馬帥,李媛
晚卵泡期血清孕酮提前升高對(duì)體外受精患者妊娠結(jié)局的影響及應(yīng)對(duì)措施
馬帥,李媛△
體外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)促排卵過(guò)程中血清孕酮提前升高(premature progesterone rise,PPR)的發(fā)生率為4.2%~36.0%,其對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局的影響一直存在爭(zhēng)議,并且PPR影響妊娠結(jié)局的機(jī)制尚不完全清楚。另一方面,如何預(yù)防促排卵過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的PPR是臨床醫(yī)生一直非常關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。為明確上述問(wèn)題,并為臨床治療提供線索,對(duì)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行綜述,發(fā)現(xiàn)IVF促排卵過(guò)程中晚卵泡期PPR可能主要與腎上腺的作用、獲卵數(shù)、人絨毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)日血清雌激素水平、卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)使用劑量等有關(guān),PPR可能主要通過(guò)影響子宮內(nèi)膜而對(duì)新鮮周期ET的妊娠結(jié)局產(chǎn)生不利影響,對(duì)卵子或胚胎質(zhì)量無(wú)不利影響,亦不影響凍融周期ET的妊娠結(jié)局。采用溫和刺激、減少FSH劑量、適當(dāng)控制獲卵數(shù)、提前注射hCG等方法也許可以預(yù)防PPR;一旦發(fā)生PPR,建議全胚冷凍。雖然其中的某些方法可以改善IVF-ET妊娠結(jié)局,但是仍需高質(zhì)量的大樣本隨機(jī)雙盲對(duì)照研究證明其有效性。
孕酮;受精,體外;胚胎移植;妊娠結(jié)局
【Abstract】The incidence of premature progesterone rise(PPR)during ovarian stimulation in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET)ranges from 4.2%to 36.0%.The effect of PPR on the pregnancy outcomes still exists debate.How to prevent PPR is a challenge for doctors.To investigate this issue and offer clues for clinical treatment,we had a review.The PPR in late follicular phase during stimulation may be related to adrenal gland,the number of retrieved oocytes,the level of estradiol on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)adm inistration,and the dose of follicle stimulating hormone(FSH).PPR may adversely affect the pregnancy results in fresh cycles by affecting endometrium.PPR does not affect the oocyte or embryo quality and the pregnancy outcomes of the freezen-thaw cycles.PPR may be prevented by the mild simulation protocols,cutting down dose of FSH,controlling the number of retrieved oocytes,and advancing the trigger time.It should be advised to freeze all the embryo if PPR emerged.Although some treatments could effectively improve the pregnancy outcomes of IVF-ET,it is necessary to test their effectiveness by the high-quality random ly doubleblind controlled clinical trialswith large samp le size.
