of education management and service. Soon after it was set up,on Jan. 19, 1912, the Ministry of Education issued the first education decree—“Temporary Measures for General Education” that was aimed at reforming the feudal educational system. The “Measures” included the following major rules:“In terms of school management, ‘school’ should be used as the uniform name,coeducation should be allowed in the junior primary schools, division of arts from sciences should be abolished in middle schools, the practice of providing equivalents to the old degrees should be abolished, and the period of schooling should be changed from five to four years in middle schools and junior normal schools…..”1

The promulgation of the “Temporary Measures for General Education”brought about immediate effects in doing away with the old and ushering in the new of the education in the early republican period, maintaining the stability of the education system and ensuring the quality of education. Precisely because it was stipulated in explicit terms in the “Measures” that “‘school’ (xuexiao, instead of the old word, xuetang) should be used as the uniform name”, in the spring of 1912,the Chinese version of Beiyang Girls’ Normal School was of fi cially changed from“Beiyang Nu Shifan Xuetang” to “Beiyang Nu Shifan Xuexiao”, though its English version remained the same.

In May 1913, the school became a provincial school, hence the name“Zhili Girls’ Normal School”. In January 1916, on the orders of the provincial government, the school was renamed “Zhili No. 1 Girls’ Normal School”.

After the victory of the “Northern Expedition”, in order to terminate the situation of old splittist forces being entrenched in Zhili, the National Government decided, on Jan. 20, 1928, to change the name of Zhili Province into Hebei Province, with Tianjin as its capital. The Lord Mayor’s Of fi ce was cancelled, and the twenty counties originally under its jurisdiction were incorporated into Hebei Province. Thus, “Zhili No. 1 Girls’ Normal School” was renamed “Hebei Provincial No. 1 Girls’ Normal School”.

高等女子師范教育階段

20世紀(jì)20年代初期，我國(guó)教育已由學(xué)習(xí)日本開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)W習(xí)歐美，曾兩次留學(xué)日本的直隸第一女子師范學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)齊璧亭②再次留學(xué)美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)先進(jìn)的教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)。留美歸國(guó)后，為填補(bǔ)我國(guó)沒(méi)有省級(jí)女子師范高等院校的空白，齊璧亭數(shù)次呈請(qǐng)?jiān)谑?nèi)設(shè)立一所家政藝術(shù)學(xué)院。直至1929年4月23日，經(jīng)河北省政府第八十五次會(huì)議通過(guò)議案，同意在第一女師校內(nèi)增設(shè)省立女子師范學(xué)院，同時(shí)明確家政系為學(xué)院一系，并增設(shè)他系，以廣儲(chǔ)女子教育人才。同年6月，“河北省立女子師范學(xué)院”成立，齊璧亭任院長(zhǎng)，自此女師進(jìn)入了高等女子教育發(fā)展階段。

河北女師學(xué)院以培養(yǎng)中學(xué)師資為宗旨。她以學(xué)院為總部，下設(shè)中等師范、中學(xué)、小學(xué)、幼稚園四部，自身構(gòu)成了一條獨(dú)立完整的教學(xué)鏈。學(xué)院本部，初設(shè)國(guó)文、家政（附設(shè)圖畫(huà)副系）兩個(gè)系，1929年暑期，學(xué)院從平津兩地招收新生兩個(gè)班，9月10日正式開(kāi)學(xué)。值得一提的是，開(kāi)始附設(shè)于家政系的女師圖畫(huà)副系隨學(xué)院一起建立，以培養(yǎng)中等學(xué)校美術(shù)師資及其他美術(shù)人才為主旨，1934年改為獨(dú)立副系。圖畫(huà)副系的設(shè)立和發(fā)展，為學(xué)院后來(lái)設(shè)置美術(shù)系乃至以后發(fā)展為高等美術(shù)院校打下了一定的基礎(chǔ)。1937年七七事變后，天津淪陷，女師學(xué)院被迫西遷。院長(zhǎng)齊璧亭在租借地安排好附屬各部學(xué)生后，率院本部師生至西安與北師大、北平大學(xué)、北洋工學(xué)院會(huì)合，組成國(guó)立西安臨時(shí)大學(xué)。女師各系師生分別并入臨大教育學(xué)院各系，并于1937年9月更名為“西安臨時(shí)大學(xué)教育學(xué)院”。1938年，臨大遷往陜南城固縣，改稱國(guó)立西北聯(lián)合大學(xué)，西安臨時(shí)大學(xué)教育學(xué)院也更名為“西北聯(lián)合大學(xué)教育學(xué)院、師范學(xué)院”。1939年，女師學(xué)院與北師大組成獨(dú)立的“國(guó)立西北師范學(xué)院”，后遷至蘭州。1941年，齊璧亭曾任西北師院蘭州分院主任。此時(shí)期除了一些師生轉(zhuǎn)入抗日工作外，廣大師生歷盡坎坷，在極其艱難的條件下努力維系著民族教育事業(yè)?？谷諔?zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利后，女師學(xué)院于1946年暑期在天津原址復(fù)校，學(xué)院恢復(fù)校名為“河北省立女子師范學(xué)院”，齊璧亭仍任院長(zhǎng)。經(jīng)過(guò)一系列籌備，女師各部于9月至10月間陸續(xù)開(kāi)學(xué)。此時(shí)的女師學(xué)院本部設(shè)有國(guó)文、教育、家政、體育、音樂(lè)5個(gè)系。至1948年底，院各部共有學(xué)生300余人。

