陳婷婷,周云仙
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乳制品與炎癥性腸病關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
陳婷婷,周云仙
介紹了炎癥性腸病(IBD)病人乳制品攝入概況,綜述了牛奶、酸奶及其他乳制品與IBD發(fā)病、相關(guān)癥狀及復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系以及IBD病人乳制品的管理。
炎癥性腸??;潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎;克羅恩??;乳制品;牛奶;酸奶
炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克羅恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD),是一組慢性非特異性腸道炎癥性疾病。這兩種疾病組織學(xué)上差異較大,但臨床癥狀相似,均有腹痛、腹瀉等消化系統(tǒng)癥狀[1]。IBD多發(fā)于15歲~35歲青壯年,病程遷延,疾病反復(fù)發(fā)作,對(duì)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)和生活造成極大的影響[2]。近年來(lái)我國(guó)IBD發(fā)病率和患病率逐年增加[3],然而該病的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確,可能與免疫、遺傳、生活環(huán)境、飲食、微生物等因素有關(guān)[4]。在對(duì)IBD病因之一的飲食因素探討中,乳制品被頻繁提及。乳制品營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值高,富含蛋白質(zhì)、鈣等營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分[5],被推薦為鈣的最佳來(lái)源[6]。但是目前能否攝入乳制品一直困惑著IBD病人和臨床教育者,因此針對(duì)乳制品與IBD關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,旨在解決臨床工作者與病人對(duì)有關(guān)乳制品的疑問(wèn),糾正其錯(cuò)誤觀念與行為,給予病人合理的乳制品攝入指導(dǎo),從而在疾病預(yù)防與控制、保證營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡方面發(fā)揮重要的作用。
乳制品又叫奶制品,是指以乳(或奶)為主料,添加或不添加允許使用的食品添加劑和(或)食品營(yíng)養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化劑等輔料,經(jīng)加工制得的產(chǎn)品[7]。乳制品種類(lèi)繁多,主要包括反芻動(dòng)物奶(牛奶、羊奶)、酸奶、奶粉、黃油、乳蛋糕、冰淇淋、奶油和奶酪等[8]。根據(jù)我國(guó)調(diào)查顯示酸奶、常溫奶和冷藏奶(牛奶)占乳制品消費(fèi)主流[9-10]。對(duì)于IBD病人來(lái)說(shuō),乳制品是保證均衡營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入的重要組成部分,但是越來(lái)越多的調(diào)查顯示避免攝入乳制品的現(xiàn)象在IBD病人中非常普遍[11-12],然而他們對(duì)待酸奶的態(tài)度和行為卻截然相反[13]。出現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的原因可能與胃腸道癥狀和疾病活動(dòng)性[14]、病人個(gè)人對(duì)乳制品的認(rèn)識(shí)[15]以及醫(yī)師或營(yíng)養(yǎng)師[16-17]的建議等有關(guān)。
作為日常生活中最常見(jiàn)的乳制品之一,牛奶被許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為可能與IBD的發(fā)病、相關(guān)癥狀及復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)。Wang等[18-19]的研究指出牛奶攝入是增加IBD患病的危險(xiǎn)因素。但以上兩項(xiàng)研究均屬于回顧性的病例對(duì)照研究,可能存在回憶偏倚。目前對(duì)于牛奶在IBD發(fā)病因素中的地位仍存在爭(zhēng)議,而且近年來(lái)越來(lái)越多的研究表明牛奶對(duì)IBD具有益處。接下來(lái)詳細(xì)闡述牛奶中的具體物質(zhì)與IBD的關(guān)系。
2.1牛奶與IBD發(fā)病的關(guān)系
2.1.1乳蛋白及乳糖與IBD發(fā)病的關(guān)系牛奶主要含有5種蛋白,其中酪蛋白占牛奶總蛋白的80%,是牛奶主要的過(guò)敏源成分,其次是β-乳球蛋白,β-乳清蛋白次之[20]。最早是由Andresen[21]提出罹患UC是由于食物過(guò)敏造成的,然后他通過(guò)排除飲食法證實(shí)了牛奶是最常見(jiàn)的刺激性抗原物質(zhì)。他的想法得到了Rowe[22]的證實(shí)。Shoda等[23]通過(guò)研究1966年—1985年日本CD發(fā)病與膳食改變的關(guān)系也發(fā)現(xiàn)乳蛋白與CD密切相關(guān)。此外牛奶中所含的乳糖也被認(rèn)為可能與發(fā)病有關(guān)。早在20世紀(jì)晚期就提出了“牛奶過(guò)敏理論”,該體系主要包括牛奶乳糖消化不良、乳糖不耐受等[10]。Levy等[24-26]認(rèn)為乳糖酶缺乏與CD發(fā)病率密切有關(guān)。但以上結(jié)果與德國(guó)某研究矛盾,它提出乳糖不耐受與IBD發(fā)病無(wú)關(guān)[27]。我國(guó)鄭家駒等[28]的研究也表明其與CD發(fā)病無(wú)關(guān)。但無(wú)論是乳蛋白過(guò)敏還是乳糖不耐受,所致的消化系統(tǒng)癥狀例如腹痛、腹瀉等與IBD癥狀相似,還需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí),區(qū)分到底是乳蛋白或乳糖引起IBD發(fā)病,還是二者引起的癥狀與IBD癥狀相似。