【Keywords】Progesterone;Fertilization in vitro;Embryo transfer;Pregnancyoutcome
(JIntReprod Health/Fam Plan,2016,35:400-404)
全球不孕癥發(fā)病率約15%,呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),部分落后地區(qū)如非洲高達(dá)30%[1]。體外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)技術(shù)為不孕不育患者提供了有效的治療辦法,提高輔助生殖技術(shù)的成功率是目前備受關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。胚胎質(zhì)量和晚卵泡期孕酮(progesterone)水平是影響新鮮周期妊娠結(jié)局諸多因素中最重要的因素,其他因素還包括年齡、子宮內(nèi)膜厚度等[2]。
晚卵泡期血清孕酮水平的升高是卵泡黃素化的開(kāi)始,顆粒細(xì)胞黃體生成激素受體(luteinizing hormone receptor,LHR)的表達(dá)是其黃素化的標(biāo)志[3]。因此晚卵泡期血清孕酮提前升高(premature progesterone rise,PPR)被稱(chēng)為“提前黃素化(premature luteinization,PL)”[4]。越來(lái)越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)晚卵泡期血清孕酮水平升高時(shí),血清LH水平并不一定升高,于是PL這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的定義得到糾正,而直接稱(chēng)為PPR。PPR對(duì)IVF-ET妊娠結(jié)局的影響存在爭(zhēng)議20余年,一部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為IVF促排卵過(guò)程中PPR預(yù)示著臨床妊娠率降低[5],另一部分學(xué)者則認(rèn)為兩者無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性[6],甚至還有學(xué)者通過(guò)研究得出結(jié)論,PPR患者的臨床妊娠率較血清孕酮正常的患者更高[7]。在反復(fù)種植失敗的移植周期中,PPR的發(fā)生率亦顯著升高[8]。這些爭(zhēng)議和發(fā)現(xiàn)已備受關(guān)注,現(xiàn)從PPR發(fā)生的可能機(jī)制、PPR對(duì)IVF妊娠結(jié)局的影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制、PPR的預(yù)防措施等方面進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1正常月經(jīng)周期血清孕酮的變化根據(jù)“兩細(xì)胞兩促性腺激素”學(xué)說(shuō),在正常月經(jīng)周期的卵泡期卵泡不分泌孕酮,排卵前成熟卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞獲得了部分LHR后,在LH的作用下黃素化,開(kāi)始分泌少量孕酮。排卵后,黃體細(xì)胞通過(guò)△4途徑大量合成孕酮。所以,在正常月經(jīng)周期晚卵泡期孕酮水平并不高,排卵后孕酮水平才逐漸升高。
1.2PPR的閾值在IVF促排卵周期中,晚卵泡期PPR的發(fā)生率為4.2%~36.0%,PPR的閾值為0.8~2.0 ng/m L[5,9],其中將PPR閾值定義為1.5 ng/mL最為廣泛[10-12]。PPR與卵巢反應(yīng)性似乎顯著相關(guān),卵巢高反應(yīng)患者的PPR閾值應(yīng)該更高,而卵巢低反應(yīng)患者的PPR閾值則相對(duì)較低[13-14]。
1.3促排卵周期發(fā)生PPR可能的機(jī)制PPR與獲卵數(shù)及人絨毛膜促性腺激素(humanchorionicgonadotropin,hCG)日雌激素水平呈正相關(guān)。幾乎所有研究都發(fā)現(xiàn)PPR發(fā)生的同時(shí),大卵泡數(shù)(直徑≥11mm的卵泡數(shù))、獲卵數(shù)也相應(yīng)增加,相對(duì)于血清孕酮正常的患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[7,9-10,12]。根據(jù)“兩細(xì)胞兩促性腺激素”學(xué)說(shuō),排卵前卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞表面已經(jīng)表達(dá)部分LHR,合成少量孕酮,當(dāng)多個(gè)卵泡成熟時(shí),黃素化的顆粒細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加,故合成的孕酮也相應(yīng)增加。同理,血清雌激素水平也增加[9]。
