話劇《烏合之眾》：國(guó)王與小鳥

話劇《烏合之眾》：國(guó)王與小鳥

在《烏合之眾》的情節(jié)里，“正義”蜻蜓點(diǎn)水，殺人者只被輕輕松松判了幾年。

《烏合之眾》劇照

弗里德里?！さ蟼愸R特認(rèn)為我們的時(shí)代不能產(chǎn)生悲劇，因?yàn)楸瘎∫惺茇?fù)罪感、渴求、比例、眼力和責(zé)任心。五世紀(jì)的雅典或詹姆斯一世的英國(guó)似乎處于一種特殊的負(fù)罪感的壓力之下，或似乎處于一種體面感的壓力之下，這種體面感中夾雜著某種負(fù)責(zé)任的優(yōu)越感。哪里有這樣的情感在流行，悲劇都是一出壓軸戲。

依照這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判斷，《烏合之眾》不是悲劇，這不是編劇或?qū)а莸呢?zé)任，這是社會(huì)共謀的結(jié)果。負(fù)罪感是我們?cè)谏钪羞x擇逃避的主要內(nèi)容。因?yàn)槲覀兊默F(xiàn)實(shí)感從卑微中建立起來，哪怕有了再多的錢或權(quán)力也依然卑微，因?yàn)橐勒毡仨毜梅派吓_(tái)面的游戲規(guī)則，那些錢的來路可疑，那些權(quán)力的來路很難說清楚合法性，所以優(yōu)越感——如果有的話——只能是裝模作樣，紙糊的，或是類似偷工減料的材料，比如用于制作免費(fèi)發(fā)放牌照的民族主義電動(dòng)汽車的材料，一下暴雨，車?yán)锏娜司头路鹱趹?zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的刑場(chǎng)。

“烏”是烏鴉，所以演員扮作烏鴉開場(chǎng)，表演嘴大而直，表演周身漆黑，忽略翼有綠光，烏鴉群居，樹林中，田野間，吞食所有找得到的東西，烏鴉也很聰明，《伊索寓言》說烏鴉會(huì)使用工具而從瓶子里喝水，伊索這是什么意思——馬克思說只有人類才會(huì)使用工具。反正扮演烏鴉的人類表演烏鴉喝水，真聰明。人類也很聰明，識(shí)時(shí)務(wù)者為俊杰，哪怕時(shí)務(wù)“烏煙瘴氣”，物競(jìng)天擇，適者生存，不管查爾斯·羅伯特·達(dá)爾文是不是這個(gè)意思，社會(huì)達(dá)爾文主義者就是這個(gè)意思。

這就是烏合之眾。烏合之眾就是雜牌軍，臨時(shí)聚合,受驚易散，心不齊，無素養(yǎng)，一盤散沙？《后漢書·耿弇傳》云：“歸發(fā)突騎以轔烏合之眾，如摧枯折腐耳?！鼻濉|魯古狂生《醉醒石》第十二回亦云：“外邊雖有些人，也是烏合之眾，不相統(tǒng)攝?！狈路鹗沁@個(gè)道理。然而，“烏”也是金烏，也是比喻昌明盛世的烏陽(yáng)，地中海的太陽(yáng)是阿波羅，東方的太陽(yáng)是三足烏，烏飛兔走，烏星暗沒，終究還是一輪紅太陽(yáng)，烏焰舔噬四方，如果烏焰就是烏托邦。

舞臺(tái)上的烏鴉扮演不同角色，他們就像阿里斯托芬喜劇中那些卡通式的形象（后者一定曾給予迪士尼公司巨大的啟發(fā)）——當(dāng)然，有時(shí)候也習(xí)慣性地回到斯坦尼拉夫斯基——在身份迅速變換的角色之間蕩來蕩去，但講述的是一個(gè)線性的故事，如果能夠通過層層審查，足以拍攝一部電視連續(xù)劇。故事起始于重慶，說的是武斗年代中一次意外的殺戮事件：一位年輕人從前輩手中接過鋼槍，射倒了他也不知道是誰(shuí)的一個(gè)路人，路人帶著孩子，因?yàn)槌抢锉鸟R亂，母子倆正要躲到鄉(xiāng)下去。

殺人者與被殺者是否懷有私仇？沒有，絕對(duì)沒有。將鋼槍遞給年輕人的前輩甚至就是被殺者的丈夫。殺人者與被殺者是否懷有階級(jí)仇恨？應(yīng)該也沒有。他們屬于同一個(gè)階級(jí)，代表歷史發(fā)展方向的階級(jí)，盡管這個(gè)階級(jí)中的兩個(gè)工廠正在開動(dòng)坦克與大炮互相攻擊。那么這一切何以發(fā)生，如何解釋？

