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      白細(xì)胞介素-23/輔助性T細(xì)胞17軸與銀屑病

      2016-02-14 06:33:02余峰
      關(guān)鍵詞:角質(zhì)銀屑病皮損

      余峰

      白細(xì)胞介素-23/輔助性T細(xì)胞17軸與銀屑病

      余峰

      銀屑病;白介素-23;輔助性T細(xì)胞17

      銀屑病是一種慢性炎癥性皮膚病。過(guò)去認(rèn)為銀屑病的發(fā)病主要是因?yàn)榻琴|(zhì)形成細(xì)胞增生和分化異常所致,而環(huán)孢霉素A對(duì)銀屑病的成功治療提示了免疫系統(tǒng)在其發(fā)病機(jī)制中的潛在作用[1]。對(duì)銀屑病發(fā)病及進(jìn)展過(guò)程中相關(guān)的細(xì)胞及細(xì)胞因子的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),輔助性T細(xì)胞1(Th1)細(xì)胞因子干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)及白細(xì)胞介素-12(IL-12)而非Th2細(xì)胞因子IL-4、IL-5或IL-10的mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)水平在銀屑病組織和外周血中顯著上升[2]。因此,銀屑病被定義為Th1型疾病。近年來(lái),發(fā)現(xiàn)一種新的Th細(xì)胞亞型Th17細(xì)胞參與自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)病。IL-23及Th17相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子在銀屑病患者皮損和血清中表達(dá)水平的上升、銀屑病患者IL23R基因的變異以及Th17細(xì)胞在自身免疫性疾病中的作用的逐漸明了,都激發(fā)了人們對(duì)于IL-23/Th17軸與銀屑病關(guān)系的關(guān)注[3]。本文回顧IL-23/Th17通路失調(diào)與銀屑病的關(guān)系以及IL-23/Th17軸靶向治療的前景。

      1 IL-23及其受體與銀屑病

      IL-23由活化的樹突狀細(xì)胞分泌,刺激IFN-r的產(chǎn)生和原始T細(xì)胞及記憶T細(xì)胞的增殖。小鼠皮下注射IL-23后將出現(xiàn)紅斑、硬結(jié)或病理上類似銀屑病樣的真皮乳頭血管浸潤(rùn),比IL-12誘導(dǎo)的皮損在形態(tài)學(xué)上嚴(yán)重得多[6]。IL-23通過(guò)TNF-α及IL20-R2調(diào)節(jié)表皮的增生,造成棘層肥厚,過(guò)度不全角化和正角化過(guò)度。最近研究[5]發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-23在IL-1β協(xié)同作用下能夠增強(qiáng)角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞中hBD-2(人-β-防御素-2)的表達(dá),而hBD-2已經(jīng)證實(shí)在銀屑病中高表達(dá)。Zaba等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),抗TNF-α因子能夠調(diào)節(jié)IL-23p19和 IL-12p40的mRNA水平以及銀屑病皮損中炎癥的浸潤(rùn)程度。環(huán)孢素A、UV照射和生物制劑對(duì)IL-23的調(diào)節(jié)與銀屑病患者的臨床好轉(zhuǎn)程度均顯著相關(guān)[7]。銀屑病中IL-23R基因的遺傳學(xué)研究最近也發(fā)現(xiàn),至少有兩個(gè)不同的單核苷酸多態(tài)性,Arg381Gln和proline to leucine(Pro310Leu)獨(dú)立影響銀屑病的表型[8]。這些有力的遺傳學(xué)證據(jù)以及IL-23與IL-12β與銀屑病關(guān)系的研究,都表明銀屑病中IL-23通路的重要性。

