劉夢志,尹榮煥,潘樹德,劉寶山
(沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)院,遼寧沈陽 110866)
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專論與講座
LAMP技術(shù)在家禽病毒檢測中的應(yīng)用
劉夢志,尹榮煥,潘樹德,劉寶山*
(沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)院,遼寧沈陽 110866)
環(huán)介導(dǎo)等溫擴(kuò)增技術(shù)(LAMP)是一種簡便快速的DNA擴(kuò)增技術(shù),具有特異性強、敏感性高、反應(yīng)迅速、設(shè)備簡單、判定簡易等特點,非常適合在基層和臨床上應(yīng)用。自LAMP出現(xiàn)后,在多個領(lǐng)域得到了大量的研究和應(yīng)用,尤其在家禽病毒的檢測方面發(fā)展迅速,檢測動物包括雞、鴨、鵝、鴿等多種家禽,檢測對象包含引起呼吸道感染、腫瘤、免疫抑制等方面的多種病毒,檢測的敏感性和特異性比PCR還要高,在家禽病毒性感染的診斷和防控中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。當(dāng)前影響其廣泛應(yīng)用的主要問題是擴(kuò)增模板,如果能解決病原核酸在生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場的簡便提取,定能在將來得到更廣泛的普及應(yīng)用。
環(huán)介導(dǎo)等溫擴(kuò)增技術(shù);家禽病毒;檢測
環(huán)介導(dǎo)等溫擴(kuò)增技術(shù)(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)是2000年由Notomi T等[1]建立的一種新的核酸擴(kuò)增技術(shù),該技術(shù)能夠特異、高效、快速地擴(kuò)增靶序列,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物可以直接觀察,即具有實驗室檢測方法敏感性高、特異性強的優(yōu)點。所以,自LAMP建立以來,已被廣泛應(yīng)用于生物安全、食品分析及環(huán)境監(jiān)測等多個領(lǐng)域,在疾病診斷領(lǐng)域更是憑借無可比擬的優(yōu)勢得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。
病毒性疾病是危害畜禽生產(chǎn)最嚴(yán)重的一類疾病,所以,LAMP技術(shù)也就被廣泛應(yīng)用于畜禽病毒的檢測。家禽飼養(yǎng)中病毒病的發(fā)生非常頻繁,LAMP技術(shù)對家禽病毒的檢測也有了大量的研究和報道。
LAMP技術(shù)對家禽病毒的檢測多集中在感染雞的病毒的檢測上,無論是感染呼吸道的病毒,還是致腫瘤、免疫抑制的病毒,都已有不少的報道。
1.1對呼吸道感染病毒的檢測
臨床上雞呼吸道感染的發(fā)生非常常見,LAMP技術(shù)用于感染雞呼吸道病毒的檢測報道也最多,尤其是對禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)的檢測,現(xiàn)已有數(shù)十篇。2007年Imai M等[2]、2013年和Liu Y等[3]利用RT-LAMP技術(shù)進(jìn)行了H5亞型AIV的檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)其比一步法RT-PCR靈敏100倍,并且只能特異性地檢測出H5亞型AIV的血凝素基因,不能檢測出其他類型的血凝素基因。2012年和2014年Bao H和Liu J等[4-6]建立了檢測H7亞型禽流感病毒的LAMP,最低可以檢測0.1 PFU~0.01 PFU的H7亞型禽流感病毒,敏感性是常規(guī)RT-PCR檢測方法的100倍,可以在攻毒1 d后檢測到病毒排泄。2013年P(guān)eng Y等[7]建立了H1、N1和N2亞型禽流感病毒的LAMP檢測方法,可以在50 min內(nèi)完成檢測,敏感性和病毒分離一致。2015年,Bao H等和Luo S等[8-9]還進(jìn)行了H10亞型流感病毒的LAMP檢測。2015年Kim E M等[10]還建立了一種uRT-LAMP方法進(jìn)行流感病毒的檢測,比常規(guī)LAMP方法敏感10倍,將LAMP檢測的敏感度提高到了一個新的高度。
LAMP技術(shù)對雞新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)病原的檢測,報道最早。早在2005年,Pham H M等[11]就報道了NDV的RT-LAMP檢測,通過對38份NDV病毒株、其他病毒和實驗性感染雞的臨床樣品的檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),LAMP技術(shù)和套式PCR具有同樣特異性和敏感性。2008年孔令辰等發(fā)現(xiàn)其對新城疫病毒RNA的最低檢測閾值為100 pg,和雞胚病毒分離的陽性符合率高達(dá)93.5%。而2009年Li Q等[12]建立了一種對NDV更加敏感和準(zhǔn)確的RT-LAMP擴(kuò)增技術(shù),敏感性可提高5倍,更加便于對病毒早期感染或病毒含量低的組織樣品的檢測。