2.1.2牛奶所含細(xì)菌與IBD發(fā)病的關(guān)系IBD的發(fā)病還可能與牛奶中存在未滅活的某些細(xì)菌有關(guān)。因?yàn)榕D瘫粩D出之后會(huì)被大量微生物污染,因此需經(jīng)“殺菌”處理才可以飲用。如果攝入未經(jīng)消毒殺菌的牛奶會(huì)增加個(gè)體罹患CD的危險(xiǎn)[29]。而且Juste等[26-30]認(rèn)為即使經(jīng)過(guò)巴氏消毒,牛奶中仍可能存在活的鳥(niǎo)分枝桿菌亞種副結(jié)核菌,這也是人類(lèi)罹患IBD的可能危險(xiǎn)原因。
2.1.3牛奶代謝產(chǎn)物與IBD發(fā)病的關(guān)系含硫氨基酸類(lèi)食物攝入后產(chǎn)生的硫化物對(duì)結(jié)腸的毒性作用可能與IBD的發(fā)病相關(guān)。牛奶是主要的含硫氨基酸類(lèi)食物,在腸道細(xì)菌的作用下,可產(chǎn)生多種含硫化合物,如硫化氫等,可直接對(duì)結(jié)腸細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生毒性作用,導(dǎo)致結(jié)腸黏膜損傷,從而引起UC發(fā)病[31]。在硫化物灌注動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類(lèi)似UC的結(jié)腸改變[32]。但是證明結(jié)論的相關(guān)研究均為動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),需臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
2.2牛奶與IBD癥狀及復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系諸多研究表明,牛奶是可能引起IBD癥狀及復(fù)發(fā)的因素之一。20世紀(jì)中期Truelove[33]通過(guò)去除5例UC病人飲食中的牛奶發(fā)現(xiàn)病人癥狀得到顯著改善,隨后Jones等[15]的研究再次顯示去除CD病人飲食中的牛奶能夠使癥狀有所改善。攝入牛奶除可能使癥狀加重之外,還可能引起疾病的復(fù)發(fā)[34-35]。然而近年來(lái)有研究提出牛奶與IBD癥狀及復(fù)發(fā)無(wú)關(guān)。英國(guó)一項(xiàng)涉及191例UC病人的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)牛奶與UC的復(fù)發(fā)具有相關(guān)性[11]。無(wú)論疾病是處于活動(dòng)期還是緩解期,或是不同牛奶攝入量,均未發(fā)現(xiàn)其與IBD的癥狀或復(fù)發(fā)有關(guān)[36]。甚至有研究認(rèn)為牛奶對(duì)IBD可能存在益處。Magee等[37]通過(guò)指導(dǎo)81例UC病人記錄連續(xù)7 d的飲食日記后發(fā)現(xiàn),每周攝入1 250 mL的牛奶對(duì)疾病有潛在的治療作用。且Octoratou等[13]在對(duì)新確診的CD病人早前的飲食進(jìn)行調(diào)查時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,CD病人增加牛奶攝入量可減少其癥狀和復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)。這種現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)可能與牛奶中含有某些物質(zhì),例如牛糖巨肽、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(TGF-β)等在免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗炎等方面發(fā)揮作用有關(guān)。Ortega-Gonzalez等[38]通過(guò)比較結(jié)腸炎淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移模型小鼠與葡聚糖硫酸鈉小鼠,提出牛奶酪蛋白衍生的牛糖巨肽的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,它可使小鼠體重增加,結(jié)腸損傷指數(shù)下降以及髓過(guò)氧化物酶活性降低。de Medina等[39-40]研究表明,牛奶中存在TGF-β、酪蛋白巨肽兩種具有腸道抗炎活性的生物活性肽,對(duì)活動(dòng)期CD有積極的治療效果,可誘導(dǎo)減輕其癥狀。由于目前僅在動(dòng)物模型上進(jìn)行生物活性物質(zhì)的研究,未來(lái)仍需設(shè)計(jì)更多更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)呐R床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