The Stage of Girls’ Higher Normal Education

In the early 1920s, when in education China began to learn from Europe and the United States instead of learning from Japan, Qi Biting2, schoolmaster of Zhili No. 1 Girls’ Normal School, who had studied twice in Japan, went to learn advanced educational experience in the United States. After he returned to China,in order to fill in the gap in provincial girls’ higher normal education in China,Qi Biting presented applications several times for the establishment of a home economics college in Zhili Province. It was not until April 23, 1929 that a motion was passed at the 85th meeting of Hebei Provincial Government, agreeing to set up a provincial girls’ normal college inside the No. 1 Girls’ Normal School, at the same time making it clear that the Department of Home Economics is one of the departments of the college, and that other departments should be added so as to gather more talents in girls’ education. In June of the same year, “Hebei Provincial Girls’ Normal College” was established, with Qi Biting as the president. From then on the Girls’ Normal School entered the stage of development of girls’ higher education.

The college aimed at cultivating middle school teachers. With the college as the central part, it had a secondary normal school, a middle school, a primary school and a kindergarten under it, constituting an independent and complete teaching chain. The central part of the college originally had two departments, the Chinese Department and the Home Economics Department (with a painting sub-department in it). During the summer vacation of 1929, the college enrolled two new classes from Beijing and Tianjin, and officially opened on September 10. It is worth mentioning that the painting sub-department of the Girls’ Normal College, whose aim was to cultivate middle school art teachers and other art talents, and which was originally attached to the Home Economics Department, was set up along with the college itself, and became an independent sub-department in 1934. The establishment and development of the painting sub-department laid a foundation for further establishment of a fi ne arts department and even later development.

As Tianjin was occupied by Japanese troops after the July 7 Incident of 1937, the Girls’ Normal College was forced to move westward. After making arrangements in concessions for the students of all subordinate parts, President Qi Biting led the teachers and students of the central part of the college to meet the teachers and students from Peking Normal University, Peking University and Beiyang Institute of Technology in Xi’an, where the four institutions ofhigher education merged to form the Xi’an National Temporary University. The teachers and students of different departments of the Girls’ Normal College were incorporated into proper departments of the Education College of the Temporary University, which was renamed “Education College of Xi’an Temporary University” in September 1937. In 1938, the Temporary University moved to Chenggu County in south Shaanxi, and was renamed the National Northwestern Associated University, and Education College of Xi’an Temporary University was renamed “Education College and Normal College of Northwestern Associated University”. In 1939, the Girls’ Normal College and Peking Normal University formed together the independent “National Northwestern Normal College”, and later moved to Lanzhou. Qi Biting once served as director of Lanzhou Branch of National Northwestern Normal College in 1941. At that time, except some teachers and students who switched to the work of resistance against Japanese aggression,vast numbers of teachers and students, regardless of innumerable frustrations,tried hard to maintain the cause of national education under extremely difficult conditions. After the victory of the resistance against Japanese invasion, the Girls’Normal College moved back to its original location in Tianjin in 1946, and resumed its original name, “Hebei Provincial Girls’ Normal College”. Qi Biting still served as the president. After a series of preparations, different parts of the Girls’ Normal College began their new term one after another from September to October. At this time the central part of the college had fi ve departments, including departments of Chinese, Education, Home Economics, Physical Education and Music, and had a total of more than 300 students at the end of 1948.