      2 Th17細(xì)胞及其細(xì)胞因子與銀屑病

      Johnston等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)銀屑病皮損中存在IL-17A的mRNA,而非皮損不表達(dá)IL-17A的mRNA。來(lái)源于銀屑病皮損的CD4+和CD8+克隆經(jīng)CD3/CD28抗體刺激后能夠產(chǎn)生IL-17。IL-17可促進(jìn)角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-6、IL-8、GM-CSF和ICAM-1[10]。Coimbra等[7]曾從銀屑病皮損的真皮層分離出產(chǎn)生IL-17的細(xì)胞。異位性皮炎的真皮層中同樣存在Th17細(xì)胞,而且急性期產(chǎn)生IL-17的細(xì)胞明顯多于慢性期。銀屑病皮損處和克隆恩病患者小腸活檢組織分泌IL-17的T細(xì)胞,經(jīng)表型分析發(fā)現(xiàn)均為CD161+型[11]。從銀屑病皮損處分離的樹突狀細(xì)胞能提高T細(xì)胞分泌的IL-17A[12]。但是與其他潛在的Th17型自身免疫疾病如類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎[13]、克隆恩病[14]、多發(fā)性硬化[15]、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡[16]和系統(tǒng)性硬化病[17]不同的是,銀屑病患者外周血中IL-17A的表達(dá)與正常對(duì)照相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這提示銀屑病中IL-17A主要產(chǎn)生于Th17細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)的皮損處。這一觀點(diǎn)在研究類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎和銀屑病患者經(jīng)各種免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑治療后細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)情況的變化中也得到了支持。在類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎中,環(huán)孢素A和抗TNF-α的療效與外周血和關(guān)節(jié)液中前炎癥因子的改變顯著相關(guān)[18]。與之相反,銀屑病患者經(jīng)環(huán)孢素A和抗TNF-α治療后,前炎癥因子如IFN-γ、IL-17A、IL-23p19和CCL20水平僅在皮損中降低,在外周血中卻無(wú)明顯改變[7]。

      IL-22是Th17產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)重要細(xì)胞因子。由于其在固有免疫應(yīng)答中的特殊活性和表皮細(xì)胞中的功能,IL-22在銀屑病發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用也被廣泛研究。與IL-17、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12p40和IL-12一樣,IL-22在K14/VEGF小鼠模型的耳部組織中增多[19]。IL-23注射可誘發(fā)依賴IL-22的皮膚炎癥,角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞增殖和棘層肥厚[4]。在CD4+T細(xì)胞銀屑病小鼠模型中,IL-22中和抗體能夠調(diào)節(jié)皮膚S100A8、S100A9、防御素β1和cathelicidins的表達(dá),并阻止皮損的進(jìn)展[20]。體外研究[21]表明,IL-22協(xié)同IL-17A和IL-17F增強(qiáng)角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞hBD的表達(dá),并促進(jìn)表皮細(xì)胞趨化因子如IL-8的釋放,而IL-8是銀屑病皮損中中性粒細(xì)胞募集的關(guān)鍵因子。在重建的人表皮中,角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞經(jīng)IL-22刺激后表達(dá)有關(guān)組織修復(fù)和創(chuàng)傷愈合應(yīng)答的基因[22]。銀屑病患者的皮損和外周血中IL-22的mRNA和蛋白水平均上升,皮損處IL-22的mRNA水平高于外周血[23]。

      從這些研究中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-17A和IL-22是皮膚炎癥的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,關(guān)聯(lián)了Th17與表皮的病理改變,參與銀屑病的發(fā)病。

      3 IL-23/Th17軸與銀屑病

      最初的研究認(rèn)為,IL-23參與人和小鼠記憶性T細(xì)胞的增殖,事實(shí)上,Th0細(xì)胞并不應(yīng)答IL-23,且?guī)缀醪槐磉_(dá)IL-23R亞基[22]。前炎癥細(xì)胞因子,如IL-1β 和IL-6,結(jié)合IL-23能夠促使Th17的分化[24]。de Beaucoudrey等[25]最近從Th17相關(guān)信號(hào)的基因?qū)W特性上證明,IL-23是人Th17細(xì)胞發(fā)育必需的細(xì)胞因子。IL-23/Th17軸銀屑病模型完善了公認(rèn)的1型炎癥信號(hào)通路即IL-12/Th1軸銀屑病模型。相對(duì)于IL-12/Th1通路,IL-23/Th17軸在自身免疫性疾病發(fā)展中的作用更為顯著。IL-12/Th1軸的關(guān)鍵因子是由樹突狀細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的IL-12、TNF-α和由Th1/Tc1釋放的IFN-γ。由此推測(cè),皮膚中的樹突狀細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-12 和IL-23,活化Th1/Tc1和Th17細(xì)胞,他們與角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞相互作用導(dǎo)致了銀屑病斑塊的形成。