PPR可能與促排卵過(guò)程中卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulation hormone,F(xiàn)SH)使用劑量有關(guān)。有研究結(jié)果提示促性腺激素(gonadotropin,Gn)用量與晚卵泡期血清孕酮水平呈正相關(guān),即Gn用量增加,晚卵泡期血清PPR發(fā)生率增高,孕酮水平也升高[13-14]。更大劑量的Gn使血清FSH水平升高,增加顆粒細(xì)胞表面LHR的敏感性,促進(jìn)孕酮的合成。然而,有學(xué)者在比較PPR組與孕酮正常組的臨床參數(shù)時(shí)則發(fā)現(xiàn),2組Gn用量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[10,12]。孕酮持續(xù)升高1~2 d與超過(guò)2 d者相比,Gn劑量差異亦無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[9]。Gn總量或者血清FSH水平對(duì)血清孕酮代謝的影響仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
除了卵巢表達(dá)合成孕酮所需的3β-羥基類(lèi)固醇脫氫酶,腎上腺同樣能夠表達(dá)該酶并能合成孕酮,在月經(jīng)周期中可以持續(xù)分泌孕酮,這可能與PPR的發(fā)生有一定關(guān)系。DeGeyter等[15]為了明確晚卵泡期血清孕酮的來(lái)源進(jìn)行了3項(xiàng)相關(guān)研究,結(jié)果表明,月經(jīng)周期的早卵泡期孕酮主要來(lái)源于腎上腺,晚卵泡期孕酮主要來(lái)源于卵巢,腎上腺的類(lèi)固醇轉(zhuǎn)化受卵巢的調(diào)控。但該研究的樣本量較小,個(gè)別組的研究對(duì)象只有8例,關(guān)于卵巢與腎上腺的相互作用仍需進(jìn)一步探討。
2.1孕酮升高對(duì)卵子和內(nèi)膜的影響B(tài)u等[14]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢低反應(yīng)患者發(fā)生PPR時(shí)優(yōu)胚率下降,但PPR組與孕酮正常組患者的年齡和基礎(chǔ)FSH存在顯著差異,不能排除年齡及卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能對(duì)獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)胚胎的影響。其他相關(guān)研究均未發(fā)現(xiàn)PPR對(duì)卵子或胚胎質(zhì)量有不良影響[11]。Melo等[16]對(duì)卵子捐贈(zèng)周期進(jìn)行了相關(guān)回顧性研究,PPR周期來(lái)源和孕酮水平正常周期來(lái)源的卵子分別行IVF-ET后,2組臨床妊娠率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。同樣,PPR周期來(lái)源和孕酮正常周期來(lái)源的胚胎行凍融周期ET后,臨床妊娠率差異亦無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這說(shuō)明卵子和胚胎質(zhì)量不受促排卵過(guò)程中PPR的影響[5,17]。
子宮內(nèi)膜容受性(endometrial receptivity,EMR)是指子宮接受和容納初期胚胎并成功妊娠的能力[18]。學(xué)者們從子宮內(nèi)膜的活檢、分泌物、基因組學(xué)、蛋白組學(xué)和表觀遺傳學(xué)等方面對(duì)EMR進(jìn)行了深入研究,并找到了EMR相關(guān)的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,如白細(xì)胞介素、細(xì)胞因子等[18-20]。
PPR主要通過(guò)影響子宮內(nèi)膜而影響妊娠結(jié)局。Labarta等[21]使用微陣列分析技術(shù)對(duì)子宮內(nèi)膜進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)hCG注射日PPR會(huì)影響EMR,導(dǎo)致種植率降低,從而影響妊娠結(jié)局。另有研究通過(guò)分析種植窗(hCG注射日之后第6天)的子宮內(nèi)膜中微小RNA(miRNA)表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)PPR組患者miRNA和mRNA的表達(dá)存在差異[22]。2014年有學(xué)者提出了不同的觀點(diǎn),他們認(rèn)為晚卵泡期血清孕酮確實(shí)導(dǎo)致了子宮內(nèi)膜基因表達(dá)的改變,但基因表達(dá)改變影響的是子宮內(nèi)膜容受階段或時(shí)間的改變,并不是EMR[23]。