高等師范教育與高等藝術(shù)教育并存階段

1949年1月15日天津解放，揭開(kāi)了學(xué)院發(fā)展史上的新篇章。隨著國(guó)立體育?？茖W(xué)校并入本院，河北省教育廳重新接管學(xué)院，學(xué)校名稱改為“河北師范學(xué)院”并由新中國(guó)成立前只招收女學(xué)生改變?yōu)槟信媸?。學(xué)院建立之初只設(shè)有教育、中文、體育、藝術(shù)（含音樂(lè)、美術(shù)、戲?。┧膫€(gè)系。1950年夏，戲劇組撤銷，成立音樂(lè)系和美術(shù)系，李立民任美術(shù)系主任。美術(shù)系是原女師學(xué)院“圖畫(huà)副系”的發(fā)展，為后來(lái)學(xué)院美術(shù)教育的興盛起到了承前啟后的作用。到1956年，學(xué)院已經(jīng)發(fā)展為擁有中文、歷史、地理、教育、數(shù)學(xué)、物理、化學(xué)、音樂(lè)、體育、美術(shù)、外文、政教十二個(gè)系科，成為全國(guó)科系最全面的綜合性師范院校之一。

1956年至1980年間，學(xué)院步入了艱難曲折的發(fā)展階段，學(xué)院規(guī)模、名稱和系科設(shè)置都處在繁復(fù)的變革之中，其趨向是由綜合性師范院校逐漸向多學(xué)科藝術(shù)院校轉(zhuǎn)化。這期間，學(xué)院的美術(shù)教育于坎坷中不斷發(fā)展壯大，特別是學(xué)院于1959年至1962年間一改過(guò)去半個(gè)多世紀(jì)的師范性質(zhì)，改建為多學(xué)科的高等美術(shù)學(xué)院，這在學(xué)院發(fā)展變遷史上具有重要意義。

1956年9月，河北師范學(xué)院數(shù)學(xué)、物理、化學(xué)、地理、體育5個(gè)系遷往石家莊，組建成河北石家莊師院（現(xiàn)河北師大）。1958年，中文、歷史兩系遷往北京，并入河北北京師院（后名河北師院，又并入河北師大）；教育、外語(yǔ)、政治教育3個(gè)系并入天津師大（現(xiàn)河北大學(xué)）；只留下音樂(lè)、美術(shù)兩系，故學(xué)院更名為“河北藝術(shù)師范學(xué)院”。1959年，音樂(lè)系并入音樂(lè)學(xué)院，作為該院的師范系。美術(shù)系分解為繪畫(huà)、工藝和師范三個(gè)系，學(xué)院再次更名為“河北美術(shù)學(xué)院”，這也是我院歷史上首次成為具有獨(dú)立建制的高等美術(shù)院校。1962年，曾并入天津音樂(lè)學(xué)院的前河北藝術(shù)師范學(xué)院音樂(lè)系被分出，遷回舊址，與河北美術(shù)學(xué)院重新合并，學(xué)院再次恢復(fù)校名為“河北藝術(shù)師范學(xué)院”。

1966年“文革”開(kāi)始，學(xué)院遭遇空前浩劫。校舍被工廠占用，教職員工則被下放勞動(dòng)。當(dāng)時(shí)全社會(huì)在《五·七指示》（“毛澤東同志提出的各行各業(yè)都要辦成亦工亦農(nóng)，亦文亦武的革命化大學(xué)校的思想，就是我們的綱領(lǐng)”）的指引下，到處辦起五·七工廠、五·七農(nóng)場(chǎng)、五·七飼養(yǎng)廠、五·七大學(xué)、五·七中學(xué)、五·七干校、五·七醫(yī)院等等。1970年9月，“天津市革命委員會(huì)”宣布撤銷河北藝術(shù)師范學(xué)院，同時(shí)在河?xùn)|區(qū)七緯路原天津音樂(lè)學(xué)院舊址籌建“天津五·七藝術(shù)學(xué)?！?。學(xué)校籌建之初設(shè)音樂(lè)、美術(shù)、戲劇、舞蹈四個(gè)連隊(duì)，由原河北藝術(shù)師范學(xué)院和原天津音樂(lè)學(xué)院抽調(diào)部分教師和干部組成。1972年9月，美術(shù)連遷回河北區(qū)天緯路二號(hào)原河北藝術(shù)師范學(xué)院舊址。此后，戲劇連轉(zhuǎn)到天津戲校，舞蹈連轉(zhuǎn)到天津歌舞團(tuán)。1973年2月29日，“天津五·七藝術(shù)學(xué)?！备麨椤疤旖蛩囆g(shù)學(xué)院”。院部與音樂(lè)部分設(shè)在河?xùn)|區(qū)，美術(shù)部分獨(dú)處河北區(qū)舊址。