作為戲劇的《烏合之眾》當(dāng)然不負(fù)責(zé)解釋，藝術(shù)沒有這個(gè)義務(wù)，而應(yīng)該承擔(dān)這一義務(wù)的群體已經(jīng)逃避了幾十年。關(guān)于烏合之眾，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后，大西洋兩岸生產(chǎn)出許多學(xué)術(shù)成果，也有一部分被翻譯成中文，但是那些資料，對(duì)于我們?cè)?jīng)經(jīng)歷與正在經(jīng)歷的歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)來說，是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。

《烏合之眾》中那一次意外的殺戮事件，的確讓我想起了素有“行為藝術(shù)之母”之稱的塞爾維亞女藝術(shù)家瑪麗娜·阿布拉莫維奇的作品《潛能》：三十多年前，她與戀人相對(duì)斜立，張弓引箭，箭頭有毒，直指她的心臟，弓弦與箭羽卻勾在他的手中。二者之間的確有類似的問題：究竟是誰(shuí)把武器交到了可能傷害你的人手中？對(duì)于阿布拉莫維奇來說，可能是愛和信任，但那份愛和信任理性嗎，值得考驗(yàn)嗎？在那件作品中，愛和信任的確經(jīng)受住了考驗(yàn)。但是在《烏合之眾》的故事里，甚至故事背后的歷史中，情況又是怎么樣的呢？對(duì)于那位撲倒在地的母親來說，殺死自己的權(quán)力，究竟是如何轉(zhuǎn)交出去的？

托馬斯·莫爾曾經(jīng)寫過一本書，名字叫做《烏托邦》——真不知道英國(guó)佬為什么也要湊“烏”的熱鬧，描述了他所能想象的沒有階級(jí)的幸福社會(huì)。烏者，子虛烏有，《史記·司馬相如列傳》云：“烏有先生者，烏有此事也?！狈路鸪靶Φ氖峭旭R斯·莫爾。但烏托邦的確是一個(gè)美好的夢(mèng)想，既然一個(gè)人類已經(jīng)夢(mèng)到了，其他人類似乎就有義務(wù)去實(shí)現(xiàn)它。因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)夢(mèng)非常正確，哪位識(shí)時(shí)務(wù)者為俊杰的聰明人愿意反對(duì)正確呢——你還想不想喝水了？

不過，在劇中，時(shí)代驟然一變。武斗中干出傷天害理之事的人被抓起來了，盡管不是全部——男孩的父親就是漏網(wǎng)之魚，他手中也有好幾條人命。男孩已成少年，他期盼正義，就像《哈姆雷特》中的鬼魂，期盼一個(gè)高于人或超越人的上訴法庭。莎士比亞的這一招學(xué)的是希臘戲劇，后者為虛空的呼喊提供了臨時(shí)的公開場(chǎng)所。但在《烏合之眾》的情節(jié)里，“正義”蜻蜓點(diǎn)水，殺人者只被輕輕松松判了幾年。男孩繼續(xù)成長(zhǎng)，長(zhǎng)大成人，他的人生已被扭曲，他的存在只有一種價(jià)值：復(fù)仇。既然并不存在超越于烏煙瘴氣的上訴法庭，他就只能自己去干了。他的后半生都耗在里面。這就是他存在的唯一意義，否則他的存在就沒有意義。這很可怕：一種存在被仇恨規(guī)定，反倒成為意義。而終極意義在哪兒呢？二十世紀(jì)。既然上帝被尼采宣布死了，愛因斯坦也發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)間不是絕對(duì)的，弗洛伊德斷定所有人都是有病的，已經(jīng)被人信任了十幾個(gè)甚至二十個(gè)世紀(jì)的絕對(duì)唯一便不再被人信任，出現(xiàn)一片巨大的價(jià)值真空?？辞鍟r(shí)務(wù)的聰明人中的聰明人便跳出來假扮絕對(duì)唯一，他們成為赫拉克勒斯那樣的惡魔，成為不受限制的力量的人格化，成為阿布拉莫維奇之弓的最壞情況，他們這些少數(shù)人以多數(shù)人的名義決定多數(shù)人的命運(yùn)，他們?yōu)槿祟悮v史創(chuàng)造出無數(shù)空前的災(zāi)難，一如阿里斯托芬所說：“當(dāng)宙斯被推翻之時(shí)，混沌接替了他，于是混亂占據(jù)了統(tǒng)治地位?！?/p>

1980年摘取諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的波蘭詩(shī)人切斯瓦夫·米沃什曾經(jīng)感慨，“許多歐洲國(guó)家的居民直到二十世紀(jì)中葉才痛苦地意識(shí)到，復(fù)雜而又晦澀難懂的哲學(xué)著作對(duì)它們的命運(yùn)有著直接的影響”，因?yàn)橛腥死媚切┐砻篮脡?mèng)想的哲學(xué)著作，“以那些美麗的普遍性理念的名義殺人”。倒在舞臺(tái)上的稻草中的那位母親就是受害者之一。