該研究將PPR閾值定為1.5 ng/mL,通過(guò)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)發(fā)現(xiàn),PPR組的EMR生物標(biāo)志物表達(dá)量與孕酮正常組相似或更高。因此,學(xué)者們認(rèn)為PPR使子宮內(nèi)膜從容受前階段轉(zhuǎn)變成容受階段,加速子宮內(nèi)膜成熟,但并不影響EMR。子宮內(nèi)膜與胚胎發(fā)育不同步,可使種植率和臨床妊娠率降低。PPR對(duì)卵子或胚胎質(zhì)量影響甚小,可能主要通過(guò)降低EMR或促進(jìn)子宮內(nèi)膜提前成熟導(dǎo)致子宮內(nèi)膜與胚胎發(fā)育不同步,從而影響新鮮周期ET的妊娠結(jié)局。
2.2孕酮升高對(duì)IVF妊娠結(jié)局的影響無(wú)論P(yáng)PR閾值的定義是多少,孕酮高水平組患者的臨床妊娠率和活產(chǎn)率均顯著低于孕酮正常者[5,12]。為了排除卵巢反應(yīng)性對(duì)研究結(jié)果的影響,對(duì)不同卵巢反應(yīng)性患者定義了不同PPR閾值,研究結(jié)果提示無(wú)論卵巢反應(yīng)性如何,PPR都對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局有不利影響[14]。為了排除促排卵方案對(duì)研究結(jié)果的影響,Huang等[17]將患者分為長(zhǎng)方案組和短方案組,分別將2組的孕酮閾值定為1.2 ng/mL和2.0 ng/mL,仍得出PPR使活產(chǎn)率下降這一結(jié)論。除了探討單獨(dú)的PPR對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局的影響,PPR持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局的影響更大。在IVF促排卵周期及凍融周期中,隨著PPR持續(xù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),新鮮胚胎及冷凍胚胎周期臨床妊娠率均顯著下降[9,24]。
學(xué)者們進(jìn)一步對(duì)處于不同分裂階段的胚胎行移植后的結(jié)局進(jìn)行了比較。2015年Huang等[25]對(duì)10 000個(gè)分裂期ET周期和1 146個(gè)囊胚移植周期進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)D3移植的PPR閾值定義為1.5 ng/mL,D5移植的PPR閾值定義為1.75 ng/mL時(shí),PPR組累積妊娠率均顯著降低。同時(shí),Yang等[26]進(jìn)行了前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,將PPR閾值定義為1.89 ng/m L,發(fā)現(xiàn)凍融周期行ET的患者其臨床妊娠率高于新鮮周期行囊胚移植的患者,而后者的臨床妊娠率又高于新鮮周期行分裂期ET的患者;該研究還提示,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)PPR時(shí)應(yīng)建議患者行全胚冷凍,如果患者堅(jiān)持要求移植,則首先考慮行囊胚移植。
與此同時(shí),另有學(xué)者分別通過(guò)回顧性研究[6]、薈萃分析[27]、前瞻性研究[28]等得出結(jié)論,認(rèn)為PPR與妊娠結(jié)局無(wú)關(guān)。1999年Doldi等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)將多囊卵巢綜合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)患者的PPR定義為1.2 ng/mL時(shí),PPR組患者妊娠率較血清孕酮正常組患者更高,同時(shí)流產(chǎn)率也增高。另一項(xiàng)回顧性研究定義PPR閾值為1.5 ng/mL,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于卵巢低反應(yīng)患者,出現(xiàn)PPR后其繼續(xù)妊娠率下降,而對(duì)于卵巢高反應(yīng)患者,其妊娠結(jié)局不受PPR的影響[13]。
各個(gè)研究結(jié)果及結(jié)論的不同可能與研究對(duì)象的特征如卵巢反應(yīng)性、促排卵方案、移植胚胎所處分裂階段等諸多因素相關(guān),分析鮮胚移植周期妊娠結(jié)局時(shí)應(yīng)該綜合考慮這些因素對(duì)研究結(jié)果的影響。對(duì)于行凍融周期ET的患者,無(wú)論患者卵巢反應(yīng)性如何,采用何種促排卵方案,移植何種階段的胚胎或促排周期中PPR閾值定義如何,其妊娠結(jié)局都不受影響[5,17]。