對傳染性喉氣管炎病毒(Infectious laryngotracheitis virus,ILTV)的檢測,也有多篇報道。2010年Xie Q M等針對胸苷激酶(thymidine kinase,TK)建立了LAMP檢測方法,最低可以檢測46個拷貝的病毒粒子,比PCR的敏感性高10倍[13]。2012年Ou S C等[14]進(jìn)行了ILTV的RT-PCR和LAMP檢測的比較,表明LAMP的敏感性比RT-PCR稍低。
對傳染性支氣管炎病毒的檢測,現(xiàn)只有1篇報道。2010年Chen H T等[15]進(jìn)行了其核衣殼磷蛋白的RT-LAMP檢測,檢測敏感性為每微升10EID50/mL,對臨床樣本的檢測表明,其比RT-PCR的檢出率稍高,為99.5%。
2012年Xie Z等[16]建立了禽呼腸病毒(Avian reovirus,ARV)的LAMP檢測方法,該方法針對ARV的S1基因,能檢測到10fg的總RNA,比RT-PCR敏感100倍。
1.2對致腫瘤病毒的檢測
采用LAMP對雞致腫瘤病毒的檢測,也有較多的報道。2010年Zhang X等[17]就建立了J亞群禽白血病病毒的LAMP檢測方法,能檢測5個目標(biāo)基因,比PCR敏感20倍。2011年Wang Y等[18]針對禽白血病病毒A亞群的gp85基因設(shè)計引物建立了LAMP檢測方法,能檢測20個拷貝的前病毒核酸,比常規(guī)PCR方法敏感100倍。2015年P(guān)eng H等[19]也對常見的禽白血病病毒亞型進(jìn)行了LAMP檢測。
2010年Deng X等[20]進(jìn)行了網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮組織增生癥病毒(Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus)pol 基因的LAMP檢測,可以檢測5個拷貝的病毒,比常規(guī)PCR敏感性高,并且可以檢測不同血清型的RAV。
2012年—2014年Wei X等[21]、Wozniakowski G等[22]和Niakowski G W等[23]分別使用針對meq基因建立的LAMP進(jìn)行了家禽羽毛上馬立克病病毒的檢測,敏感性比PCR方法高100倍以上,可以最低檢測3.2拷貝/百萬細(xì)胞的病毒量,與2型和3型不發(fā)生交叉反應(yīng),并且可以不用進(jìn)行DNA的提取就可以進(jìn)行禽舍塵埃的檢測。
1.3對免疫抑制病毒的檢測
LAMP也被用在了免疫抑制病毒的檢測上,2009年Xue V等[24]和Xu J等[25]分別針對雞傳染性法氏囊病病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV)的VP2和VP3基因建立了RT-LAMP檢測方法,結(jié)果表明,針對保守的VP3基因建立的RT-LAMP更加敏感,而2011年Lee M S等[26]也針對VP2建立了IBDV的RT-LAMP,發(fā)現(xiàn)可以檢測0.01 fg的病毒RNA,敏感性是常規(guī)RT-PCR的100倍,并具有很好的特異性。2011年Wang Y等[27]針對IBDV的VP5基因建立了一種RT-LAMP,可以檢測28個拷貝的病毒RNA,敏感度和RT-PCR一樣,配合酶切可以區(qū)分強毒與弱毒。2012年Tsai S M等[28]將IBDV的RT-LAMP檢測方法和橫向流動試紙條技術(shù)(lateral flow dipstick,LFD )相結(jié)合,建立了RT-LAMP-LFD,可以在70 min內(nèi)完成臨床樣品的檢測,最低可以檢測0.1 PFU的病毒。
2010年Huang C H等[29]診斷VP2基因設(shè)計引物進(jìn)行了雞貧血病毒(Chicken anaemia virus)的LAMP檢測,最低可以檢測100 fg的病毒,比常規(guī)PCR敏感100倍。
1.4對其他病毒的檢測
對其他感染雞的病毒的報道較少,2011年Xie Z等[30]建立了針對禽腺病毒1群hexon基因的LAMP檢測方法,12個血清型都能檢出,最低可以檢測到238個拷貝的病毒粒子, 2群和3群的腺病毒等其他病毒都不能檢出。2014年Liu X等[31]建立了一種Real Amp方法,對廣東省黃雞的出血性腸炎病毒進(jìn)行了檢測,相對于套式PCR,符合率為100%,而試驗時間減少了15 min。