The Stage of Coexistence of Higher Normal Education and Higher Art Education

The liberation of Tianjin on January 15, 1949 opened a new chapter in the history of the college development. With the merging of the National Professional Training School of Sport into the college, Hebei Provincial Department of Education took over the college again. The college was renamed “Hebei Normal College”, which was a co-ed college, different from what it was before the founding of New China when the college only enrolled girl students. The college originally had only four departments, departments of Education, Chinese, Physical Education,and Art (including music, fi ne arts and drama). In the summer of 1950, the drama group was cancelled, and the Music Department and the Fine Art Department were established, with Li Limin as the dean of the Fine Art Department. The Fine Art Department, which evolved from the “painting sub-department” of the former Girls’ Normal College, played a pivotal role in the subsequent prosperity of fi ne art education. By 1956, the college had developed into one of the most comprehensive normal colleges in China, which had 12 departments, including departments of Chinese, History, Geography, Education, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Music,Physical Education, Fine Art, Foreign Languages and Political Education.

From 1956 to 1980, the college stepped into an arduous and tortuous stage of development. Its size, name, and departments and faculties offered were in a frequent and complicated change, with a tendency of transforming from a comprehensive normal college to a multidisciplinary art college. During this stage,the fi ne art education in the college was growing steadily though full of frustrations.It was particularly of great significance in the history of the development and change of the college that it became a multidisciplinary academy of fi ne arts from 1959 to 1962 with its nature of normal education, which lasted for more than half of a century, changed.

In September 1956, fi ve departments of Heibei Normal College, departments of Mathematics, Chemistry, Geography and Physical Education, moved to Shijiazhuang, where they formed Hebei Shijiazhuang Normal College (now Hebei Normal University). In 1958, its two departments, departments of Chinese and History, moved to Beijing, and were merged into Hebei Beijing Normal College(renamed Hebei Normal College later, and then merged into Hebei Normal University). Its three departments, departments of Education, Foreign Languages and Political Education, were merged into Tianjin Normal University (now Hebei University); as only the Music Department and the Fine Art Department were left,the college changed its name into “Hebei Art Teachers’ College.” In 1959, the Music Department was merged into Tianjing Conservatory of Music and became its Teacher-Training Department. The Fine Art Department was divided into three departments, departments of Painting, Arts and Crafts, and Teacher-Training, and the college changed its name into “Hebei Academy of Fine Arts”. This was the fi rst time in the history of TAFA that the college became an institution of higher art learning with its own independent organizational system. In 1962, the former Music Department of Hebei Art Teachers’ College, which was once merged into Tianjin Conservatory of Music, was separated from the conservatory and moved back to its former location, and was again merged into Hebei Academy of Fine Arts. The school name, Hebei Art Teachers’ College, was resumed.

In 1966, the Cultural Revolution began and the college suffered an unprecedented catastrophe. The school buildings were occupied by factories,and the faculty members were sent to do physical labor. At that time, the whole society began to run May Seventh Factories, May Seventh Farms, May Seventh Feed Lots, May Seventh Universities, May Seventh Middle Schools, May Seventh Cadre Schools and May Seventh Hospitals everywhere, under the guidance of the“May 7 Directive” (the ideas put forward by Comrade Mao Zedong that all trades and all walks of life must run revolutionized universities that are good at industry,agriculture, culture and military services, and this shall be our guiding principle).In September 1970, “Tianjin Revolutionary Committee” declared its decision to revoke “Hebei Art Teachers’ College”, and meanwhile to prepare to establish“Tianjin May Seventh Art School” on Qiwei Road, Hedong District, the location of former Tianjin Conservatory of Music. At the beginning of the preparation, the school set up four companies (imitating military units), companies of Music, Fine Art, Drama and Dance, whose teaching and administrative staff were part of the teachers and cadres transferred from the former Hebei Art Teachers’ College and the former Tianjin Conservatory of Music. In September 1972, the Art Company moved back to No. 2, Tianwei Road, Hebei District, the original location of Hebei Art Teachers’ College. After that, the Drama Company was transferred to Tianjin Opera School, and the Dance Company to Tianjin Song and Dance Troupe. On February 29, 1973, “Tianjin May Seventh Art School” changed its name into “Tianjin Art Institute”. The administrative section and the music section were in Hedong District, and the fi ne art section alone was in the original location in Hebei District.