2.3晚卵泡期血清孕酮降低對(duì)IVF妊娠結(jié)局的影響目前只有一項(xiàng)研究明確提出IVF促排卵過(guò)程中晚卵泡期血清孕酮下降會(huì)導(dǎo)致妊娠率下降[29]。推測(cè)可能與顆粒細(xì)胞黃素化不足和(或)子宮內(nèi)膜容受性受損有關(guān)。其他研究在進(jìn)行分組時(shí),血清孕酮低于0.5 ng/mL組與孕酮水平正常組的臨床妊娠率相似[6],甚至更高[15,25]。
3.1PPR的預(yù)防
3.1.1減少促排卵方案中Gn用量盡管PPR與Gn用量的關(guān)系存在爭(zhēng)議,但多數(shù)研究均提示血清孕酮與Gn用量有關(guān),減少Gn的使用也許可以提供更自然和平衡的內(nèi)分泌環(huán)境,減少PPR的發(fā)生率[30]。
3.1.2使用溫和刺激拮抗劑方案血清孕酮與獲卵數(shù)息息相關(guān),使用溫和刺激,將獲卵數(shù)控制在8~15個(gè)[31],同時(shí)Gn用量會(huì)減小,也許會(huì)有更好的IVF結(jié)局[9]。
3.1.3提前注射hCG延遲2 d注射hCG,hCG日的孕酮會(huì)顯著升高[32],當(dāng)超聲監(jiān)測(cè)下提示≥3個(gè)卵泡直徑超過(guò)17mm時(shí)即為注射hCG的時(shí)間。另一方面,孕酮持續(xù)升高對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局將產(chǎn)生不利影響,當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)血清孕酮水平開(kāi)始升高超過(guò)1 ng/mL時(shí)[9],在預(yù)計(jì)獲卵數(shù)合適的情況下,可以適當(dāng)提前注射hCG。
3.1.4LH制劑關(guān)于是否添加LH制劑存在爭(zhēng)議,PPR與hCG日血清LH水平間是否有關(guān)也存在爭(zhēng)議[28,33]。Hugues[34]通過(guò)系統(tǒng)回顧列舉證據(jù)證明添加LH制劑不會(huì)影響hCG日血清孕酮的水平,但LH制劑或hCG使用時(shí)機(jī)可能影響晚卵泡期孕酮水平,故不建議將LH制劑用于晚卵泡期。
3.1.5地塞米松早卵泡期孕酮升高可能使臨床妊娠率下降[35],基礎(chǔ)血清孕酮水平高的患者給予地塞米松后,其晚卵泡期的血清孕酮將下降,甚至低于基礎(chǔ)血清孕酮正常的患者,與基礎(chǔ)血清孕酮水平高未使用地塞米松的患者相比,其晚卵泡期的血清孕酮顯著下降,但妊娠結(jié)局沒(méi)有差異。對(duì)于早卵泡期血清孕酮升高的患者,地塞米松可以降低其血清孕酮水平,但不會(huì)影響其妊娠結(jié)局[15]。此方法的有效性需進(jìn)一步探索。
3.2PPR的處理與分裂期ET相比,囊胚移植似乎可以避免血清孕酮升高導(dǎo)致的影響[11],但事實(shí)上,囊胚移植仍不可避免PPR對(duì)子宮內(nèi)膜的影響[36],只是與分裂期胚胎相比,其所受影響更?。?5-26]。凍融周期的妊娠結(jié)局不受PPR的影響[5,17]。所以當(dāng)血清孕酮升高時(shí),進(jìn)行全胚冷凍是最好的選擇[9,26]。
研究者們通過(guò)大樣本量研究分析了IVF促排卵周期PPR對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局的影響,然而PPR的發(fā)生機(jī)制和腎上腺在其中發(fā)揮的作用仍不明確,指導(dǎo)臨床治療的某些方法如LH制劑的添加、地塞米松的使用等可行性仍需探討。關(guān)于PPR的閾值,各生殖中心應(yīng)該根據(jù)本中心具體情況來(lái)確定。同時(shí),對(duì)hCG日血清孕酮過(guò)低的問(wèn)題應(yīng)進(jìn)一步探索和明確。
綜上所述,在IVF促排卵過(guò)程中,PPR及孕酮持續(xù)升高對(duì)新鮮周期行ET的妊娠結(jié)局有不利影響。PPR主要通過(guò)影響子宮內(nèi)膜而不是卵子或胚胎質(zhì)量來(lái)影響妊娠結(jié)局。凍融周期妊娠結(jié)局不受晚卵泡期血清孕酮水平影響。通過(guò)采用溫和刺激、減少Gn使用劑量、提前注射hCG等方法能減少PPR的發(fā)生率。一旦發(fā)生PPR,建議全胚冷凍,行凍融周期ET。其中一些不確定的問(wèn)題則需要更多前瞻性研究來(lái)明確。
[1]Petraglia F,Serour GI,Chapron C.The changing prevalence of infertility[J].Int JGynaecolObstet,2013,123(Suppl2):S4-S8.
[2]CaiQ,Wan F,Appleby D,etal.Quality of embryos transferred and progesterone levels are themost important predictors of live birth after fresh embryo transfer:a retrospective cohort study[J].JAssist Reprod Genet,2014,31(2):185-194.