酸奶是指用全脂乳或脫脂乳經(jīng)特殊微生物發(fā)酵而成的乳制品,在銷(xiāo)售前必須保持微生物活性,不得含有任何致病菌。益生菌以酸奶作為其主要食用形式,具有獨(dú)特的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和保健功能[41]。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)酸奶的探討以IBD動(dòng)物模型為主,臨床試驗(yàn)較少。酸奶在IBD中的作用機(jī)制基本上是由免疫系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)以及腸道微環(huán)境的改變等實(shí)現(xiàn)。Chaves等[42]借助IBD小鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn)酸奶可以調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞擴(kuò)展和調(diào)節(jié)Toll樣受體(TLRs),使Toll樣受體4(TLR4+)細(xì)胞下降和Toll樣受體9(TLR9+)細(xì)胞上升,從而對(duì)急性腸道炎癥產(chǎn)生有益的作用。此外酸奶可以預(yù)防IBD炎癥的復(fù)發(fā),不會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生副作用,具體機(jī)制是通過(guò)增加IgA陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞、減少CD8+細(xì)胞以及誘導(dǎo)大腸浸潤(rùn)細(xì)胞凋亡實(shí)現(xiàn)的[43]。del Carmen等[44]將酸奶應(yīng)用于CD小鼠模型產(chǎn)生的治療作用也驗(yàn)證了上述結(jié)果。此外,臨床試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果與動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)基本一致。Lorea等[45]比較20例IBD病人和20例健康對(duì)照者在連續(xù)30 d攝入酸奶后發(fā)現(xiàn),IBD病人外周血中的CD4和CD25的比例顯著增加而產(chǎn)生抗炎作用。Imaoka等[46]也發(fā)現(xiàn)酸奶可以增加UC病人外周血中白細(xì)胞介素-10(IL-10)含量,抑制小腸上皮細(xì)胞分泌白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL-8)而產(chǎn)生抗炎作用。除了抗炎作用,有臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)酸奶可使UC維持緩解,并預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)[47]。
4.1羊奶與IBD的關(guān)系羊奶作為人類(lèi)三大乳源之一,所含營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分與牛奶接近,但營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值更高,含有200 多種營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和生物活性物質(zhì)[48],其脂肪顆粒較小,更易于人體消化吸收,而且羊奶中的維生素及微量元素含量是牛奶的7倍,具有更好的堿緩沖能力,對(duì)潰瘍治療有益[49-50]。目前我國(guó)羊奶銷(xiāo)售市場(chǎng)薄弱,在乳制品市場(chǎng)中所占份額很小,對(duì)羊奶的研究沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視[48],國(guó)外研究主要從羊奶中含有的有機(jī)物探討羊奶與IBD的關(guān)系。羊奶含有相對(duì)高濃度的低聚糖成分,在所有哺乳動(dòng)物奶當(dāng)中僅次于人奶,它每升含有250 mg~300 mg的低聚糖,是牛奶的4倍~5倍[51-52]。低聚糖作為糖類(lèi)可能具有降低腸道感染和抗炎[53]、促進(jìn)結(jié)腸損傷黏膜的復(fù)原[54]等作用。此外羊奶富含的半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽也可以抑制IBD所導(dǎo)致的病變腸道中過(guò)多的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),從而緩解炎癥應(yīng)激、減弱結(jié)腸炎癥[55-56]。
4.2西方化乳制品與IBD的關(guān)系與西方國(guó)家相比,我國(guó)對(duì)奶酪、黃油等乳制品的消費(fèi)很少,因此沒(méi)有針對(duì)它們與IBD關(guān)系的研究,但是國(guó)外研究提出了這類(lèi)乳制品與IBD之間的關(guān)系。
4.2.1人工奶油及奶酪與IBD目前的研究結(jié)果多數(shù)指出,人工奶油及奶酪與IBD有關(guān)[57]。20世紀(jì)末期一項(xiàng)德國(guó)研究指出食用含有化學(xué)加工氫化脂肪類(lèi)的食物例如人工奶油可能是導(dǎo)致CD發(fā)病的因素[58];一項(xiàng)日本研究[59]和歐洲多中心研究[60]也表明人工奶油及奶酪與UC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(發(fā)病)顯著相關(guān),并可使IBD的復(fù)發(fā)率增加[61]??赡苁侨斯つ逃秃湍汤液心承┪镔|(zhì)對(duì)IBD產(chǎn)生害處。Lerner等[62]認(rèn)為奶酪和奶油中可能含有的鋁會(huì)潛在加重IBD炎癥,這在少數(shù)IBD動(dòng)物模型中得到證實(shí)。此外奶酪中可能含有的微量抗菌藥和殺菌藥會(huì)改變腸道的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,攻擊人腸道本身的微生物,尤其是基因易感性人群,從而導(dǎo)致IBD,但是這個(gè)說(shuō)法只是邏輯假設(shè),還沒(méi)得到研究驗(yàn)證[63]。