除了對感染雞的病毒的檢測外,LAMP還用于感染鴨的多種病毒的檢測。2009年Ji J等[32]依據(jù)UL6蛋白基因設(shè)計引物進(jìn)行了鴨瘟病毒的LAMP檢測,顯示出比PCR和RT-PCR更高的敏感性。2010年Ji J等[33]針對VP3基因進(jìn)行了番鴨細(xì)小病毒的LAMP檢測,可檢測出保存的7個病毒分離株,敏感性是常規(guī)PCR方法的10倍。2012年Yang L等[34]和Song C等[35]針對2C基因設(shè)計引物進(jìn)行了A型鴨肝炎病毒血清1型的LAMP檢測,最低可以檢測0.1 EID50/0.1 mL的病毒,對臨床樣本的檢測表明LAMP和RT-PCR、病毒分離的結(jié)果一致。2014年Li C等[36]針對3D基因進(jìn)行了A型鴨肝炎病毒基因C型的LAMP檢測,最低可以檢測0.3 pg (6.59×104個拷貝)的病毒基因,敏感性是常規(guī)RT-PCR的100倍。2012年Yan L等[37]進(jìn)行了鴨坦布蘇病毒(Duck Tembusu virus)的RT-LAMP檢測,檢測極限為0.01 ELD50,敏感性和rRT-PCR相近,但rRT-PCR的重復(fù)性要更好一些。2014年Xie L等[38]進(jìn)行了鴨圓環(huán)病毒Rep基因的LAMP檢測,檢測極限為20個拷貝的病毒DNA。
對感染鵝的病毒的檢測現(xiàn)只有2篇報道。2010年Yang J等[39]針對VP3基因進(jìn)行了鵝細(xì)小病毒的LAMP檢測,最低可以檢測每微升28拷貝/μL的基因,和RT-PCR的敏感性相近。2012年Niakowski G W等[40]建立了鵝圓環(huán)病毒的LAMP檢測,和RT-PCR具有相同的敏感性。
對于感染其他家禽病毒的LAMP檢測,研究較少。2010年Cardoso T C等[41]報道了火雞冠狀病毒的RT-LAMP檢測,最低可以檢測100 EID50的病毒,對臨床樣本的檢測顯示,RT-LAMP和RT-PCR具有很好的符合率。2014年Tsai S S等[42]進(jìn)行了鴿圓環(huán)病毒的LAMP檢測,可以檢測到僅0.5 pg的病毒DNA。
綜上所述,LAMP在家禽病毒病的診斷中已得到廣泛的應(yīng)用,原因除了其相對于其他擴(kuò)增技術(shù)更靈敏、更準(zhǔn)確、更快速等優(yōu)點外,更主要的還在于其不需要昂貴的PCR儀,利用簡單的恒溫裝置(甚至可以用保溫瓶和溫度計來代替)就可以進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增,同時不用依賴于電泳,加入核酸染料后只依靠肉眼就能進(jìn)行結(jié)果判定,非常適合在生產(chǎn)實際和基層使用,容易得到普及,有巨大的應(yīng)用和市場潛力。當(dāng)前影響其使用的最大障礙是病原模板的提取,現(xiàn)在模板提取還要用到高速離心機(jī)等儀器,不方便臨床應(yīng)用,所以現(xiàn)在多應(yīng)用在對分泌物的檢測上(因為它可經(jīng)簡單處理后作為模板),對組織樣品的檢測尚不方便。如果能解決這一問題,LAMP的臨床檢測將迅速得到普及和應(yīng)用。
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Application of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detecting Poultry Viruses
LIU Meng-zhi,YIN Rong-huan,PAN Shu-de,LIU Bao-shan
(College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang,Liaoning,110866,China)
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) is an extremely rapid,convenient,sensitive and specific DNA amplification method and used to detect a pathogen in Point-of-Care test.Now it can be used in various fields such as detection of fowl viruses.A lot of fowl viruses which can infect chickens,ducks,geese or pigeons to induce symptoms of the respiratory system,tumours or immunosuppressions were detected by LAMP.LAMP has higher sensitivity and specificity than PCR,so it will play an important role in diagnosis and control of fowl viruses.If the trouble that template can be extracted simply in the spot is solved,LAMP will be widely used in future by its rapid, accuracy,simple and convenient characteristics.
loop-mediated isothermal amplification; poultry virus; detection
2016-03-06
劉夢志(1991-),男,山東高唐人,碩士研究生,主要從事從事動物疫病診斷研究。*通訊作者
S854.43
A
1007-5038(2016)09-0108-05