但殺人者并非只是假扮絕對(duì)唯一的形形色色的獨(dú)裁者，蒸汽機(jī)與現(xiàn)代社會(huì)釋放出來的烏合之眾也是這樣一出戲的出色配角，他們利用柏拉圖洞穴中的火燭之影殺人，他們通過信奉斗爭(zhēng)哲學(xué)獲取存在價(jià)值。當(dāng)主角通過可以快速傳播的箴言來表達(dá)自己的思想，配角們也轉(zhuǎn)向修辭學(xué)的研習(xí)，成為掌握了短小而簡(jiǎn)練的爆發(fā)式語(yǔ)句的民間修辭學(xué)家，無論他們的行為如何荒謬，也能借助帶有激勵(lì)群眾的信息的修辭學(xué)贏得辯論，并獲得充分的自我安慰。

(文/韓博，來源：澎湃新聞）

On October 19, the State Statistics Bureau released the performance list of the national economy operation in the first three quarters of 2016. In the first three quarters China’s GDP growth rate kept at 6.7%, and the rate was 6.7% respectively in the first, second and third quarters, too. Was it a mere coincidence or for the other reason?

After that, all provinces issued successively local economical data in the first three quarters. Up to October 25, more than 20 provinces and cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Chongqing and Tianjin rolled out the performance lists of economical operation. What highlights could be shown for economical development of all provinces and cities?

From the data from all industries, the real estate contributed 1,204.3 billion yuan in the first three quarters, with a year-on-year growth of 8.8%, which was the fastest-growing among industries. What did you think of the situation of economical operation in the real estate? How about total China’s economical operation? What about the situation of economical operation? Can it realize the expected yearly target?

1. China’s economy: Has L-shaped break point passed or not?

China’s GDP growth rate was 6.7% respectively in the first, second and third quarters. From the trend of GDP in the three quarters, did China’s economy touch the L-shaped bottom? The purchase management index (PMI) rose again significantly in official manufacturing, non-manufacturing and Markit manufacturing, and did this demonstrate China’s economy has passed the L-shaped break point?

2. Local economic operation: There are different highlights

Taking the growth rate 6.7% as a dividing line, the GDP growth rate of 22 provinces was higher than that of the state’s overall level in the first quarters by October 25, and Chongqing took a lead in a consecutive way nationwide. However, nine provinces has not yet get to their annual target in actual GDP growth rate, while the northeast provinces showed a fast growth or a great growth economic growth.

3. Real estate: Taking a lead in all industries, with an evident controlling effect

From the data from all industries, the real estate in the first three quarters contributed 1,204.3 billion yuan, with a year-onyear growth of 8.8%, which was the fastest-growing among industries. This was related to an overall fast growth of the real estate, and many local governments unveiled the controlling measures of real state to reduce the real estate growth.

4. How about economic trends in 2016

With 2016 going endgame, the growth rate of China’s economy in the fourth quarter of 2016 and its trend in the first quarter of 2017 have become focuses of attention. The economic institution released the forecasts of 2016 GDP data in succession.

With China’s economy stepping in the new normal, the Beijing CBD ushers in a new stage in development during the 13th Five Year Plan, that is, it is at a transition from industry expansion to industrial upgrading, and spatial expansion to quality promotion. The CBD’s important task is to build a “Quality CBD” during the 13th Five Year Plan. The “Quality” means “high Grade and Quality”, that is, the Beijing CBD will be built as not only a high-quality CBD but also a high-grade one. From the experience all over the world, the “Quality” can contribute enormous premium to CBD, and is an important intangible asset which can generate continuous appreciation. It is an essential element resulting in spatial acknowledgement, cultural selfidentify and brand recognition in society, and also a core resource forming CBD cultural soft strength, brand influence and comprehensive competitiveness.

Keeping a foothold of its foundation, referring to international experience and aiming at the world first-class CBD construction, the Beijing CBD will strengthen the quality construction in the following aspects

1. Strengthening regions greening and beautifying, and making efforts to optimize environment quality

2. Enriching multi-cultural connation, and advancing cultural quality evidently

3. Actively perfecting business mating services, and improving service quality in an all-round way

Promote the formation of the industrial synergic development system: Make a rational layout in industrial parks as a center area, to drive the functional area; provide the pertinent support services and corresponding industrial support policies and mating measures for the potential enterprises at different developing stages such as initial stage, developing stage, accelerating stage and mature stage, and furnish the professional high-quality services for driving enterprises to form an industrial synergic development system with functional complementation, synergic development and multi-point and -level supports.

Unscrambling the performance list of China’s economical operation

Building the world-class“Quality CBD”