      4 IL-23/Th17軸靶向治療銀屑病

      基于IL-12和IL-23的共同亞基p40的靶向治療在自身免疫性疾病如克隆恩病和銀屑病的臨床治療中已證實(shí)有效。現(xiàn)已開發(fā)兩種IL-12p40-IgG單抗——CNTO-1275/ustekinumab和ABT-874??笽L-12p40抗體可使小鼠的銀屑病皮損消退[20]。I期和II期臨床試驗(yàn)[26-27]也已證明,CNTO-1275和ABT-874能調(diào)節(jié)IL-8、IL-18、IFN-γ、CLA、IL-12R、CD40L以及IL-2Ra的表達(dá)并抑制銀屑病中IL-12和IL-23誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞因子的分泌,從而有益于中重度銀屑病的治療?,F(xiàn)在開展的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn),主要評(píng)估抗IL-12p40抗體的安全性并與安慰劑組和TNF-α治療組比較在中重度慢性斑塊型銀屑病中的療效差異。Rich 等[28]及Papp等[29]已經(jīng)發(fā)表了PHOENIX 1和PHOENIX 2實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。迄今為止,已發(fā)表的臨床研究結(jié)果均證明抗IL-12p40抗體的有效性,提示ustekinumab和ABT-874可能成為新的治療中重度銀屑病的有效藥物。從而也證明IL-12/IL-23在銀屑病發(fā)病機(jī)制中的重要作用。IL-12/IL-23靶向治療對(duì)慢性斑塊型銀屑病療效顯著,但僅針對(duì)IL-23的靶向治療效果如何還需進(jìn)一步研究??笽L-12p40抗體治療中重度慢性斑塊型銀屑病的長(zhǎng)期效果和安全性也還需要進(jìn)一步的隨訪。

      大量臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究充分說(shuō)明Th17細(xì)胞是銀屑病發(fā)病過(guò)程中的重要參與者,IL-23/Th17通路的改變被引入銀屑病的發(fā)病機(jī)制。目前認(rèn)為,由皮膚樹突狀細(xì)胞分泌的IL-23誘導(dǎo)Th17細(xì)胞分泌IL-17A、IL-17F和IL-22等前炎癥因子,作用于角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致其活化增殖。在角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞與Th17的相互作用中,活化的角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生關(guān)鍵性的前炎癥細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子和抗微生物肽,從而募集活化免疫細(xì)胞至炎癥皮膚。這些免疫應(yīng)答不斷放大,導(dǎo)致了疾病的臨床表現(xiàn)。雖然,針對(duì)IL-23/Th17通路的靶向治療在銀屑病中的應(yīng)用已獲得初步的成功,但I(xiàn)L-23/Th17通路中各個(gè)關(guān)鍵組分的作用,以及他們與銀屑病先天性和獲得性免疫系統(tǒng)中其他相關(guān)細(xì)胞和分子通路之間的相互作用等還需進(jìn)一步研究闡明。

      [1]Altomare G,Ayala F,Bardazzi F,et al.Cyclosporine in psoriasis:comparison of a 25-year real world Italian experience to current European guidelines[J].G Ital Dermatol Venereol.2015 Mar 19.Epub ahead of print].

      [2]Jain S,Kaur IR,Das S,et al.T helper 1 to T helper 2 shift in cytokine expression:an autoregulatory process in superanti-gen-associated psoriasis progression[J].J Med Microbiol,2009,58(Pt 2):180-184.

      [3]Singh S,Kroe-Barrett RR,Canada KA,et al.Selective targeting of the IL23 pathway:Generation and characterization of a novel high-affinity humanized anti-IL23A antibody[J]. MAbs,2014,7(4):778-791.

      [4]Zheng Y,Danilenko DM,Valdez P,et al.Interleukin-22,a T (H)17 cytokine,mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis[J].Nature,2007,445(7128):648-651.

      [5] Kanda N,Watanabe S.IL-12,IL-23,and IL-27 enhance human beta-defensin-2 production in human keratinocytes [J].Eur J Immunol,2008,38(5):1287-1296.

      [6]Zaba LC,Cardinale I,Gilleaudeau P,et al.Amelioration of epidermal hyperplasia by TNF inhibition is associated with reduced Th17 responses[J].J Exp Med,2007,204(13):3183-3194.

      [7]Coimbra S,Oliveira H,Reis F,et al.Interleukin(IL)-22,IL-17,IL-23,IL-8,vascular endothelial growth factor and tumour necrosis factor-α levels in patients with psoriasis before,during and after psoralen-ultraviolet A and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy[J].Br J Dermatol,2010,163(6):1282-1290.

      [8]Nair RP,Ruether A,Stuart PE,et al.Polymorphisms of the IL12B and IL23R genes are associated with psoriasis[J].J Invest Dermatol,2008,128(7):1653-1661.

      [9]Johnston A,Guzman AM,Swindell WR,et al.Early tissue responses in psoriasis to the antitumour necrosis factor-α biologic etanercept suggest reduced interleukin-17 receptor expression and signaling[J].Br J Dermatol,2014,171(1):97-107.

      [10]Eyerich S,Eyerich K,Pennino D,et al.Th22 cells represent a distinct human T cell subset involved in epidermal immunity and remodeling[J].J Clin Invest,2009,119(12):3573-3585.

      [11]Cosmi L,De Palma R,Santarlasci V,et al.Human interleukin 17-producing cells originate from a CD161+CD4+ T cell precursor[J].J Exp Med,2008,205(8):1903-1916.