高等美術(shù)教育階段

七年之后，時(shí)間定格在1980年2月25日，經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，天津藝術(shù)學(xué)院分建為美術(shù)、音樂(lè)兩所學(xué)院。天緯路上這所歷盡百年滄桑的老校正式更名為“天津美術(shù)學(xué)院”，自此走上了高等美術(shù)教育的發(fā)展道路。

近些年來(lái)，為適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展的需要學(xué)院不斷提升辦學(xué)實(shí)力和辦學(xué)水平，并積極進(jìn)行教學(xué)單位與專業(yè)的調(diào)整與擴(kuò)展。更名之初學(xué)院僅設(shè)繪畫(huà)、工藝美術(shù)兩個(gè)系，而后于1984年建立美術(shù)創(chuàng)作設(shè)計(jì)研究所，1985年建立夜大學(xué)，同年油畫(huà)、中國(guó)畫(huà)專業(yè)開(kāi)始試行工作室制。至1987年學(xué)院已設(shè)有四系、一校；1995年已發(fā)展為九系、一校和兩個(gè)教學(xué)部；2002年又整合擴(kuò)建為四個(gè)二級(jí)學(xué)院、兩個(gè)直屬系和一個(gè)教學(xué)部，同時(shí)按“大學(xué)科”概念在二級(jí)學(xué)院、直屬系中建立基礎(chǔ)課教學(xué)部，實(shí)行資源共享。至今天津美術(shù)學(xué)院已經(jīng)擁有美術(shù)學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)2個(gè)一級(jí)學(xué)科點(diǎn)，均有碩士學(xué)位授予權(quán)及藝術(shù)碩士授予權(quán)，九個(gè)二級(jí)學(xué)院（造型藝術(shù)學(xué)院、設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)學(xué)院、實(shí)驗(yàn)藝術(shù)學(xué)院、國(guó)際藝術(shù)教育學(xué)院、中國(guó)畫(huà)學(xué)院、藝術(shù)與人文學(xué)院、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院、環(huán)境與建筑藝術(shù)學(xué)院、繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院）、三個(gè)教學(xué)部（公共基礎(chǔ)課教學(xué)部、思想政治理論課教學(xué)部、研究生部），在校生人數(shù)也由20世紀(jì)80年代的幾百人增至4600余人。

百年老校，史鑒滄桑，一代代銳意進(jìn)取的天美人為學(xué)院的發(fā)展嘔心瀝血、前仆后繼。面向未來(lái)，為適應(yīng)新時(shí)期高等教育發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)，學(xué)院將繼續(xù)以立德樹(shù)人為根本任務(wù)，以提升辦學(xué)水平、提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量為出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)，緊緊圍繞“特色鮮明、品質(zhì)卓越、國(guó)際知名的中國(guó)一流美術(shù)學(xué)院”的奮斗目標(biāo)繼續(xù)前進(jìn)！

The Stage of Higher Art Education

Seven years later, on Feb. 25, 1980, with the approval of the State Council,Tianjin Art Institute was divided into an academy of fi ne arts and a conservatory of music. The old school located on Tianwei Road, which had experienced a hundred years of vicissitudes, was of fi cially renamed “Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts”, and henceforth embarked on the path of development of higher art education.

In recent years, in order to meet the needs of social development, the academy has continuously enhanced its teaching capacity and raised its level of education,and has actively carried out adjustments and expansions in terms of teaching units and majors. At the beginning, it only had two departments, the Painting Department and the Arts and Crafts Department. In 1984, the Research Institute of Artistic Creation and Design was established; in 1985, an evening college was set up. In the same year, the studio system began to be implemented on a trial basis in the oil painting and the Chinese painting majors. By 1987, the academy had had four departments and one school; and in 1995 it had nine departments, one school,and two teaching departments. In 2002, after further integration and expansion,the academy had already four secondary colleges, two departments directly under the academy and one teaching department, and, according to the concept of“big discipline”, established basic course teaching departments in the secondary colleges and the departments directly under the academy for the purpose of sharing resources.

Today, Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts has already two fi rst-class discipline programs, including fine art studies and design studies, both of which have the right to grant master’s degree and degree of master of art, 9 secondary colleges(School of Plastic Art, School of Art Design, School of Experimental Art, School of International Art Education, School of Traditional Chinese Painting, School of Arts and Humanities, School of Product Design, School of Environmental and Architectural Art, and School of Continuing Education), three teaching departments(Teaching Department of Public Elementary Courses, Teaching Department of Ideological and Political Theory, and Department of Graduate Students). The number of students at school increased from several hundred in the 1980s to more than 4,600.