[3]Monta?o E,OliveraM,Ruiz-Cortés ZT.Association between leptin,LH and its receptor and luteinization and progesterone accumulation(P4)in bovine granulosa cell in vitro[J].Reprod DomestAnim,2009,44(4):699-704.
[4]Younis JS,Matilsky M,Radin O,et al.Increased progesterone/ estradiol ratio in the late follicular phase could be related to low ovarian reserve in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycleswith a long gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist[J].Fertil Steril,2001,76(2):294-299.
[5]Venetis CA,Kolibianakis EM,Bosdou JK,et al.Progesterone elevation and probability of pregnancy after IVF:a systematic review andmeta-analysis ofover 60 000 cycles[J].Hum Reprod Update,2013,19(5):433-457.
[6]Requena A,Cruz M,Bosch E,et al.High progesterone levels in womenwith high ovarian response do notaffect clinicaloutcomes:a retrospective cohort study[J].Reprod Biol Endocrinol,2014,12:69.
[7]Doldi N,Marsiglio E,Destefani A,et al.Elevated serum progesteroneon the day of HCG administration in IVF isassociated with a higher pregnancy rate in polycystic ovary syndrome[J].Hum Reprod,1999,14(3):601-605.
[8]Liu L,Zhou F,Lin X,etal.Recurrent IVF failure is associated with elevated progesterone on the day of hCG administration[J].Eur J ObstetGynecol Reprod Biol,2013,171(1):78-83.
[9]Huang CC,Lien YR,Chen HF,et al.The duration of pre-ovulatory serum progesterone elevation before hCG administration affects the outcome of IVF/ICSIcycles[J].Hum Reprod,2012,27(7):2036-2045.
[10]Park JH,Jee BC,Kim SH.Factors influencing serum progesterone levelon triggering day in stimulated in vitro fertilization cycles[J]. Clin Exp Reprod Med,2015,42(2):67-71.
[11]Papanikolaou EG,Kolibianakis EM,Pozzobon C,et al. Progesterone rise on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration impairs pregnancy outcome in day 3 single-embryo transfer,while has no effecton day 5 single blastocyst transfer[J]. Fertil Steril,2009,91(3):949-952.
[12]Venetis CA,Kolibianakis EM,Bosdou JK,etal.Estimating the net effectofprogesterone elevation on thedayofhCGon live birth rates after IVF:a cohortanalysis of3296 IVF cycles[J].Hum Reprod,2015,30(3):684-691.
[13]Griesinger G,Mannaerts B,Andersen CY,et al.Progesterone elevation doesnot compromise pregnancy rates in high responders: a pooled analysis of in vitro fertilization patients treated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone/gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in six trials[J].Fertil Steril,2013,100(6):1622-1628.
[14]Bu Z,Zhao F,Wang K,et al.Serum progesterone elevation adversely affects cumulative live birth rate in different ovarian responders during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer:a large retrospective study[J].PLoSOne,2014,9(6):e100011.
[15]De Geyter C,De Geyter M,Huber PR,et al.Progesterone serum levels during the follicular phase of themenstrual cycle originate from the crosstalk between the ovaries and the adrenal cortex[J]. Hum Reprod,2002,17(4):933-939.
[16]Melo MA,Meseguer M,Garrido N,et al.The significance of premature luteinization in an oocyte-donation programme[J].Hum Reprod,2006,21(6):1503-1507.
[17]Huang R,F(xiàn)ang C,Xu S,et al.Premature progesterone rise negatively correlated with live birth rate in IVF cycleswith GnRH agonist:an analysisof2,566 cycles[J].Fertil Steril,2012,98(3):664-670.
[18]Lessey BA.Assessmentof endometrial receptivity[J].Fertil Steril,2011,96(3):522-529.
[19]Garrido-Gómez T,Qui?onero A,AntúnezO,etal.Deciphering the proteomic signature of human endometrial receptivity[J].Hum Reprod,2014,29(9):1957-1967.
[20]Haouzi D,Decha ud H,Assou S,et al.Insights into humanendometrial receptivity from transcriptomic and proteomic data[J]. Reprod Biomed Online,2012,24(1):23-34.