      [12]Zaba LC,F(xiàn)uentes-Duculan J.Psoriasis is characterized by accumulation of immunostimulatory and Th1/Th17 cellpolarizing myeloid dendritic cells[J].J Invest Dermatol,2009,129(1):79-88.

      [13]Carrión M,Pérez-García S,Jimeno R,et al.Inflammatory mediators alter interleukin-17 receptor,interleukin-12 and-23 expression in human osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts:immunomodulation by vasoactive intestinal Peptide[J].Neuroimmunomodulation, 2013,20(5):274-284.

      [14]Kleiner G,Zanin V,Monasta L,et al.Pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease exhibit increased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines,but decreased circulating levels of macrophage inhibitory protein-1β,interleukin-2 and interleukin-17[J].Exp Ther Med,2015,9(6):2047-2052.

      [15]Cao Y,Goods BA,Raddassi K,et al.Functional inflammatory profiles distinguish myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis[J].Sci Transl Med,2015,7 (287):287.

      [16]Konya C,Paz Z,Apostolidis SA,et al.Update on the role of Interleukin 17 in rheumatologic autoimmune diseases[J]. Cytokine,2015 May 28.[Epub ahead of print].

      [17]Balanescu P,Ladaru A,Balanescu E,et al.IL-17,IL-6 and IFN-γ in Systemic Sclerosis Patients[J].Rom J Intern Med,2015,53(1):44-49.

      [18]Kageyama Y,Ichikawa T,Nagafusa T,et al.Etanercept reduces the serum levels of interleukin-23 and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha in patients with rheumatoid arthritis[J].Rheumatol Int,2007,28(2):137-143.

      [19]Hvid H,Teige I,Kvist PH,et al.TPA induction leads to a Th17-like response in transgenic K14/VEGF mice:a novel in vivo screening model of psoriasis[J].Int Immunol,2008,20(8):1097-1106.

      [20]Ma HL,Liang S,Li J,et al.IL-22 is required for Th17 cell-mediated pathology in a mouse model of psoriasislike skin inflammation[J].J Clin Invest,2008,118(2):597-607.

      [21] Wilson NJ,Boniface K,Chan JR,et al.Development,cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells[J].Nat Immunol,2007,8(9):950-957.

      [22]Sa SM,Valdez PA,Wu J,et al.The effects of IL-20 subfamily cytokines on reconstituted human epidermis suggest potential roles in cutaneous innate defense and pathogenic adaptive immunity in psoriasis[J].J Immunol,2007,178 (4):2229-2240.

      [23]Boniface K,Guignouard E,Pedretti N,et al.A role for T cell-derived interleukin 22 in psoriatic skin inflammation [J].Clin Exp Immunol,2007,150(3):407-415.

      [24]Manel N,Unutmaz D,Littman DR.The differentiation of human T(H)-17 cells requires transforming growth factorbeta and induction of the nuclear receptor RORgammat [J].Nat Immunol,2008,9(6):641-649.

      [25]de Beaucoudrey L,Puel A,F(xiàn)ilipe-Santos O,et al.Mutations in STAT3 and IL12RB1 impair the development of humanIL-17-producing T cells[J].J Exp Med,2008,205(7):1543-1550.

      [26]Kimball AB,Gordon KB,Langley RG,et al.ABT-874 Study Investigators.Efficacy and safety of ABT-874,a monoclon原al anti-interleukin 12/23 antibody,for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis:36-week observation/retreatment and 60-week open-label extension phases of a random原ized phase II trial[J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2011,64(2):263-274.

      [27]Reddy M,Davis C,Wong J,et al.Modulation of CLA,IL-12R,CD40L,and IL-2Ra expression andinhibition of IL-12-and IL-23-induced cytokine secretion by CNTO 1275[J].Cell Immunol,2007,247(1):1-11.

      [28]Rich P,Bourcier M,Sofen H,et al.PHOENIX 1 investiga原tors.Ustekinumab improves nail disease in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis:results from PHOENIX 1 [J].Br J Dermatol,2014,170(2):398-407.

      [29]Papp KA,Griffiths CE,Gordon K,et al.PHOENIX 1 Inves原tigators;PHOENIX 2 Investigators;ACCEPT Investigators. Long-term safety of ustekinumab in patients with moder原ate-to-severe psoriasis:final results from 5 years of fol原low-up[J].Br J Dermatol,2013,168(4):844-854.

      (收稿:2015-08-10 修回:2015-10-20)

      杭州市蕭山區(qū)第三人民醫(yī)院皮膚科(杭州 311251)

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