History witnessed the vicissitudes of this old school with a history of over a hundred years. Generations of the enterprising people at Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts have made painstaking and continuous efforts for the development of the academy. Geared to future, in order to be adapted to the trend of development of higher education in the new period, the academy will continue to take morality education and talent training as its fundamental task, raising its level of education and improving its quality of teaching as its starting point and foothold, and most importantly, the academy will continue to forge ahead toward the goal of building“an internationally renowned and domestically fi rst-class fi ne arts academy with distinctive features and excellent quality”!

注釋：

①周文佳：《民國(guó)初年“壬子癸丑學(xué)制”述評(píng)》，《河北師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)（教育科學(xué)版）》2011年第11期，第47—52頁(yè)。

②齊國(guó)樑（1883—1968），號(hào)璧亭，山東寧津人。我國(guó)近代知名教育家，女子師范教育奠基人，致力于女子師范教育達(dá)34年。1916年1月至1949年8月先后任直隸第一女子師范學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)、河北省立女子師范學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)，為我校創(chuàng)建以來(lái)任職時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的校長(zhǎng)。

［1］河北省立女子師范學(xué)院.河北省立女子師范學(xué)院一覽［M］．天津：河北省立女子師范學(xué)院，1934．

［2］王炳照，閻國(guó)華.中國(guó)教育思想通史（第六卷）［M］．長(zhǎng)沙：湖南教育出版社，1994．

［3］黃新憲.中國(guó)近現(xiàn)代女子教育［M］．福州：福建出版社，1992．

［4］教育部.第二次中國(guó)教育年鑒第5編［M］．上海：上海商務(wù)印書(shū)館，1948．

［5］李建強(qiáng).文化名流名脈——百年河北師范大學(xué)［M］．北京：生活·讀書(shū)·新知三聯(lián)書(shū)店，2012．

劉 斌：天津美術(shù)學(xué)院圖書(shū)館副研究館員

Notes:

1 Zhou Wenjia, “A Review of the ‘Ren-Zi and Gui-Chou Schooling System’in the Early Republican Period”, Journal of Hebei Normal University Educational Science Edition, No. 11,2011, pp. 47-52.

2 Qi Guoliang (1883-1968), also known as Biting, was a native of Ningjin, Shandong Province. As a famous modern educationist and the founder of girls’ normal education, he devoted himself to girls’ normal education for 34 years. He acted as the schoolmaster of Zhili No.1 Girls’ Normal School and the president of Hebei Provincial Girls’ Normal College in succession from January 1916 to August 1949, and was the head with the longest tenure in the history of our academy.

References:

[1] Hebei Provincial Girls’ Normal College. A General Survey of Hebei Provincial Girls’Normal College [M]. Hebei Provincial Girls’ Normal College, 1934.

[2] Wang Bingzhao, Yan Guohua. General History of Ideas on Education in China (Vol.VI) [M]. Changsha: Hunan Education Publishing House, 1994.

[3] Huang Xinxian. Girls’ Education in Modern China [M]. Fuzhou: Fujian Education Press, 1992.

[4] Ministry of Education. The Second China Education Yearbook Vol. V [M] Shanghai:Commercial Press, 1948.

[5] Li Jianqiang. Famous Cultural Personages and Institutions: Hebei Normal University with a History of One Hundred Years [M]. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2012.

Liu Bin: associate professor of library science at the Library of TAFA

A Textual Research on the Changes of School Names in the Century-Long History of Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts

/Liu Bin

天津美術(shù)學(xué)院的前身是北洋女師范學(xué)堂，學(xué)堂自1906年建立至今已有一百一十年的歷史。在這百余年的辦學(xué)歷史中，學(xué)校先后更名十八次，共使用校名十六個(gè)。本文試圖通過(guò)多方面資料考證學(xué)院的歷次更名情況。

北洋女師范學(xué)堂；河北省立女子師范學(xué)院；天津美術(shù)學(xué)院；更名

110 years have passed since the founding of Beiyang Girls’ Normal School, the predecessor of Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts, in 1906. In its history of more than one hundred years, the school has been renamed eighteen times, and a total of sixteen names have been used. This paper attempts to explore the previous renaming of the academy by examining a variety of materials.

Beiyang Girls’ Normal School; Hebei Provincial Girls’ Normal College; Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts; renaming