[21]Labarta E,Martínez-Conejero JA,AlamáP,et al.Endometrial receptivity is affected in women with high circulating progesterone levels at the end of the follicular phase:a functional genomics analysis[J].Hum Reprod,2011,26(7):1813-1825.
[22]Li R,Qiao J,Wang L,et al.MicroRNA array and microarray evaluation of endometrial receptivity in patients with high serum progesterone levels on the day of hCG administration[J].Reprod BiolEndocrinol,2011,9:29.
[23]Haouzi D,Bissonnette L,Gala A,et al.Endometrial receptivity profile in patientswith premature progesterone elevation on the day ofHCGadministration[J].Biomed Res Int,2014,2014:951937.
[24]Lee VC,Li RH,Chai J,et al.Effect of preovulatory progesterone elevation and duration of progesterone elevation on the pregnancy rate of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in natural cycles[J].Fertil Steril,2014,101(5):1288-1293.
[25]Huang Y,Wang EY,Du QY,et al.Progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration adversely affects the outcome of IVF with transferred embryos at different developmentalstages[J].Reprod BiolEndocrinol,2015,13:82.
[26]Yang S,Pang T,Li R,et al.The individualized choice of embryo transfer timing for patientswith elevated serum progesterone level on the HCG day in IVF/ICSI cycles:a prospective randomized clinicalstudy[J].GynecolEndocrinol,2015,31(5):355-358.
[27]Venetis CA,Kolibianakis EM,Papanikolaou E,et al.Is progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration associated with the probability of pregnancy in in vitro fertilization?A systematic review and metaanalysis[J].Hum Reprod Update,2007,13(4):343-355.
[28]Yding Andersen C,Bungum L,Nyboe Andersen A,et al. Preovulatory progesterone concentration associates significantly to follicle numberand LH concentration butnot to pregnancy rate[J]. Reprod Biomed Online,2011,23(2):187-195.
[29]Santos-Ribeiro S,Polyzos NP,Haentjens P,et al.Live birth rates after IVF are reduced by both low and high progesterone levels on the day ofhuman chorionic gonadotrophin administration[J].Hum Reprod,2014,29(8):1698-1705.
[30]Sonigo C,Dray G,Roche C,et al.Impact of high serum progesterone during the late follicular phase on IVF outcome[J]. Reprod Biomed Online,2014,29(2):177-186.
[31]Sunkara SK,Rittenberg V,Raine-Fenning N,et al.Association between the number of eggs and live birth in IVF treatment:an analysis of 400 135 treatment cycles[J].Hum Reprod,2011,26(7):1768-1774.
[32]Kolibianakis EM,Albano C,Camus M,et al.Prolongation of the follicular phase in in vitro fertilization results in a lower ongoing pregnancy rate in cycles stimulated with recombinant folliclestimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists[J].Fertil Steril,2004,82(1):102-107.
[33]Arce JC,Smitz J.Live-birth rates after HP-hMG stimulation in the long GnRH agonist protocol:association with mid-follicular hCG and progesterone concentrations,but not with LH concentrations[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2013,29(1):46-50.
[34]Hugues JN.Impact of′LH activity′supplementation on serum progesterone levels during controlled ovarian stimulation:a systematic review[J].Hum Reprod,2012,27(1):232-243.
[35]Hamdine O,Macklon NS,Eijkemans MJ,et al.Elevated early follicular progesterone levels and in vitro fertilization outcomes:a prospective intervention study andmeta-analysis[J].Fertil Steril,2014,102(2):448-454.
[36]Ochsenkühn R,Arzberger A,von Sch?nfeldt V,et al.Subtle progesterone rise on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration is associated with lower live birth rates in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology:a retrospective study with 2,555 fresh embryo transfers[J].Fertil Steril,2012,98(2):347-354.
Effect of Prem ature Progesterone Rise in Late Follicular Phase on Pregnancy Ou tcom es of IVF
MAShuai,LI Yuan.
Reproductive Medicine Center,Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University,Beijing 100020,China
Corresponding author:LIYuan,E-mail:cyliyuan@126.com
2016-06-07)
[本文編輯王昕]
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81370758)
100020首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)中心
李媛,E-mail:cyliyuan@126.com
△審校者