4.2.2黃油與IBD黃油與IBD發(fā)病及復(fù)發(fā)也可能存在關(guān)系。日本IBD流行病研究組織表明,黃油會(huì)增加患UC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[59],因此Brown[64]等通過(guò)總結(jié)目前具有權(quán)威性的飲食建議后,提出IBD病人應(yīng)避免食用黃油。
做好IBD病人的乳制品管理,不僅對(duì)維持IBD病人的營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡、改善骨質(zhì)疏松等營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良狀態(tài)具有重要意義[65],而且可在控制疾病癥狀及復(fù)發(fā)方面發(fā)揮作用。首先,需要明確的是無(wú)論是IBD病人還是健康人群,乳糖不耐受普遍存在,而累及回腸的IBD使回腸的乳糖酶更少,乳糖不耐受發(fā)生率更高。IBD疾病癥狀與乳糖不耐受癥狀有相似之處,但總是將腹部不適癥狀歸結(jié)于乳糖不耐受的做法是錯(cuò)誤的[66]。臨床上診斷乳糖不耐受簡(jiǎn)便而有效的方法是氫呼氣試驗(yàn)[67]。但是即使經(jīng)氫呼氣試驗(yàn)診斷為乳糖不耐受,這些病人還是可以耐受一定量的牛奶,而不必完全限制牛奶攝入[68]。取而代之,可選擇無(wú)乳糖牛奶[69]或者補(bǔ)充外源性乳糖酶[70]緩解不耐受癥狀。不耐受癥狀的出現(xiàn)除了與本身乳糖酶缺乏有關(guān)之外,還可能與疾病活動(dòng)度有關(guān)。牛奶不耐受可能只是IBD活動(dòng)期的暫時(shí)性問(wèn)題,在緩解期應(yīng)再次嘗試攝入牛奶[71]。此外牛奶攝入量也是原因之一,大多數(shù)IBD病人在疾病緩解期可以很好地耐受每日一杯牛奶(200 mL)的攝入[67]。因此根據(jù)IBD膳食指南的意見(jiàn),可以對(duì)那些認(rèn)為牛奶或乳糖不耐受的IBD病人進(jìn)行逐一評(píng)估,找出他們所能耐受的牛奶量[64]。
酸奶除了含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì)、鈣等營(yíng)養(yǎng)素外,最特殊的作用在于其所含益生菌對(duì)IBD存在一定的積極作用。國(guó)內(nèi)外多項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和薈萃分析結(jié)果表明益生菌對(duì)UC的誘導(dǎo)及維持緩解有效[72-73],但對(duì)CD不具備相應(yīng)功效[74-75]。此外,如果IBD病人無(wú)法耐受牛奶,可以選擇酸奶[76],因?yàn)樗崮淘诎l(fā)酵過(guò)程中其益生菌所含有的乳糖酶數(shù)量會(huì)增加,可以幫助乳糖分解,充當(dāng)著乳糖酶補(bǔ)充劑的作用,因此與牛奶相比IBD病人更容易耐受酸奶[77-78]。
總之,乳制品含有豐富的鈣和蛋白質(zhì),攝入乳制品因人而異,IBD病人可以根據(jù)自身對(duì)乳制品的耐受情況進(jìn)行調(diào)整,必要時(shí)可進(jìn)行氫呼氣試驗(yàn)等檢查或補(bǔ)充乳糖酶等措施,保證營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入均衡。
乳制品與IBD有著密切的關(guān)系。探索不同種類(lèi)的乳制品與IBD發(fā)病、相關(guān)癥狀及復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系,并在此基礎(chǔ)上給予合理的乳制品攝入指導(dǎo),對(duì)預(yù)防和控制IBD、保證營(yíng)養(yǎng)供應(yīng)具有重要意義。
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(本文編輯孫玉梅)
Research progress on relationship between dairy products and inflammatory bowel disease
Chen Tingting,Zhou Yunxian
(Nursing College of Zhejiang University Chinese Medicine,Zhejiang 310053 China )
It introduced the general situation of dairy products intake in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) patients,and it reviewed the relationship of milk,yogurt and other dairy products with IBD related symptoms and recurrence and management of IBD patients’ dairy products.
inflammatory bowel disease;ulcerative colitis;Crohn’s disease;dairy products;milk;yogurt
浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)2016學(xué)生科研基金資助項(xiàng)目編號(hào):浙中大團(tuán)〔2016〕2號(hào)。
陳婷婷,碩士研究生在讀,單位:310053,浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院;周云仙(通訊作者)單位:310053,浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院。
R473.57
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2016.22.003
1009-6493(2016)08A-2696-05
2015-08-25;
2016-07-11)